This document describes a railway reservation system that allows customers to book reservations online and administrators to manage backend databases. The key components are:
1. Customers can register accounts, view/modify reservations and account details, and make new reservations by selecting berths.
2. Administrators can add/update train services and station information, modify customer accounts and reservations, and access all stored data.
3. The system uses multiple normalized tables to store user, train, station, and reservation data with attributes like PNR numbers, names, ages, coach/berth numbers, etc. Joins are used to retrieve reservation details from these tables.
4. Train schedules are stored in tables that list stopping
This document provides guidelines for creating electrical infrastructure asset drawings for Main Roads Western Australia. It outlines standards for traffic control signal drawings, including formatting, required elements, and level of detail. Key aspects covered are traffic movement diagrams, detector loops, signaling equipment, and numbering conventions. Sample drawings are provided in appendices for reference.
The document describes a railway reservation and management system project. The system will manage a website that allows public interaction and services like train inquiries, seat availability checks, ticket booking and cancellations, and complaints. It will use a database of train timings and fares to calculate journey plans, expenses, and more. The system architecture includes backend databases modeling train, station, and user data and their relationships, an application program to perform calculations, and a frontend website for reservations and other functions.
The document describes a railway reservation system that allows users to perform enquiries, reservations, cancellations, and check statuses. It outlines essential parameters like train details, passenger information, and stations. The reservation process acquires passenger details, checks seat availability, and issues tickets if available. Cancellations remove tickets if the number is valid, and enquiries display appropriate train information. Statuses show if a reservation is reserved or not reserved. The system utilizes structures, files, arrays of strings, and pointers.
This document discusses the evolution of the Indian railway ticketing system from a manual process to a computerized and online system. It describes the key stages in this evolution from the 1980s to present day, including the introduction of self-printing ticketing machines, networking solutions, credit card payments, websites, SMS tickets, mobile apps and more. It also discusses how Indian Railways has changed its marketing strategies, applying the 4 C's (customer, communication, convenience, cost) rather than the traditional 4 P's. This includes services provided, pricing strategies, improved booking options, and promotional activities to better communicate with customers.
This document describes a railway reservation system project created by three computer engineering students. It includes requirements, UML diagrams, and an abstract. The functional requirements are secure registration, payment, and account management. Non-functional requirements include performance, quality, and security. Technical requirements include using a browser, Apache server, MySQL, PHP, JavaScript, HTML and CSS. UML diagrams created for the project include class, object, use case, activity, statechart, sequence, collaboration, deployment, and package diagrams. These diagrams model different aspects of the railway reservation system.
This is a presantation on railway reservation system project in php. project report and source code will be available soon . you can find it at www.avhishekblog.wordpress.com . hope this is useful to you
This document describes an online railway reservation system. It includes sections on the problem statement, functions for users and administrators, database tables and normalization, triggers, and snapshots. The problem statement indicates the system needs to store and retrieve transaction information about rail travel. Sections on functions list features like ticket booking, checking status, and cancellation for users, and adding/removing trains and users for administrators. Tables shown include users, trains, tickets, and payments, along with normalization to third normal form. Triggers are described to update fields when payment is made or an account is cancelled/created.
This document provides guidelines for creating electrical infrastructure asset drawings for Main Roads Western Australia. It outlines standards for traffic control signal drawings, including formatting, required elements, and level of detail. Key aspects covered are traffic movement diagrams, detector loops, signaling equipment, and numbering conventions. Sample drawings are provided in appendices for reference.
The document describes a railway reservation and management system project. The system will manage a website that allows public interaction and services like train inquiries, seat availability checks, ticket booking and cancellations, and complaints. It will use a database of train timings and fares to calculate journey plans, expenses, and more. The system architecture includes backend databases modeling train, station, and user data and their relationships, an application program to perform calculations, and a frontend website for reservations and other functions.
The document describes a railway reservation system that allows users to perform enquiries, reservations, cancellations, and check statuses. It outlines essential parameters like train details, passenger information, and stations. The reservation process acquires passenger details, checks seat availability, and issues tickets if available. Cancellations remove tickets if the number is valid, and enquiries display appropriate train information. Statuses show if a reservation is reserved or not reserved. The system utilizes structures, files, arrays of strings, and pointers.
This document discusses the evolution of the Indian railway ticketing system from a manual process to a computerized and online system. It describes the key stages in this evolution from the 1980s to present day, including the introduction of self-printing ticketing machines, networking solutions, credit card payments, websites, SMS tickets, mobile apps and more. It also discusses how Indian Railways has changed its marketing strategies, applying the 4 C's (customer, communication, convenience, cost) rather than the traditional 4 P's. This includes services provided, pricing strategies, improved booking options, and promotional activities to better communicate with customers.
