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Dr. Mariam
Department of Periodontology
Noman Sadat Institute of Higher Education
DEFENSE MECHANISM OF
THE GINGIVA
‫بیره‬ ‫دفاعی‬ ‫های‬ ‫مکانیزم‬
Overview ‫محتویات‬
 EPITHELIAL
BARRIER ‫مانع‬
‫بیر‬ ‫اپیتیل‬
‫ه‬
 Functions and features of
epithelia ‫بیره‬ ‫اپیتل‬ ‫مشخصات‬ ‫و‬ ‫وظایف‬
 Junctional epithelium ‫اپیتیل‬
‫جنکشنل‬
 SALIVA ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬
 Composition ‫کیب‬ ‫تر‬
 Functions ‫وظایف‬
 Role of Saliva in Defense of
Gingiva ‫مدافعه‬ ‫سیستم‬ ‫در‬ ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬ ‫نقش‬
‫بیره‬
 GCF ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬
 Introduction ‫معرفت‬
 Formation ‫ترکیب‬ ‫نحوه‬
 Functions ‫وظایف‬
 Method of collection ‫جمع‬ ‫میتود‬
‫اوری‬
 Composition ‫ترکیب‬
 Clinical Significance ‫اهمیت‬
‫کلینکی‬

‫میشود‬ ‫روبرو‬ ‫باکتریایی‬ ‫و‬ ‫میخانیکی‬ ‫افات‬ ‫به‬ ‫همیشه‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫حجرات‬
.1
‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬
.2
‫اپیتیل‬ ‫مانع‬
epithelial surface
.3
‫اول‬ ‫مراحل‬
inflammation
‫بی‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬ ‫رول‬ ‫کراتینزایزشن‬ ‫درجه‬ ‫اپیتیل‬ ‫مورد‬ ‫در‬ ‫فصل‬ ‫این‬
‫بحث‬ ‫ره‬
‫میکند‬
.
Epithelial Barrier ‫مانع‬
‫اپیتیل‬
‫بیره‬
Epithelial Barrier ‫اپیتل‬ ‫مانع‬
‫بیره‬
 Some investigators indicate that the cells of
the junctional epithelium have an ‘endocytic
capacity’ to that of macrophages and
neutrophils, and that this activity might be
protective in nature.
 Junctional epithelium has impressive
antimicrobial systems and is a part of
immune system of defense mechanism.
 It also has sensory function detecting
chemical excreted from bacteria.
Epithelial Barrier ‫اپیتیل‬ ‫مانع‬
‫بیره‬
 Junctional epithelium is firmly
attached to the tooth surface,
forming an epithelial barrier
against plaque bacteria.
 ‫شده‬ ‫وصل‬ ‫دندان‬ ‫سطح‬ ‫به‬ ‫جنگشتل‬ ‫اپیتیل‬
‫میباشد‬ ‫پالک‬ ‫و‬ ‫ها‬ ‫باکتری‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫ومانع‬
.
 It allows access of gingival
fluid, inflammatory cells, and
components of the
immunologic host defense to
the gingival margin.
Epithelial Barrier ‫اپیتل‬ ‫مانع‬
‫بیره‬
 Below the Junctional
epithelium is a vascular
network which supplies the
epithelium with nutrients
and defense cells.
 ‫وجود‬ ‫اوعیه‬ ‫جنگشنل‬ ‫اپیتیل‬ ‫قاعده‬ ‫در‬
‫تغذیه‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫رساندن‬ ‫وظیفه‬ ‫که‬ ‫دارد‬
‫دارد‬ ‫دوش‬ ‫به‬ ‫را‬ ‫اپیتیل‬ ‫نیاز‬ ‫مورد‬
.
Epithelial Barrier ‫اپیتیل‬ ‫مانع‬
‫بیره‬
GCF gingival crevicular
fluid ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬
 Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is a complex
mixture of substances derived from serum,
leukocytes, structural cells of the periodontium
and oral bacteria.
 ‫در‬ ‫که‬ ‫میباشد‬ ‫خون‬ ‫سیرم‬ ‫شبیه‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫ترکیبات‬ ‫از‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬
‫میباشد‬ ‫باکتریا‬ ‫و‬ ‫پریودنشیوم‬ ‫حجرات‬ ‫لیکوسایت‬ ‫خود‬ ‫ترکیب‬
.
(R AlRowis, 2014)
 GCF is an altered serum transudate found in the
gingival sulcus.
(SP Barros et al. 2016)
‫قرن‬ ‫از‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫بودن‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬
۱۹
‫بود‬ ‫شده‬ ‫شناخته‬ Gcf
‫دادند‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫هم‬ ‫را‬ ‫دیگر‬ ‫کنجکاوی‬ ‫محقیقین‬
‫فلتر‬ ‫های‬ ‫ورق‬ ‫از‬ ‫استفاده‬
–
‫دادند‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫سگ‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫میان‬ ‫انرا‬
fluorescein – Intramuscularly ‫طریق‬ ‫از‬ ‫عملیه‬ ‫این‬ ‫از‬ ‫قبل‬
‫شد‬ ‫دریافت‬ ‫فلتر‬ ‫قاغد‬ ‫قاعده‬ ‫در‬ fluorescein ‫ماده‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫دقیقه‬ 3
‫است‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫با‬ ‫مستقیم‬ ‫ارتباط‬ ‫در‬ ‫خون‬ ‫جریان‬ ‫که‬ ‫میدهد‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫عملیه‬ ‫این‬
‫نمود‬ ‫تصدیق‬ ‫را‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫بودن‬ ‫دیگر‬ ‫مطالعات‬ ‫در‬ Brill
‫داد‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫ترانزودیت‬ ‫بعنوان‬
Inflammatory exudate ‫عنوان‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫را‬ gcf‫دیگر‬ ‫علما‬
 Brill and Krasse (1959). In vivo study.
 Flow of gingival fluid increased markedly following
stimulation of the gingiva by tooth brushing ,
chewing, after intravenous injection of
histamine or the development of inflammation.
 ‫جریان‬
‫مایع‬
‫میزابه‬
‫بیره‬
‫توسط‬
‫برس‬
‫کردن‬
‫جویدن‬
‫سوزن‬
‫هستامین‬
‫و‬
‫التهاب‬
‫افزایش‬
‫میابد‬
.
GCF Formation ‫شدن‬ ‫ترکیب‬
 This led to the conclusion that some irritation , whether
chemical or mechanical, was necessary to induce the
production of GCF and that it should therefore be
considered as a pathological phenomenon.
 ‫برای‬ ‫میباشد‬ ‫ضروری‬ ‫انگیزه‬ ‫یک‬ ‫موجودیت‬ ‫که‬ ‫میشود‬ ‫رسیده‬ ‫نتیجه‬ ‫بدین‬
‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫ترشح‬
.
GCF Function
 Washes the crevice carrying out shed
epithelial cells, leukocytes and bacteria and
debris.
 ‫میدهد‬ ‫انتقال‬ ‫بیرون‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫از‬ ‫را‬ ‫شده‬ ‫متفلس‬ ‫حجرات‬
 It contains plasma proteins which may
influence epithelial attachment to tooth.
 IgG ‫بادی‬ ‫انتی‬
 ‫پالزما‬ ‫های‬ ‫پروتین‬ ‫دارایی‬
 It contains: ‫دارای‬
 Antimicrobial agents – lysozymes.
 PMNs macrophages
 Immunoglobulins
Collection of GCF ‫اوری‬ ‫جمع‬ ‫میتود‬
 Absorbing paper strips ‫جاذب‬ ‫کاغذ‬ ‫های‬ ‫سترپ‬
 Twisted threads ‫شده‬ ‫پیچیده‬ ‫های‬ ‫نخ‬
 Micropipettes ‫پیپت‬ ‫مایکرو‬
 Intra-crevicular Washings ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫شستشوی‬
Collection of GCF
‫اپیت‬ ‫پذیری‬ ‫نفوذ‬ ‫یا‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫اپیتیل‬ ‫پرده‬
‫لیم‬
‫یی‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫و‬ ‫اتصالی‬
‫مثال‬ ‫بطور‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫از‬ ‫بعضی‬ ‫عبور‬ ‫قابلیت‬
:
Albumin
Endotoxin
Thymidine
Histamine
Horseradish peroxidase
‫که‬ ‫مالیکول‬ ‫ان‬ ‫هر‬ ‫وزن‬
-
1000
‫دارد‬ ‫را‬ ‫میزلبع‬ ‫سلکس‬ ‫و‬ ‫اپیتل‬ ‫پرده‬ ‫از‬ ‫عبور‬ ‫قابلیت‬ kilodaltons
Permeability of JE
 Junctional Epithelium is permeable to
substances with a molecular weight up to
1000kD
 Albumin
 Endotoxins
 Thymidine
 Histamine
 Phenytoin
‫مقدار‬
‫شده‬ ‫برسی‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫های‬ ‫طریقه‬ ‫به‬ ‫شده‬ ‫جمع‬ ‫فلتر‬ ‫های‬ ‫ورق‬ ‫توسط‬ ‫که‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫مقدار‬
‫توسط‬ ‫ناحیه‬ ‫ان‬ ‫و‬ ‫میتواند‬
Ninhydrin
1. Magnifying glass ‫نمایی‬ ‫بزرگ‬ ‫تصویر‬
2. Microscope ‫بین‬ ‫ذره‬ ‫یک‬ ‫کمک‬ ‫به‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬
3. Electronic method ‫الکترونیکی‬ ‫طریقه‬ ‫یک‬
(
‫کاغذی‬ ‫سترپ‬ ‫رطوبت‬
‫می‬ ‫ثبیت‬ ‫دیجیتل‬ ‫بصورت‬ ‫و‬ ‫داشته‬ ‫تاثیر‬ ‫الکترونیک‬ ‫جریان‬ ‫عبور‬ ‫باالی‬
‫شود‬
)
 The wetted area on paper strip can be visualized by
staining with Ninhydrin and measures plainimettrically or
on enlarged photograph with glass or a microscope.
 Electronically through blotter paper (Periopaper) using
electronic transducer (Periotron).
 The wetness of paper affects the flow of electronic current
and gives digital readout.
Collection of GCF
 Amount of GCF is extremely small.

‫مقدار‬
‫مایع‬
‫میزابه‬
‫بیره‬
‫خیلی‬
‫کم‬
‫میباشد‬
 1.5 mm wide filter paper inserted 1mm into the
pocket only absorbs 0.1mg of GCF in 3
minutes ۱.۵
‫ملی‬
‫متر‬
‫عرض‬
‫در‬
‫صورتیکه‬
۱
‫ملی‬
‫متر‬
‫در‬
‫داخل‬
‫میزابه‬
۰.۱
‫ملی‬
‫لیتر‬
‫مایع‬
‫میزابه‬
‫بیره‬
‫در‬
‫مدت‬
۳
‫دقیقه‬
‫جذب‬
‫میشود‬
 Mean GCF volume in proximal surface of molar teeth
Collection of GCF - Periotron
Collection of GCF - Periotron
Composition ‫ترکیبات‬
 More than 40 compounds from GCF have been analyzed
but their origin is not known with certainity.
 ‫از‬ ‫بیش‬
40
‫شده‬ ‫نه‬ ‫شناخته‬ ‫دقیق‬ ‫بطور‬ ‫ان‬ ‫منشا‬ ‫اما‬ ‫است‬ ‫شده‬ ‫شناخته‬ ‫در‬ ‫کیب‬ ‫تر‬
 They can be derived from host, bacteria like Collagenases
(MMPs), β-glucouronidases.
 ‫میزابه‬ ‫در‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫باکتریا‬ ‫های‬ ‫بوسیله‬ ‫هم‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫باشد‬ ‫میزبلن‬ ‫از‬ ‫میتواند‬
 The majority of GCF elements detected are enzymes
but there are non enzymatic substances as well.
 ‫غیر‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫اما‬ ‫انزایم‬ ‫شامل‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫در‬ ‫شده‬ ‫شناخته‬ ‫ترکیبات‬ ‫اکثر‬
‫میباشد‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫ترکیب‬ ‫در‬ ‫نیز‬ ‫انزایمی‬
.