This document describes a railway reservation system project created by three computer engineering students. It includes requirements, UML diagrams, and an abstract. The functional requirements are secure registration, payment, and account management. Non-functional requirements include performance, quality, and security. Technical requirements include using a browser, Apache server, MySQL, PHP, JavaScript, HTML and CSS. UML diagrams created for the project include class, object, use case, activity, statechart, sequence, collaboration, deployment, and package diagrams. These diagrams model different aspects of the railway reservation system.
This is a presantation on railway reservation system project in php. project report and source code will be available soon . you can find it at www.avhishekblog.wordpress.com . hope this is useful to you
This document describes an online railway reservation system. It includes sections on the problem statement, functions for users and administrators, database tables and normalization, triggers, and snapshots. The problem statement indicates the system needs to store and retrieve transaction information about rail travel. Sections on functions list features like ticket booking, checking status, and cancellation for users, and adding/removing trains and users for administrators. Tables shown include users, trains, tickets, and payments, along with normalization to third normal form. Triggers are described to update fields when payment is made or an account is cancelled/created.
This document outlines a project to develop a railway booking and management system using Oracle 11g. The 6-member team will build the system over 1 month. It will allow online booking, payment, cancellation and refunds. The system will use Oracle 11g database on a Windows server, with a Linux testing platform. Entity relationship diagrams, data flow diagrams and system documentation will be created. The project aims to improve the existing railway reservation system in India.
Railway Reservation system Case study of oracle db by cj datememonsana
The document describes the design of a database for a railway reservation system. It includes:
1) Conceptual design with entities like trains, passenger details, and ticket booking/cancellation.
2) Logical design showing normalization into tables like Trains, Train_Status, Passengers.
3) Physical design implementing the schema and sample screens in Oracle database.
4) Procedures for booking and cancelling tickets by updating relevant tables.
Railway reservation management by sandip murariSandip Murari
The document describes a railway reservation system project completed by three students - Joydip Deb, Sandip Murari, and Soumya Dutta. The project aims to provide an efficient mechanism for railway management to handle reservation, fare, and timetable management tasks using this system. It allows users to search trains, view fare tables, and easily make reservations. The project underwent feasibility studies and testing to verify it as a functional and viable software solution.
This document summarizes a railway reservation system software project developed in C++. It allows users to search for trains, select one, and reserve tickets by providing details. The project uses classes like address, passenger details, date, and reservation to store relevant information. Functions are defined to input, output, and assign data between objects. The main function implements a menu to allow reservations, queries, cancellations or help.
This document certifies that six students - Debanjan Ghosal, Anusrita Dey Sarkar, Arnab Sengupta, Oyindrila Bhattacharjee, Dwaipayan Sinha, and Priyanka Kashyap - completed a project on an Online Railway Reservation System under the guidance of Mr. Sandip Adhikary for their Bachelor of Computer Application degree. It thanks their subject teacher Mr. Adhikary and other faculty members for their guidance and support in completing the project. It also provides details about the hardware, software, user interface, and operating system used in developing the project.
Synopsis for Online Railway Railway Reservation SystemZainabNoorGul
This document proposes an online railway management system to reduce paperwork, improve efficiency and provide online services. It aims to automate reservation status, provide online payment and a user-friendly interface for administrators, reservation counters and passengers. The system will use Visual Studio, SQL Server, ASP.NET, C#, HTML, CSS and JavaScript. It is estimated to take 15 weeks to implement through requirements analysis, design, coding, testing and implementation phases.
railway reservation software documentaionJoveria Beg
The document provides an overview of the requirements for an online railway reservation software system. It discusses the need to specify functionality, external interfaces, performance, attributes, and design constraints. It also outlines some key components of the system including an ER diagram describing the relationships between entities like customers, trains, seats, tickets; a structure chart categorizing different levels; and data flow diagrams showing the flow of data between processes.
This document describes an online reservation system created by Rakesh Kunwar for railway ticket reservations and cancellations. It allows passengers to reserve and cancel seats on trains through a computerized system, which is more efficient than handling the vast Indian railway system manually. The system securely stores train, passenger, and reservation information and generates tickets and reports.
The document describes an online railway reservation system project completed by Prince Kumar for his Database and Web Database Systems module. It includes a certificate signed by Prince Kumar and his module lecturer, Ms. Sulekh Sharma, acknowledging completion of the individual assignment. It also includes an acknowledgement from Prince Kumar thanking various people and organizations for their support during the project. The table of contents provides an overview of the sections in the project report, which describe aspects of designing and developing the online railway reservation system such as entity relationship diagrams, database design, form design, and database queries.
Project report RAILWAY TICKET RESERVATION SYSTEM SADNitesh Singh
This document provides a project report on developing a railway ticket reservation system. It includes sections that outline the system's requirements and functions for booking and cancelling tickets, checking PNR status and train details. It also includes data flow diagrams, decision tables, a decision tree, sequence diagram, use case diagram, activity diagram, structure chart, and Ishikawa diagram to model and design the system. Key terms used in the system like PNR, DFD, e-ticket, and i-ticket are defined in a glossary.