Cellular elements: ‫حجروی‬ ‫اجزای‬
 Bacteria ‫ها‬ ‫باکتری‬, Desquamated
epithelial cells ‫شده‬ ‫متفلس‬ ‫اپیتیل‬ ‫حجرات‬
and leukocytes ‫ها‬ ‫لکوسایت‬ (PMN’s,
Lymphocytes ‫لمفوسایت‬,
Monocytes ‫مونوسایت‬/
macrophages)
Electrolytes: ‫ها‬ ‫الکترولیت‬
 K, Na and Ca have been found in
GCF ‫قرار‬ ‫مطالعه‬ ‫مورد‬
‫ګرفته‬
 Positive correlation of Ca and Na
concentration and Na/K ratio
with inflammation ‫ارتباط‬ ‫مطالعات‬ ‫اکثر‬
‫سو‬ ‫ونسبت‬ ‫سودیم‬ ‫و‬ ‫کلسیم‬ ‫غلظت‬ ‫بین‬ ‫نسبت‬
‫دیم‬
‫با‬
‫پتا‬
‫ش‬
‫التهاب‬ ‫با‬ ‫یم‬
.
Composition ‫ترکیبات‬
Organic: ‫عضوی‬ ‫ترکیبات‬
 Glucose hexosamine and
hexuronic acid.
 Blood glucose is 3-4 times
greater than serum ‫غلظت‬
‫چهار‬ ‫تا‬ ‫سه‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫در‬ ‫گلوکوز‬
‫بیشتر‬ ‫مرتبه‬
 Total protein content is much
less than serum ‫پروتین‬ ‫مقدار‬
‫سیرم‬ ‫در‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫پروتین‬ ‫از‬ ‫کمتر‬
Metabolites: ‫میتابولیک‬ ‫مواد‬
 lactic acid,
 urea,
 hydroxyproline,
 endotoxin,
 cytotoxic substances,
 Hydrogen sulphide and
antibacterial factors
Composition ‫ترکیبات‬
Cellular and Humoral activity in
GCF ‫خلطی‬ ‫و‬ ‫حجروی‬ ‫فعالیت‬
 IL-1α and IL-1β +++ the
binding of PMNs and
monocyte/macrophage to
endothelial cells and +++
the production of PGE-2 and
+++ of lysosomal enzymes
and +++ bone resorption.
 Interferon-α present in GCF
has protective role in
periodontal disease
because of its ability to
inhibit bone resorption
activity of IL-1β.

‫دارد‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫کمتر‬ ‫وی‬ ‫مداخله‬ ‫غیر‬ ‫های‬ ‫پروسیجر‬

GCF
‫غیر‬ ‫های‬ ‫طریقه‬ ‫به‬ ‫میتوان‬
‫اید‬ ‫بدست‬ ‫نیز‬ ‫وی‬ ‫مداخله‬

‫تحلیل‬
GCF
–
‫هومورال‬ ‫و‬ ‫حجروی‬ ‫های‬ ‫عکسالعمل‬ ‫ساختن‬ ‫مشخص‬ ‫جهت‬

‫انترلوکین‬
1
‫انترلوکین‬ ‫و‬ ‫الفا‬
1
β
‫اتصال‬ ‫تزاید‬ ‫در‬
PMNS , Macrophages
, Monocyte ,
‫تولید‬ ‫تحریک‬ ‫اندوتیلیال‬ ‫شامل‬ ‫حجرات‬ ‫به‬

‫تولید‬ ‫تحریک‬
prostaglandin

‫الیزوزومل‬ ‫های‬ ‫انزایم‬ ‫ساختن‬ ‫ازاد‬
–
‫استخوان‬ ‫تحلیل‬ ‫تحریک‬

‫محافظوی‬ ‫رول‬ ‫یک‬ ‫حیث‬ ‫به‬ ‫ها‬ ‫بادی‬ ‫انتی‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫عکس‬
Clinical Significance ‫اهمیت‬
‫کلینکی‬
 GCF is inflammatory exudate and positively correlates
with amount and severity of inflammation.
 ‫یک‬ ‫از‬
‫التهابی‬ ‫اگزودات‬
 GCF flow is increased by Mastication, coarse food,
toothbrushing, gingival massage, Ovulation, Hormonal
contraceptives and smoking.
 ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫ترشحات‬ ‫در‬ ‫افزایش‬
Clinical Significance ‫اهمیت‬
‫کلینکی‬
 Mechanical stimulation like chewing and vigorous tooth brushing +++
GCF flow.
 ‫افزیش‬ ‫باعث‬ ‫میخانیکی‬ ‫تحریک‬
‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬
 Smoking causes immediate transient but marked +++ in GCF flow.
 ‫س‬ ‫کشیدن‬
‫گرت‬
–
‫مایع‬ ‫افزایش‬
 There is +++ in GCF production during healing period following
periodontal surgery ‫پریودانتال‬ ‫جراحی‬ ‫از‬ ‫بعد‬
 Tetracyclines and Metronidazole are secreted through GCF.
Clinical Significance ‫اهمیت‬
‫کلینکی‬
 GCF secretion follows cicardian periodicity increases 6am
to 10 pm then decreases afterwards .
 ‫روزی‬ ‫شبانه‬ ‫های‬ ‫دوره‬
 Female sex hormone increase GCF flow as they enhance
vascular permeability.
 ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫افزایش‬ ‫باعث‬ ‫جنسی‬ ‫های‬ ‫هورمون‬
‫ا‬
‫مایع‬ ‫در‬ ‫جات‬ ‫دویه‬
:
‫پریودانتال‬ ‫تداوی‬ ‫جهت‬
 Mononuclear cells have 58% B cells, 24% T cells and
18% mononuclear phagocytes
‫ها‬ ‫لکوسایت‬
-
‫است‬ ‫شده‬ ‫یافت‬ ‫در‬ ‫سالم‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫در‬
 The ratio of T-lymphocytes to B-lymphocytes is reversed
from from normal 3:1 in peripheral blood to 1:3 in GCF
The Dento-gingival Area‫حیه‬ ‫نا‬
The Dento-gingival Area‫ناحیه‬
 PMNs are the most common leukocytes present in the
gingival sulcus.
 Neutrophils are the first line of defence in the dento-
gingival area.
 ‫دفاعی‬ ‫سیستم‬ ‫در‬ ‫اول‬ ‫حجرات‬Neutrophils
 Gingival sulcus is the port of entry of leukocytes into the
oral cavity.
 ‫لکوسایت‬ ‫ورود‬ ‫محل‬
–
‫است‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬
 Leukocytes are present in gingival sulcus even when
histologic area are free of inflammatory infiltrate.
 ‫میباشد‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫در‬ ‫اول‬ ‫از‬ ‫لوکوسایت‬
-
‫التهاب‬ ‫بدون‬
 Differential count of leukocytes from clinically healthy
human gingival sulci have shown 91.2% to 91.5% PMNs
and 8.5 - 0 8.8 % mononuclear cells.
The Dento-gingival Area ‫ناحیه‬
Saliva ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬
 It’s a physiologic secretion by various major and minor salivary glands.
 ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬ ‫کوچک‬ ‫و‬ ‫بزرگ‬ ‫غدوات‬ ‫توسط‬ ‫فزیولوجیکی‬ ‫افرازات‬
.
 Its has got certain major functions like mechanical cleansing,
lubricating and buffering actions.
 ph ‫مثل‬ ‫مهم‬ ‫وظایف‬ ‫چندین‬
:
‫نگهداشتن‬ ‫ثابت‬ ‫در‬ ‫کمک‬ ‫و‬ ‫کردن‬ ‫بلع‬ ‫میخانیکی‬ ‫پاکی‬
 It has got antibacterial properties as well.
 ‫باکتریای‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫خصوصیات‬
.
Antibacterial
factors
‫ضد‬ ‫های‬ ‫فکتور‬
‫باکتریایی‬
Inorganic
Organic
Saliva ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬
Bicarbonate,
Na, K,
Phosphate, Ca,
Ammonium,
and Carbon
dioxide
Lysozyme,
Lactoperoxide-
thiocyanate
system,
Lactoferrin,
Myelperoxidase
Following Enzymes are
increased in
periodontal disease
‫پریودانتال‬ ‫امراض‬ ‫در‬ ‫ذیل‬ ‫های‬ ‫انزایم‬
↑
 Hyaluronidase,
 β-glucouronidase,
 Chondroitin sulfate,
 Aspartate
aminotransferase,
 Alkaline phosphatase,
 Amino acid
decarboxylases,
Catalase, Peroxidase and
Collagenase
 Saliva also contains TIMP
which inhibit
collagenases
Saliva ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬
 Predominant antibody in saliva are IgA although IgG and IgM are present too.
 IgA ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬ ‫در‬ ‫بیشتر‬
 IgG is more prevalent in GCF.
 ‫میشود‬ ‫یافت‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫در‬ ‫بیشتر‬ IgG
 Major and Minor salivary glands contribute to all the secretory IgA (sIgA).
 GCF contributes to most of IgG, Complement and PMN that, in conjunction
with IgG or IgM, inactivate or opsonize bacteria.
 ‫میکند‬ ‫ایجاد‬ ‫اسانی‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫میسازد‬ ‫فعال‬ ‫غیر‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫در‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫کمپلیمنت‬ ‫سیستم‬ ‫و‬ ‫ها‬ ‫بادی‬ ‫انتی‬ ‫تمام‬
‫کردن‬ ‫فگوسایت‬ ‫برای‬
.
Saliva ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬
 Salivary Antibodies are synthesized locally as they react
with strains of bacteria indigenous to mouth but not that
of intestinal tract.

‫میکند‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫فمی‬ ‫جوف‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫باکتریا‬ ‫باالی‬ ‫فقط‬ ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬ ‫های‬ ‫بادی‬ ‫انتی‬
 Antibodies in saliva impair the ability of bacteria to attach
to mucosal or tooth surface.

‫سط‬ ‫به‬ ‫باکتریا‬ ‫چسپیدن‬ ‫قابلیت‬ ‫میکند‬ ‫کمک‬ ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬ ‫های‬ ‫بادی‬ ‫انتی‬
‫را‬ ‫مخاط‬ ‫ح‬
‫میبرد‬ ‫بین‬ ‫از‬
.
Saliva ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬
 Saliva also contains coagulation factors

‫میباشد‬ ‫خون‬ ‫شدن‬ ‫لخته‬ ‫های‬ ‫فکتور‬ ‫دارایی‬ ‫چنان‬ ‫هم‬ ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬
 e.g. Factors VIII,IX and X, PTA, Hageman factor, and
etc., which hasten blood coagulation and protect
wound from invasion
 Salivary buffers maintain physiologic hydrogen conc
(pH) both at mucosal surface and tooth surface.
)
‫کمک‬ physiologic ‫هایدروجن‬ ‫غلظت‬ ‫داشتن‬ ‫نگاه‬ ‫نورمال‬ ‫در‬ ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬
(
 Bicarbonate-carbonic acid system is the salivary buffer.
 Saliva contains all types of leukocytes, but principal
cells are PMN
 PMN numbers varies from person to person and at
Saliva
 PMN in saliva are called Orogranulocyte.
‫میکند‬ ‫یاد‬Orogranulocyte ‫بنام‬ ‫را‬ ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬ ‫در‬ ‫موجود‬PMN
 PMN reach the oral cavity through gingival sulcus and
this is called orogranulocyte migration .
Orogranulocyte migration PMN ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫بواسطه‬ ‫دهن‬ ‫جوف‬ ‫در‬
‫بنام‬ ‫را‬ ‫این‬ ‫و‬ ‫میشود‬ ‫رسیده‬
↑
Saliva
 Saliva effects plaque intiation, maturation and
metabolism.
‫میباشد‬ ‫دارا‬ ‫را‬ ‫مهم‬ ‫رول‬ ‫پالک‬ ‫بلوغ‬ ‫تشکیل‬ ‫در‬ ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬
 Salivary flow and composition also influences calculus
formation, periodontal disease and dental caries.
‫باالی‬ ‫پریودانتال‬ ‫امراض‬ ‫باالی‬ ‫مهم‬ ‫ارتباط‬ ‫و‬ ‫تاثیر‬ ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬ ‫ترکیب‬ ‫مقدار‬
‫دارد‬ ‫کریس‬ ‫و‬ ‫پالک‬ ‫تشکیل‬
.