Documentation of railway reservation systemSandip Murari
The document presents a feasibility study for a proposed railway reservation system project.
It outlines the key steps in conducting a feasibility study: describing candidate systems, evaluating their performance and costs, weighing the options, and selecting the best system.
The study considers important feasibility factors like economic, technical, and behavioral considerations to determine if the project is viable.
The document outlines the requirements for a railway reservation system. It includes sections on the overall description, functional requirements, non-functional requirements, and diagrams. The system will allow users to search for trains between destinations, select a train, review details and passengers, pay, and cancel reservations. It aims to automate the reservation process and provide 24/7 availability while meeting security, reliability, and maintainability standards. Diagrams including use case, class, and sequence diagrams will model the system functionality and interactions.
This is a project documentation titled: Online Railway Reservation System.
This documentation was submitted by me as my assignment in my 6th sem (2013) in APIIT SD INDIA, Panipat along with a full-fledged working system i.e., a website built using ASP.NET & SQL SERVER 2008
This document presents a railway reservation system. It discusses how the reservation system works and the entities involved like customers, employees, trains, stations, tickets etc. It outlines the features, limitations, and requirements of the system. Logical data models are presented for each entity like tables for customer, employee, ticket etc with attributes. The document also includes data flow diagrams and ER diagram to represent flow of data and relationships between entities in the system.
COMPUTER SCIENCE PROJECT OF RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM PYTHON PROGRAMMING.pdfAkshatTiwari530170
THIS PROJECT IS FOR THE 12TH STANDARD STUDENTS WHICH ARE FACING PROBLEM IN MAKING COMPUTER SCIENCE PROJECTS LIKE RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM FOR REPORT FILE FOR THE 12TH BOARDS . IN THIS PROJECT IS BASED ON PYTHON PROGRAMMING . THE DATABASE WE HAVE USED IN THIS MYSQL AND CONNECT IT TO PYTHON THROUGH MYSQL CONNECTIVITY.
This document describes a railway reservation system project built with PHP and MYSQL. The system allows users to register accounts, log in, book and pay for tickets online, check PNR status, and cancel reservations. It stores train schedules and availability, manages bookings and payments, generates ticket numbers, and handles refunds according to rules. The system is for use by passengers to reserve seats and by administrators to maintain train and fare details.
Sahil Dhungel & Het Unadkat Data Mining.pdfHetUnadkat
The document describes designing a dimensional data warehouse model for a railway booking management system using dimensional modeling. It discusses key concepts like data warehouses, dimensional modeling, and snowflake schemas. It then outlines the specific dimensional model designed for the railway booking system including defining the grain, dimensions, facts, and fact and dimension tables created to analyze booking transactions and provide business intelligence.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a research paper that reviews techniques for optimal design and placement of pilot symbols for channel estimation in OFDM systems operating under rapidly time-varying channels. It discusses how particle swarm optimization, the Cramér–Rao Bound, and Bayesian Cramér–Rao Bound techniques are commonly used to optimize pilot sequence design to improve channel estimation performance and reduce intercarrier interference. Grouping pilot tones into clusters rather than evenly spacing each pilot tone can provide better channel estimation against doubly selective channels. The optimal clustered pilot sequence is derived using maximum likelihood estimation and is independent of signal-to-noise ratio or Doppler rate.
This document describes a proposed computerized railway reservation system. It includes sections on the introduction and scope, features, hardware and software requirements, data flow diagrams, logical design using entity relationship diagrams and tables, sample SQL queries, advantages and disadvantages, and a conclusion. The system aims to convert manual reservation processes to computerized ones to increase efficiency and accuracy, while reducing workload for employees. Key aspects of the system include searching and booking railway tickets online, storing customer and train schedule data, and managing ticket reservations and inventory.
The document discusses the history and development of the London Underground rail system. It describes how Charles Pearson envisioned a system of trains running through spacious, well-lit tunnels to connect the main railroad terminals in London. While an earlier plan involved gaslit streets underground for horse-drawn carriages, it was rejected due to safety concerns. Pearson's vision eventually led to the successful implementation of the London Underground railway system.
This document outlines a project to develop a railway booking and management system using Oracle 11g. The 6-member team will build the system over 1 month. It will allow online booking, payment, cancellation and refunds. The system will use Oracle 11g database on a Windows server, with a Linux testing platform. Entity relationship diagrams, data flow diagrams and system documentation will be created. The project aims to improve the existing railway reservation system in India.
Railway Reservation system Case study of oracle db by cj datememonsana
The document describes the design of a database for a railway reservation system. It includes:
1) Conceptual design with entities like trains, passenger details, and ticket booking/cancellation.
2) Logical design showing normalization into tables like Trains, Train_Status, Passengers.
3) Physical design implementing the schema and sample screens in Oracle database.
4) Procedures for booking and cancelling tickets by updating relevant tables.