Saliva
There is increase in prevalance and severity of periodontal
disease as a consequence of reduced salivary flow in:
 Mikulicz’sdisease, ‫سندرم‬
–
‫التهاب‬ ‫اثر‬ ‫در‬ ‫ها‬ ‫غده‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫در‬ ‫افزایش‬
 Sjogren’syndrome, ‫سندرم‬
 Sialolithiasis, ‫لعابیه‬ ‫غدوات‬ ‫در‬ ‫کلسیفاید‬ ‫کتله‬
 Sarcoidosis and ‫التهاب‬
 Xerostomia following radiotherapy ‫تداوی‬ ‫خاطر‬ ‫از‬ ‫زیروستوما‬
‫اشعه‬
Saliva

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Defence Mechanism of Gingiva and periodedontiom.ppt

  • 1. Dr. Mariam Department of Periodontology Noman Sadat Institute of Higher Education DEFENSE MECHANISM OF THE GINGIVA ‫بیره‬ ‫دفاعی‬ ‫های‬ ‫مکانیزم‬
  • 2. Overview ‫محتویات‬  EPITHELIAL BARRIER ‫مانع‬ ‫بیر‬ ‫اپیتیل‬ ‫ه‬  Functions and features of epithelia ‫بیره‬ ‫اپیتل‬ ‫مشخصات‬ ‫و‬ ‫وظایف‬  Junctional epithelium ‫اپیتیل‬ ‫جنکشنل‬  SALIVA ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬  Composition ‫کیب‬ ‫تر‬  Functions ‫وظایف‬  Role of Saliva in Defense of Gingiva ‫مدافعه‬ ‫سیستم‬ ‫در‬ ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬ ‫نقش‬ ‫بیره‬  GCF ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬  Introduction ‫معرفت‬  Formation ‫ترکیب‬ ‫نحوه‬  Functions ‫وظایف‬  Method of collection ‫جمع‬ ‫میتود‬ ‫اوری‬  Composition ‫ترکیب‬  Clinical Significance ‫اهمیت‬ ‫کلینکی‬
  • 3.  ‫میشود‬ ‫روبرو‬ ‫باکتریایی‬ ‫و‬ ‫میخانیکی‬ ‫افات‬ ‫به‬ ‫همیشه‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫حجرات‬ .1 ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬ .2 ‫اپیتیل‬ ‫مانع‬ epithelial surface .3 ‫اول‬ ‫مراحل‬ inflammation ‫بی‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬ ‫رول‬ ‫کراتینزایزشن‬ ‫درجه‬ ‫اپیتیل‬ ‫مورد‬ ‫در‬ ‫فصل‬ ‫این‬ ‫بحث‬ ‫ره‬ ‫میکند‬ .
  • 5. Epithelial Barrier ‫اپیتل‬ ‫مانع‬ ‫بیره‬
  • 6.  Some investigators indicate that the cells of the junctional epithelium have an ‘endocytic capacity’ to that of macrophages and neutrophils, and that this activity might be protective in nature.  Junctional epithelium has impressive antimicrobial systems and is a part of immune system of defense mechanism.  It also has sensory function detecting chemical excreted from bacteria. Epithelial Barrier ‫اپیتیل‬ ‫مانع‬ ‫بیره‬
  • 7.  Junctional epithelium is firmly attached to the tooth surface, forming an epithelial barrier against plaque bacteria.  ‫شده‬ ‫وصل‬ ‫دندان‬ ‫سطح‬ ‫به‬ ‫جنگشتل‬ ‫اپیتیل‬ ‫میباشد‬ ‫پالک‬ ‫و‬ ‫ها‬ ‫باکتری‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫ومانع‬ .  It allows access of gingival fluid, inflammatory cells, and components of the immunologic host defense to the gingival margin. Epithelial Barrier ‫اپیتل‬ ‫مانع‬ ‫بیره‬
  • 8.  Below the Junctional epithelium is a vascular network which supplies the epithelium with nutrients and defense cells.  ‫وجود‬ ‫اوعیه‬ ‫جنگشنل‬ ‫اپیتیل‬ ‫قاعده‬ ‫در‬ ‫تغذیه‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫رساندن‬ ‫وظیفه‬ ‫که‬ ‫دارد‬ ‫دارد‬ ‫دوش‬ ‫به‬ ‫را‬ ‫اپیتیل‬ ‫نیاز‬ ‫مورد‬ . Epithelial Barrier ‫اپیتیل‬ ‫مانع‬ ‫بیره‬
  • 9. GCF gingival crevicular fluid ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬  Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is a complex mixture of substances derived from serum, leukocytes, structural cells of the periodontium and oral bacteria.  ‫در‬ ‫که‬ ‫میباشد‬ ‫خون‬ ‫سیرم‬ ‫شبیه‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫ترکیبات‬ ‫از‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫میباشد‬ ‫باکتریا‬ ‫و‬ ‫پریودنشیوم‬ ‫حجرات‬ ‫لیکوسایت‬ ‫خود‬ ‫ترکیب‬ . (R AlRowis, 2014)  GCF is an altered serum transudate found in the gingival sulcus. (SP Barros et al. 2016)
  • 10. ‫قرن‬ ‫از‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫بودن‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ۱۹ ‫بود‬ ‫شده‬ ‫شناخته‬ Gcf ‫دادند‬ ‫انجام‬ ‫هم‬ ‫را‬ ‫دیگر‬ ‫کنجکاوی‬ ‫محقیقین‬ ‫فلتر‬ ‫های‬ ‫ورق‬ ‫از‬ ‫استفاده‬ – ‫دادند‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫سگ‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫میان‬ ‫انرا‬ fluorescein – Intramuscularly ‫طریق‬ ‫از‬ ‫عملیه‬ ‫این‬ ‫از‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫شد‬ ‫دریافت‬ ‫فلتر‬ ‫قاغد‬ ‫قاعده‬ ‫در‬ fluorescein ‫ماده‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫دقیقه‬ 3 ‫است‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫با‬ ‫مستقیم‬ ‫ارتباط‬ ‫در‬ ‫خون‬ ‫جریان‬ ‫که‬ ‫میدهد‬ ‫نشان‬ ‫عملیه‬ ‫این‬
  • 11. ‫نمود‬ ‫تصدیق‬ ‫را‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫بودن‬ ‫دیگر‬ ‫مطالعات‬ ‫در‬ Brill ‫داد‬ ‫قرار‬ ‫ترانزودیت‬ ‫بعنوان‬ Inflammatory exudate ‫عنوان‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫را‬ gcf‫دیگر‬ ‫علما‬
  • 12.  Brill and Krasse (1959). In vivo study.  Flow of gingival fluid increased markedly following stimulation of the gingiva by tooth brushing , chewing, after intravenous injection of histamine or the development of inflammation.  ‫جریان‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫توسط‬ ‫برس‬ ‫کردن‬ ‫جویدن‬ ‫سوزن‬ ‫هستامین‬ ‫و‬ ‫التهاب‬ ‫افزایش‬ ‫میابد‬ . GCF Formation ‫شدن‬ ‫ترکیب‬
  • 13.  This led to the conclusion that some irritation , whether chemical or mechanical, was necessary to induce the production of GCF and that it should therefore be considered as a pathological phenomenon.  ‫برای‬ ‫میباشد‬ ‫ضروری‬ ‫انگیزه‬ ‫یک‬ ‫موجودیت‬ ‫که‬ ‫میشود‬ ‫رسیده‬ ‫نتیجه‬ ‫بدین‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫ترشح‬ .
  • 14. GCF Function  Washes the crevice carrying out shed epithelial cells, leukocytes and bacteria and debris.  ‫میدهد‬ ‫انتقال‬ ‫بیرون‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫از‬ ‫را‬ ‫شده‬ ‫متفلس‬ ‫حجرات‬  It contains plasma proteins which may influence epithelial attachment to tooth.  IgG ‫بادی‬ ‫انتی‬  ‫پالزما‬ ‫های‬ ‫پروتین‬ ‫دارایی‬
  • 15.  It contains: ‫دارای‬  Antimicrobial agents – lysozymes.  PMNs macrophages  Immunoglobulins
  • 16. Collection of GCF ‫اوری‬ ‫جمع‬ ‫میتود‬  Absorbing paper strips ‫جاذب‬ ‫کاغذ‬ ‫های‬ ‫سترپ‬  Twisted threads ‫شده‬ ‫پیچیده‬ ‫های‬ ‫نخ‬  Micropipettes ‫پیپت‬ ‫مایکرو‬  Intra-crevicular Washings ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫شستشوی‬
  • 18. ‫اپیت‬ ‫پذیری‬ ‫نفوذ‬ ‫یا‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫اپیتیل‬ ‫پرده‬ ‫لیم‬ ‫یی‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫و‬ ‫اتصالی‬ ‫مثال‬ ‫بطور‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫از‬ ‫بعضی‬ ‫عبور‬ ‫قابلیت‬ : Albumin Endotoxin Thymidine Histamine Horseradish peroxidase ‫که‬ ‫مالیکول‬ ‫ان‬ ‫هر‬ ‫وزن‬ - 1000 ‫دارد‬ ‫را‬ ‫میزلبع‬ ‫سلکس‬ ‫و‬ ‫اپیتل‬ ‫پرده‬ ‫از‬ ‫عبور‬ ‫قابلیت‬ kilodaltons
  • 19. Permeability of JE  Junctional Epithelium is permeable to substances with a molecular weight up to 1000kD  Albumin  Endotoxins  Thymidine  Histamine  Phenytoin
  • 20. ‫مقدار‬ ‫شده‬ ‫برسی‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫های‬ ‫طریقه‬ ‫به‬ ‫شده‬ ‫جمع‬ ‫فلتر‬ ‫های‬ ‫ورق‬ ‫توسط‬ ‫که‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫مقدار‬ ‫توسط‬ ‫ناحیه‬ ‫ان‬ ‫و‬ ‫میتواند‬ Ninhydrin 1. Magnifying glass ‫نمایی‬ ‫بزرگ‬ ‫تصویر‬ 2. Microscope ‫بین‬ ‫ذره‬ ‫یک‬ ‫کمک‬ ‫به‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ 3. Electronic method ‫الکترونیکی‬ ‫طریقه‬ ‫یک‬ ( ‫کاغذی‬ ‫سترپ‬ ‫رطوبت‬ ‫می‬ ‫ثبیت‬ ‫دیجیتل‬ ‫بصورت‬ ‫و‬ ‫داشته‬ ‫تاثیر‬ ‫الکترونیک‬ ‫جریان‬ ‫عبور‬ ‫باالی‬ ‫شود‬ )
  • 21.  The wetted area on paper strip can be visualized by staining with Ninhydrin and measures plainimettrically or on enlarged photograph with glass or a microscope.  Electronically through blotter paper (Periopaper) using electronic transducer (Periotron).  The wetness of paper affects the flow of electronic current and gives digital readout. Collection of GCF
  • 22.  Amount of GCF is extremely small.  ‫مقدار‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫خیلی‬ ‫کم‬ ‫میباشد‬  1.5 mm wide filter paper inserted 1mm into the pocket only absorbs 0.1mg of GCF in 3 minutes ۱.۵ ‫ملی‬ ‫متر‬ ‫عرض‬ ‫در‬ ‫صورتیکه‬ ۱ ‫ملی‬ ‫متر‬ ‫در‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫میزابه‬ ۰.۱ ‫ملی‬ ‫لیتر‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫در‬ ‫مدت‬ ۳ ‫دقیقه‬ ‫جذب‬ ‫میشود‬  Mean GCF volume in proximal surface of molar teeth Collection of GCF - Periotron
  • 23. Collection of GCF - Periotron
  • 24. Composition ‫ترکیبات‬  More than 40 compounds from GCF have been analyzed but their origin is not known with certainity.  ‫از‬ ‫بیش‬ 40 ‫شده‬ ‫نه‬ ‫شناخته‬ ‫دقیق‬ ‫بطور‬ ‫ان‬ ‫منشا‬ ‫اما‬ ‫است‬ ‫شده‬ ‫شناخته‬ ‫در‬ ‫کیب‬ ‫تر‬  They can be derived from host, bacteria like Collagenases (MMPs), β-glucouronidases.  ‫میزابه‬ ‫در‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫باکتریا‬ ‫های‬ ‫بوسیله‬ ‫هم‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫باشد‬ ‫میزبلن‬ ‫از‬ ‫میتواند‬
  • 25.  The majority of GCF elements detected are enzymes but there are non enzymatic substances as well.  ‫غیر‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫اما‬ ‫انزایم‬ ‫شامل‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫در‬ ‫شده‬ ‫شناخته‬ ‫ترکیبات‬ ‫اکثر‬ ‫میباشد‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫ترکیب‬ ‫در‬ ‫نیز‬ ‫انزایمی‬ .