Railway reservation management by sandip murariSandip Murari
The document describes a railway reservation system project completed by three students - Joydip Deb, Sandip Murari, and Soumya Dutta. The project aims to provide an efficient mechanism for railway management to handle reservation, fare, and timetable management tasks using this system. It allows users to search trains, view fare tables, and easily make reservations. The project underwent feasibility studies and testing to verify it as a functional and viable software solution.
This document summarizes a railway reservation system software project developed in C++. It allows users to search for trains, select one, and reserve tickets by providing details. The project uses classes like address, passenger details, date, and reservation to store relevant information. Functions are defined to input, output, and assign data between objects. The main function implements a menu to allow reservations, queries, cancellations or help.
This document certifies that six students - Debanjan Ghosal, Anusrita Dey Sarkar, Arnab Sengupta, Oyindrila Bhattacharjee, Dwaipayan Sinha, and Priyanka Kashyap - completed a project on an Online Railway Reservation System under the guidance of Mr. Sandip Adhikary for their Bachelor of Computer Application degree. It thanks their subject teacher Mr. Adhikary and other faculty members for their guidance and support in completing the project. It also provides details about the hardware, software, user interface, and operating system used in developing the project.
Synopsis for Online Railway Railway Reservation SystemZainabNoorGul
This document proposes an online railway management system to reduce paperwork, improve efficiency and provide online services. It aims to automate reservation status, provide online payment and a user-friendly interface for administrators, reservation counters and passengers. The system will use Visual Studio, SQL Server, ASP.NET, C#, HTML, CSS and JavaScript. It is estimated to take 15 weeks to implement through requirements analysis, design, coding, testing and implementation phases.
railway reservation software documentaionJoveria Beg
The document provides an overview of the requirements for an online railway reservation software system. It discusses the need to specify functionality, external interfaces, performance, attributes, and design constraints. It also outlines some key components of the system including an ER diagram describing the relationships between entities like customers, trains, seats, tickets; a structure chart categorizing different levels; and data flow diagrams showing the flow of data between processes.
This document describes an online reservation system created by Rakesh Kunwar for railway ticket reservations and cancellations. It allows passengers to reserve and cancel seats on trains through a computerized system, which is more efficient than handling the vast Indian railway system manually. The system securely stores train, passenger, and reservation information and generates tickets and reports.
The document describes an online railway reservation system project completed by Prince Kumar for his Database and Web Database Systems module. It includes a certificate signed by Prince Kumar and his module lecturer, Ms. Sulekh Sharma, acknowledging completion of the individual assignment. It also includes an acknowledgement from Prince Kumar thanking various people and organizations for their support during the project. The table of contents provides an overview of the sections in the project report, which describe aspects of designing and developing the online railway reservation system such as entity relationship diagrams, database design, form design, and database queries.
Project report RAILWAY TICKET RESERVATION SYSTEM SADNitesh Singh
This document provides a project report on developing a railway ticket reservation system. It includes sections that outline the system's requirements and functions for booking and cancelling tickets, checking PNR status and train details. It also includes data flow diagrams, decision tables, a decision tree, sequence diagram, use case diagram, activity diagram, structure chart, and Ishikawa diagram to model and design the system. Key terms used in the system like PNR, DFD, e-ticket, and i-ticket are defined in a glossary.
Documentation of railway reservation systemSandip Murari
The document presents a feasibility study for a proposed railway reservation system project.
It outlines the key steps in conducting a feasibility study: describing candidate systems, evaluating their performance and costs, weighing the options, and selecting the best system.
The study considers important feasibility factors like economic, technical, and behavioral considerations to determine if the project is viable.
The document outlines the requirements for a railway reservation system. It includes sections on the overall description, functional requirements, non-functional requirements, and diagrams. The system will allow users to search for trains between destinations, select a train, review details and passengers, pay, and cancel reservations. It aims to automate the reservation process and provide 24/7 availability while meeting security, reliability, and maintainability standards. Diagrams including use case, class, and sequence diagrams will model the system functionality and interactions.
This is a project documentation titled: Online Railway Reservation System.
This documentation was submitted by me as my assignment in my 6th sem (2013) in APIIT SD INDIA, Panipat along with a full-fledged working system i.e., a website built using ASP.NET & SQL SERVER 2008
This document presents a railway reservation system. It discusses how the reservation system works and the entities involved like customers, employees, trains, stations, tickets etc. It outlines the features, limitations, and requirements of the system. Logical data models are presented for each entity like tables for customer, employee, ticket etc with attributes. The document also includes data flow diagrams and ER diagram to represent flow of data and relationships between entities in the system.
COMPUTER SCIENCE PROJECT OF RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM PYTHON PROGRAMMING.pdfAkshatTiwari530170
THIS PROJECT IS FOR THE 12TH STANDARD STUDENTS WHICH ARE FACING PROBLEM IN MAKING COMPUTER SCIENCE PROJECTS LIKE RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM FOR REPORT FILE FOR THE 12TH BOARDS . IN THIS PROJECT IS BASED ON PYTHON PROGRAMMING . THE DATABASE WE HAVE USED IN THIS MYSQL AND CONNECT IT TO PYTHON THROUGH MYSQL CONNECTIVITY.
This document describes a railway reservation system project built with PHP and MYSQL. The system allows users to register accounts, log in, book and pay for tickets online, check PNR status, and cancel reservations. It stores train schedules and availability, manages bookings and payments, generates ticket numbers, and handles refunds according to rules. The system is for use by passengers to reserve seats and by administrators to maintain train and fare details.
Sahil Dhungel & Het Unadkat Data Mining.pdfHetUnadkat
The document describes designing a dimensional data warehouse model for a railway booking management system using dimensional modeling. It discusses key concepts like data warehouses, dimensional modeling, and snowflake schemas. It then outlines the specific dimensional model designed for the railway booking system including defining the grain, dimensions, facts, and fact and dimension tables created to analyze booking transactions and provide business intelligence.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a research paper that reviews techniques for optimal design and placement of pilot symbols for channel estimation in OFDM systems operating under rapidly time-varying channels. It discusses how particle swarm optimization, the Cramér–Rao Bound, and Bayesian Cramér–Rao Bound techniques are commonly used to optimize pilot sequence design to improve channel estimation performance and reduce intercarrier interference. Grouping pilot tones into clusters rather than evenly spacing each pilot tone can provide better channel estimation against doubly selective channels. The optimal clustered pilot sequence is derived using maximum likelihood estimation and is independent of signal-to-noise ratio or Doppler rate.
This document describes a proposed computerized railway reservation system. It includes sections on the introduction and scope, features, hardware and software requirements, data flow diagrams, logical design using entity relationship diagrams and tables, sample SQL queries, advantages and disadvantages, and a conclusion. The system aims to convert manual reservation processes to computerized ones to increase efficiency and accuracy, while reducing workload for employees. Key aspects of the system include searching and booking railway tickets online, storing customer and train schedule data, and managing ticket reservations and inventory.
The document discusses the history and development of the London Underground rail system. It describes how Charles Pearson envisioned a system of trains running through spacious, well-lit tunnels to connect the main railroad terminals in London. While an earlier plan involved gaslit streets underground for horse-drawn carriages, it was rejected due to safety concerns. Pearson's vision eventually led to the successful implementation of the London Underground railway system.
IRJET- Real-Time Forecasting of EV Charging Station Scheduling for Smart Ener...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a real-time forecasting system for scheduling electric vehicle (EV) charging stations. It develops models to predict spatial and temporal distribution of EV charging demand based on traffic flow, optimal path planning and queuing theory. The system would allocate charging spaces using estimated battery parameters from an interactive client app. It communicates with charging stations to obtain availability data and schedules EV charging to avoid wait times and ensure vehicles do not run out of battery. The proposed server-based forecasting infrastructure aims to improve the current EV charging framework.
This document describes various parameters and counters related to WCDMA RAN (Radio Access Network) features. It lists WCDMA RAN parameters such as power control, handover, admission control, and congestion control parameters. It also lists many different types of WCDMA RAN counters that provide measurements for functions like admission, cell availability, channel switching, and handovers. Examples of specific counters listed include cell downtime, channel switching attempts and successes, and admission request denials.
Simulation study of the BART station at Embarcadero in San Francisco using Arena. The model compares the wait time for passengers at the station for multiple scenarios analyzed within.
This document describes the Gateway API for a ridesharing platform. It provides documentation on the various API endpoints for functions like setting up a network, getting trip quotes, dispatching trips, tracking trip status, and more. Each endpoint is described in detail, including the request parameters, response structure, and purpose of the endpoint. Authentication is performed using OAuth2 access tokens. The API aims to enable partnered dispatch systems to integrate with the ridesharing platform.
This document describes the process of calibrating a private transportation matrix in TransCAD based on field data. It involves assigning an initial private transportation matrix (for cars, taxis, and trucks), then adjusting the matrix using the Multi Class-Matrix-Estimation tool in TransCAD to minimize differences between modeled and observed traffic volumes. Key steps include assigning the initial matrix, extracting link flows, calculating differences with field data, and adjusting the matrix until modeled and observed volumes are similar.