  • 26. Cellular elements: ‫حجروی‬ ‫اجزای‬  Bacteria ‫ها‬ ‫باکتری‬, Desquamated epithelial cells ‫شده‬ ‫متفلس‬ ‫اپیتیل‬ ‫حجرات‬ and leukocytes ‫ها‬ ‫لکوسایت‬ (PMN’s, Lymphocytes ‫لمفوسایت‬, Monocytes ‫مونوسایت‬/ macrophages) Electrolytes: ‫ها‬ ‫الکترولیت‬  K, Na and Ca have been found in GCF ‫قرار‬ ‫مطالعه‬ ‫مورد‬ ‫ګرفته‬  Positive correlation of Ca and Na concentration and Na/K ratio with inflammation ‫ارتباط‬ ‫مطالعات‬ ‫اکثر‬ ‫سو‬ ‫ونسبت‬ ‫سودیم‬ ‫و‬ ‫کلسیم‬ ‫غلظت‬ ‫بین‬ ‫نسبت‬ ‫دیم‬ ‫با‬ ‫پتا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫التهاب‬ ‫با‬ ‫یم‬ . Composition ‫ترکیبات‬
  • 27. Organic: ‫عضوی‬ ‫ترکیبات‬  Glucose hexosamine and hexuronic acid.  Blood glucose is 3-4 times greater than serum ‫غلظت‬ ‫چهار‬ ‫تا‬ ‫سه‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫در‬ ‫گلوکوز‬ ‫بیشتر‬ ‫مرتبه‬  Total protein content is much less than serum ‫پروتین‬ ‫مقدار‬ ‫سیرم‬ ‫در‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫پروتین‬ ‫از‬ ‫کمتر‬ Metabolites: ‫میتابولیک‬ ‫مواد‬  lactic acid,  urea,  hydroxyproline,  endotoxin,  cytotoxic substances,  Hydrogen sulphide and antibacterial factors Composition ‫ترکیبات‬
  • 28. Cellular and Humoral activity in GCF ‫خلطی‬ ‫و‬ ‫حجروی‬ ‫فعالیت‬  IL-1α and IL-1β +++ the binding of PMNs and monocyte/macrophage to endothelial cells and +++ the production of PGE-2 and +++ of lysosomal enzymes and +++ bone resorption.  Interferon-α present in GCF has protective role in periodontal disease because of its ability to inhibit bone resorption activity of IL-1β.
  • 29.  ‫دارد‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫کمتر‬ ‫وی‬ ‫مداخله‬ ‫غیر‬ ‫های‬ ‫پروسیجر‬  GCF ‫غیر‬ ‫های‬ ‫طریقه‬ ‫به‬ ‫میتوان‬ ‫اید‬ ‫بدست‬ ‫نیز‬ ‫وی‬ ‫مداخله‬  ‫تحلیل‬ GCF – ‫هومورال‬ ‫و‬ ‫حجروی‬ ‫های‬ ‫عکسالعمل‬ ‫ساختن‬ ‫مشخص‬ ‫جهت‬  ‫انترلوکین‬ 1 ‫انترلوکین‬ ‫و‬ ‫الفا‬ 1 β ‫اتصال‬ ‫تزاید‬ ‫در‬ PMNS , Macrophages , Monocyte , ‫تولید‬ ‫تحریک‬ ‫اندوتیلیال‬ ‫شامل‬ ‫حجرات‬ ‫به‬  ‫تولید‬ ‫تحریک‬ prostaglandin  ‫الیزوزومل‬ ‫های‬ ‫انزایم‬ ‫ساختن‬ ‫ازاد‬ – ‫استخوان‬ ‫تحلیل‬ ‫تحریک‬  ‫محافظوی‬ ‫رول‬ ‫یک‬ ‫حیث‬ ‫به‬ ‫ها‬ ‫بادی‬ ‫انتی‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫عکس‬
  • 30. Clinical Significance ‫اهمیت‬ ‫کلینکی‬  GCF is inflammatory exudate and positively correlates with amount and severity of inflammation.  ‫یک‬ ‫از‬ ‫التهابی‬ ‫اگزودات‬  GCF flow is increased by Mastication, coarse food, toothbrushing, gingival massage, Ovulation, Hormonal contraceptives and smoking.  ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫ترشحات‬ ‫در‬ ‫افزایش‬
  • 31. Clinical Significance ‫اهمیت‬ ‫کلینکی‬  Mechanical stimulation like chewing and vigorous tooth brushing +++ GCF flow.  ‫افزیش‬ ‫باعث‬ ‫میخانیکی‬ ‫تحریک‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬  Smoking causes immediate transient but marked +++ in GCF flow.  ‫س‬ ‫کشیدن‬ ‫گرت‬ – ‫مایع‬ ‫افزایش‬  There is +++ in GCF production during healing period following periodontal surgery ‫پریودانتال‬ ‫جراحی‬ ‫از‬ ‫بعد‬  Tetracyclines and Metronidazole are secreted through GCF.
  • 32. Clinical Significance ‫اهمیت‬ ‫کلینکی‬  GCF secretion follows cicardian periodicity increases 6am to 10 pm then decreases afterwards .  ‫روزی‬ ‫شبانه‬ ‫های‬ ‫دوره‬  Female sex hormone increase GCF flow as they enhance vascular permeability.  ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫افزایش‬ ‫باعث‬ ‫جنسی‬ ‫های‬ ‫هورمون‬
  • 33. ‫ا‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫در‬ ‫جات‬ ‫دویه‬ : ‫پریودانتال‬ ‫تداوی‬ ‫جهت‬
  • 34.  Mononuclear cells have 58% B cells, 24% T cells and 18% mononuclear phagocytes ‫ها‬ ‫لکوسایت‬ - ‫است‬ ‫شده‬ ‫یافت‬ ‫در‬ ‫سالم‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫در‬  The ratio of T-lymphocytes to B-lymphocytes is reversed from from normal 3:1 in peripheral blood to 1:3 in GCF The Dento-gingival Area‫حیه‬ ‫نا‬
  • 35. The Dento-gingival Area‫ناحیه‬  PMNs are the most common leukocytes present in the gingival sulcus.  Neutrophils are the first line of defence in the dento- gingival area.  ‫دفاعی‬ ‫سیستم‬ ‫در‬ ‫اول‬ ‫حجرات‬Neutrophils  Gingival sulcus is the port of entry of leukocytes into the oral cavity.  ‫لکوسایت‬ ‫ورود‬ ‫محل‬ – ‫است‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬
  • 36.  Leukocytes are present in gingival sulcus even when histologic area are free of inflammatory infiltrate.  ‫میباشد‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫در‬ ‫اول‬ ‫از‬ ‫لوکوسایت‬ - ‫التهاب‬ ‫بدون‬  Differential count of leukocytes from clinically healthy human gingival sulci have shown 91.2% to 91.5% PMNs and 8.5 - 0 8.8 % mononuclear cells. The Dento-gingival Area ‫ناحیه‬
  • 37. Saliva ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬  It’s a physiologic secretion by various major and minor salivary glands.  ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬ ‫کوچک‬ ‫و‬ ‫بزرگ‬ ‫غدوات‬ ‫توسط‬ ‫فزیولوجیکی‬ ‫افرازات‬ .  Its has got certain major functions like mechanical cleansing, lubricating and buffering actions.  ph ‫مثل‬ ‫مهم‬ ‫وظایف‬ ‫چندین‬ : ‫نگهداشتن‬ ‫ثابت‬ ‫در‬ ‫کمک‬ ‫و‬ ‫کردن‬ ‫بلع‬ ‫میخانیکی‬ ‫پاکی‬  It has got antibacterial properties as well.  ‫باکتریای‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫خصوصیات‬ .