We consider a real-time multi-server system with identical servers (such as machine controllers,
unmanned aerial vehicles,overhearing devices, etc.) which can be adjusted/programmed for different types of
activities (e.g. active or passive). This system provides a service for real-time jobs arriving via several channels
(such as assembly lines, surveillance regions, communication channels, etc.) and involves maintenance. We
perform the worst case analysis of the system working under maximum load with preemptive priorities assigned
for servers of different activity type. We consider a system with separate queue to each channel. Two models
with ample maintenance teams and shortage of maintenance teams are treated. We provide analytical
approximations of steady state probabilities for these real-time systems and check their quality.
ewd-qoper8-vistarpc: Exposing VistA's RPCs as REST ServicesRob Tweed
This presentation provides an introduction to the Node.js-based ewd-qoper8-vistarpc module, which is designed to integrate with VistA - the US Dept of Veterans' Affairs EHR - exposing its RPCs as REST Services
Enhancement of ATC by Optimal Allocation of TCSC and SVC by Using Genetic Alg...IOSR Journals
This document discusses using genetic algorithms to optimize the placement and compensation levels of thyristor controlled series compensators (TCSCs) to enhance available transfer capability (ATC) in transmission networks. TCSCs are flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices that can control line reactance. The paper proposes using a genetic algorithm to determine the optimal locations and compensation levels of one or two TCSCs to maximize ATC. It describes calculating ATC using multiple load flow simulations while incrementally increasing power transfers until a limit is reached. The genetic algorithm would seek to place and set TCSCs to allow higher power transfers before limits are violated, thus enhancing ATC.
This document discusses CBTC IEEE standards 1474.2 and 1474.3. 1474.2 covers user interface requirements, including mandatory and optional display data for train-borne and non-train-borne subsystems. 1474.3 recommends practices for CBTC system design and functional allocation, dividing the system into ATS, wayside, train-borne, and communication equipment. It allocates ATP, ATO, and ATS functions and outlines data flows between CBTC subsystems.
The document describes traffic counter systems in RNCs (Radio Network Controllers) and cells in 3G WCDMA networks. It discusses key performance indicators for traffic, including Erlang load, throughput, number of radio bearers, and more. Counters are grouped by their measurement location (RNC or cell) and type (traffic, radio bearers, HSDPA, transmit power). The purpose is to understand and monitor traffic patterns and performance at different levels of the 3G network.
HS2021 Database Design and UseWeek 2 - 2020 Tutorialtroutmanboris
HS2021 Database Design and Use
Week 2 - 2020 Tutorial
Date:
Instructions:
This exam has three (3) questions.
You are expected to select one question out of three (3) questions and to submit your answer via the blackboard assessment system.
Assessment Weight:
This test accounts for five per cent (5%) of total marks.
Total marks for the paper
5 marks
Question A: Create the Entity-Relationship Diagram and the Relational Schema for the following scenario
BestBank prides itself on having up-to-date information on the current account balance of its customers. To do this, BestBank relies on a company-wide information system. Customers are the heart of the BestBank information system. Customers are characterized by their customer number (unique), first name, last name, address, and date of birth. A customer can have multiple accounts into the BestBank information system. Accounts are characterized by their account number (unique), account type (i.e. everyday, savings, business) and amount and they must be assigned to a specific customer. To keep track of their spending habits BestBank customers can review all the transactions executed using their accounts. A transaction must be associated with a specific account, and each account can have multiple transactions. Finally, each transaction is characterized by a transaction id (unique), a transaction type (i.e. withdraw or deposit) and the transaction amount.
Question B: Create the Entity-Relationship Diagram and the Relational Schema for the following scenario
BestDelivery prides itself on having up-to-date information on the status of shipped item. To do this, BestDelivery relies on a company-wide information system. Items are the heart of the BestDelivery information system. Items are characterized by their item code (unique), delivery status, and destination address. Items are assigned to couriers who are in charge of their delivery. A courier delivers several items in a day. Couriers are characterized by their employee number (unique), first name, last name, and driving license.
Question C: Create the Entity-Relationship Diagram and the Relational Schema for the following scenario
BestFreelancer prides itself on having the most efficient platform through which is possible to find freelancers for any type of work. Freelancers can freely register on the platform and provide information about all the projects they have completed. To do this, BestFreelancer relies on a company-wide information system. Freelancers are the heart of the BestFreelancer information system. Freelancers are characterized by their profile code (unique), first name, last name, and email. Freelancers can list, within their profile, as many projects as they want. Projects are characterized by their project code (unique), start date, end date, project title, and project description.
Student Name: _____________________________________________________
Student ID: ____________________________
HS2021 Databa ...
HS2021 Database Design and UseWeek 2 - 2020 Tutorial.docxShiraPrater50
HS2021 Database Design and Use
Week 2 - 2020 Tutorial
Date:
Instructions:
This exam has three (3) questions.
You are expected to select one question out of three (3) questions and to submit your answer via the blackboard assessment system.
Assessment Weight:
This test accounts for five per cent (5%) of total marks.
Total marks for the paper
5 marks
Question A: Create the Entity-Relationship Diagram and the Relational Schema for the following scenario
BestBank prides itself on having up-to-date information on the current account balance of its customers. To do this, BestBank relies on a company-wide information system. Customers are the heart of the BestBank information system. Customers are characterized by their customer number (unique), first name, last name, address, and date of birth. A customer can have multiple accounts into the BestBank information system. Accounts are characterized by their account number (unique), account type (i.e. everyday, savings, business) and amount and they must be assigned to a specific customer. To keep track of their spending habits BestBank customers can review all the transactions executed using their accounts. A transaction must be associated with a specific account, and each account can have multiple transactions. Finally, each transaction is characterized by a transaction id (unique), a transaction type (i.e. withdraw or deposit) and the transaction amount.