  • 38. Antibacterial factors ‫ضد‬ ‫های‬ ‫فکتور‬ ‫باکتریایی‬ Inorganic Organic Saliva ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬ Bicarbonate, Na, K, Phosphate, Ca, Ammonium, and Carbon dioxide Lysozyme, Lactoperoxide- thiocyanate system, Lactoferrin, Myelperoxidase
  • 39. Following Enzymes are increased in periodontal disease ‫پریودانتال‬ ‫امراض‬ ‫در‬ ‫ذیل‬ ‫های‬ ‫انزایم‬ ↑  Hyaluronidase,  β-glucouronidase,  Chondroitin sulfate,  Aspartate aminotransferase,  Alkaline phosphatase,  Amino acid decarboxylases, Catalase, Peroxidase and Collagenase  Saliva also contains TIMP which inhibit collagenases Saliva ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬
  • 40.  Predominant antibody in saliva are IgA although IgG and IgM are present too.  IgA ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬ ‫در‬ ‫بیشتر‬  IgG is more prevalent in GCF.  ‫میشود‬ ‫یافت‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫در‬ ‫بیشتر‬ IgG  Major and Minor salivary glands contribute to all the secretory IgA (sIgA).  GCF contributes to most of IgG, Complement and PMN that, in conjunction with IgG or IgM, inactivate or opsonize bacteria.  ‫میکند‬ ‫ایجاد‬ ‫اسانی‬ ‫یا‬ ‫و‬ ‫میسازد‬ ‫فعال‬ ‫غیر‬ ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫مایع‬ ‫در‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫کمپلیمنت‬ ‫سیستم‬ ‫و‬ ‫ها‬ ‫بادی‬ ‫انتی‬ ‫تمام‬ ‫کردن‬ ‫فگوسایت‬ ‫برای‬ . Saliva ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬
  • 41.  Salivary Antibodies are synthesized locally as they react with strains of bacteria indigenous to mouth but not that of intestinal tract.  ‫میکند‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫فمی‬ ‫جوف‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫باکتریا‬ ‫باالی‬ ‫فقط‬ ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬ ‫های‬ ‫بادی‬ ‫انتی‬  Antibodies in saliva impair the ability of bacteria to attach to mucosal or tooth surface.  ‫سط‬ ‫به‬ ‫باکتریا‬ ‫چسپیدن‬ ‫قابلیت‬ ‫میکند‬ ‫کمک‬ ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬ ‫های‬ ‫بادی‬ ‫انتی‬ ‫را‬ ‫مخاط‬ ‫ح‬ ‫میبرد‬ ‫بین‬ ‫از‬ . Saliva ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬
  • 42.  Saliva also contains coagulation factors  ‫میباشد‬ ‫خون‬ ‫شدن‬ ‫لخته‬ ‫های‬ ‫فکتور‬ ‫دارایی‬ ‫چنان‬ ‫هم‬ ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬  e.g. Factors VIII,IX and X, PTA, Hageman factor, and etc., which hasten blood coagulation and protect wound from invasion
  • 43.  Salivary buffers maintain physiologic hydrogen conc (pH) both at mucosal surface and tooth surface. ) ‫کمک‬ physiologic ‫هایدروجن‬ ‫غلظت‬ ‫داشتن‬ ‫نگاه‬ ‫نورمال‬ ‫در‬ ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬ (  Bicarbonate-carbonic acid system is the salivary buffer.  Saliva contains all types of leukocytes, but principal cells are PMN  PMN numbers varies from person to person and at Saliva
  • 44.  PMN in saliva are called Orogranulocyte. ‫میکند‬ ‫یاد‬Orogranulocyte ‫بنام‬ ‫را‬ ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬ ‫در‬ ‫موجود‬PMN  PMN reach the oral cavity through gingival sulcus and this is called orogranulocyte migration . Orogranulocyte migration PMN ‫بیره‬ ‫میزابه‬ ‫بواسطه‬ ‫دهن‬ ‫جوف‬ ‫در‬ ‫بنام‬ ‫را‬ ‫این‬ ‫و‬ ‫میشود‬ ‫رسیده‬ ↑ Saliva
  • 45.  Saliva effects plaque intiation, maturation and metabolism. ‫میباشد‬ ‫دارا‬ ‫را‬ ‫مهم‬ ‫رول‬ ‫پالک‬ ‫بلوغ‬ ‫تشکیل‬ ‫در‬ ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬  Salivary flow and composition also influences calculus formation, periodontal disease and dental caries. ‫باالی‬ ‫پریودانتال‬ ‫امراض‬ ‫باالی‬ ‫مهم‬ ‫ارتباط‬ ‫و‬ ‫تاثیر‬ ‫دهن‬ ‫لعاب‬ ‫ترکیب‬ ‫مقدار‬ ‫دارد‬ ‫کریس‬ ‫و‬ ‫پالک‬ ‫تشکیل‬ . Saliva
  • 46. There is increase in prevalance and severity of periodontal disease as a consequence of reduced salivary flow in:  Mikulicz’sdisease, ‫سندرم‬ – ‫التهاب‬ ‫اثر‬ ‫در‬ ‫ها‬ ‫غده‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫در‬ ‫افزایش‬  Sjogren’syndrome, ‫سندرم‬  Sialolithiasis, ‫لعابیه‬ ‫غدوات‬ ‫در‬ ‫کلسیفاید‬ ‫کتله‬  Sarcoidosis and ‫التهاب‬  Xerostomia following radiotherapy ‫تداوی‬ ‫خاطر‬ ‫از‬ ‫زیروستوما‬ ‫اشعه‬ Saliva