Question B: Create the Entity-Relationship Diagram and the Relational Schema for the following scenario
BestDelivery prides itself on having up-to-date information on the status of shipped item. To do this, BestDelivery relies on a company-wide information system. Items are the heart of the BestDelivery information system. Items are characterized by their item code (unique), delivery status, and destination address. Items are assigned to couriers who are in charge of their delivery. A courier delivers several items in a day. Couriers are characterized by their employee number (unique), first name, last name, and driving license.
Question C: Create the Entity-Relationship Diagram and the Relational Schema for the following scenario
BestFreelancer prides itself on having the most efficient platform through which is possible to find freelancers for any type of work. Freelancers can freely register on the platform and provide information about all the projects they have completed. To do this, BestFreelancer relies on a company-wide information system. Freelancers are the heart of the BestFreelancer information system. Freelancers are characterized by their profile code (unique), first name, last name, and email. Freelancers can list, within their profile, as many projects as they want. Projects are characterized by their project code (unique), start date, end date, project title, and project description.
Student Name: _____________________________________________________
Student ID: ____________________________
HS2021 Databa ...
The C++ rvalue lifetime disaster. Arno Schödl ➠ CoreHard Autumn 2019corehard_by
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केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
1. RAILWAY ENQUIRY AND
RESERVATION SYSTEM
Y6470 – SIDDHARTH SHANKER
Y6377 – RASHISH TANDON
Y6136 – BANDA GIRISH KUMAR
CS - 315
Presented:
Project Guided By:
2008 – 09 Semester - II
Prof. Arnab Bhattacharya
2. INDEX
1. Introduction
a. Motivation
b. Scope / Feasibility
c. Functionality
2. Implementation
a. Referential - Diagram
b. Schemas and Data Dictionary
c. Data Flow
d. Session - Management
3. Performance Analysis
4. External Interface Requirements
5. Notes and suggested future work
6. Acknowledgement
3. INTRODUCTION
This project aims at development of an Online Railway Reservation
Utility which facilitates the Railway customers to manage their reservations
online, and the Railway administrators to modify the backend databases in
a User-Friendly manner.
The Customers are required to register on the server for getting
access to the database and query result retrieval. Upon registration, each
user has an account which is essentially the ‘view level’ for the customer.
The account contains comprehensive information of the user entered
during registration and permits the customer to get access to his past
reservations, enquire about travel fare and availability of seats, make afresh
reservations, update his account details, etc.
The Railway Administrator is the second party in the transactions.
The administrator is required to login using a master password, once
authenticated as an administrator, one has access and right of modification
to all the information stored in the database at the server. This includes the
account information of the customers, attributes and statistics of stations,
description of the train stoppages and physical description of coaches, all
the reservations that have been made, etc. The railway administrator has
the right to modify any information stored at the server database.
4. o MOTIVATION
This project is dedicated to
model the existing Railway/(other) reservation systems
provide a comprehensive set of features to enhance their
operational limits
evaluate their performance in different scenarios
suggest modifications for greater efficiency
o SCOPE AND FEASIBILITY
Implementations of this project idea are in industrial use in the
form of ‘www.irctc.co.in’, etc. Hence, this can be used for
suggesting improvements in design, performance and greater
usability.
Apart from the industrial applications mentioned above, it is a
research oriented project as well, the task of performance
evaluation of different database designs, for efficiency, is in this
spirit.
5. o FUNCTIONALITY
The Customer and the Railway Administrator are the two parties
which interact with the database, who have different ‘view level
schemas’ to the database information.
Customer Services
i. Create an account by registering, modify account
details, deregister from the services
ii. Make afresh multi passenger reservations, the
customers are provided to choose their
berths/reservation spots rather than being randomly
allocated positions
iii. View , modify or cancel past reservations
iv. Customers are provided with different reservation
status, just as in real life systems
v. Consumers are informed, through emails, about
updates in the reservations and trains
vi. Consumers are informed about the various seasonal
offers and discounts.
Administrator Services
i. Add new train services or update the existing train
services, e.g. modifying their stopping stations,
stoppage times, tariffs, etc.
ii. Add or update the physical description of trains, like
number of coaches, type of coaches, number of
berths, etc.
iii. Update information about addition of railway
stations, add new railway stations, drop existing
railway stations, etc.
iv. Access and modify customer accounts or customer
reservations
7. o DATA DICTIONARY
<User> e.g.(ssidha, rashish)
Attribute Type Constraints References
Pnrno Integer Primary key Pnrno of globalreservations
<train>n e.g.(2300n, 2200n)
Attribute Type Constraints References
Station Varchar(4) Primary key Stationacronym of stationinfo
Arrivaltime Time - -
Stopnum Integer Candidate key -
<train>c e.g.(2300n, 2200n)
Attribute Type Constraints References
Coachnum integer Primary key Stationacronym of stationinfo
coachtype varchar(4) - -
coachcap Integer - -
Authentication
Attribute Type Constraints References
Username Varchar(4) Primary key -
Password varchar(4) Not NULL -
globalreservations
Attribute Type Constraints References
pnrno integer Primary key -
startingstation varchar(4) Not NULL Stationacronym of stationinfo
endingstation varchar(4) Not NULL Stationacronym of stationinfo
trainno integer Not NULL trainno of globaltrains
date integer Not NULL -
username varchar(20) Not NULL Username of authentication
pass1_name varchar(20) Not NULL -
pass1_age integer Not NULL -
pass1_coachnum integer Not NULL Coachnum of <trainno>c, <train>_<date>
pass1_waitnum integer Not NULL -
pass1_berthnum integer Not NULL -
pass1_status integer Not NULL -
pass2_name varchar(20) - -
pass2_age integer - -
pass2_coachnum integer - Coachnum of <trainno>c, <train>_<date>
pass2_waitnum integer - -
pass2_berthnum integer - -
pass2_status integer - -
pass3_name varchar(20) - -
pass3_age integer - -
pass3_coachnum integer - Coachnum of <trainno>c, <train>_<date>
pass3_waitnum integer - -
8. pass3_berthnum integer - -
pass3_status integer - -
globaltrains
Attribute Type Constraints References
trainno integer Primary key -
startstation varchar(4) Not NULL Stationacronym of stationinfo
endstation varchar(4) Not NULL Stationacronym of stationinfo
starttime time Not NULL Arrivaltime of <trainno>n
endtime time Not NULL Arrivaltime of <trainno>n
stationinfo
Attribute Type Constraints References
Stationacronym varchar(4) Primary key -
stationname varchar(20) - -
<trainno>_<date> e.g. (2300_101, 2400_102)
Attribute Type Constraints References
coachno Integer Primary key Coachnum of <trainno>c
available integer Not NULL -
cap_str varchar(100) Not NULL -
waiting integer - -
Notes:
i. For each customer / user, there is a file named <username> of
the user which stores the PNR number of all recent the user
has made. The details of the reservation can be obtained by
performing a “natural join” with the globalreservations table.
The table is updated on new reservation being made and an
existing reservation being cancelled.
ii. For each train, there are 2 tables which describe the train,
a. <train>n – This stores the stations at which a train stops,
the arrival times at the stations and the stop numbers of
the stations. This is required to provide the facility to a
customer of being able to make reservations for
intermediate stops and need not book the ticket for the
whole journey. Upon a request for showing trains to
book a journey, a query is made to each <train>n table
9. to match the stations and the stoppage number ensures
that the train arrives at the starting station before the
ending station. This can be updated only by the
administrator. A new table of such type is created and
the records are inserted upon the request by the
administrator to announce a new train route. To ensure
the integrity of the table the administrator is provided
with a drop – down box for choosing stations to protect
from the accidental error of entering non-existent
stations.
b. <train>c – This stores the physical description of the
coach types available in the train. It stores the coach
number of a coach, the respective coach capacity and
the coach type. This is to provide the customers with the
flexibility of choosing the coach type. This also enables
the administrator to make new types of coaches
available to the customer for bookings. When the
customer is provided with a list of trains that serve a
particular station pair (route), then he is provided with
the facility of viewing the coach types of various classes
in the train which he selected from the list. This can be
updated only by the administrator. A new table of such
type is created and the records are inserted upon the
request by the administrator to announce a new train
route.
iii. Each user is provided with an account, which is used for
session management, the authentication table stores the
account information for each user. The customer / user is
provided to view and make reservations only when he enters a
legitimate username and password pair. Upon a successful
authentication, a php session is initiated. This table is updated
upon registration of a new customer, deregistration of an
existing customer or by means of a change in password
request by an existing user.
10. iv. The whole database is centred about the table
‘globalreservations’, this table stores the complete details of
all recent reservations. It stores the boarding and de-boarding
stations, arrival times, date of journey, passenger list, the
coach and berths allotted, etc. To ensure the integrity of this
table, the users are provided with drop down boxes to choose
stations and date. This table is modified upon reservation,
cancellation, update in reservation of existing reservations,
which may be explicit in the form of changing the passenger
details, or implicit due to change in reservation status from
‘wait list’ to ‘confirmed’. This table is queried upon after being
joined with the <user> table when a customer wishes to view
his recent reservations. This is undoubtedly the central and the
key link relating data entities in the database.
v. For making reservations, the table globaltrains consists of the
identification details of all existing trains and their routes. In
the query to make afresh reservation, this table provides the
names of the tables whose station list needs to be searched
for finding the in-order station pairs of the journey.
vi. Just as for trains, station details are stored in the table named
‘stationinfo’. This is used when the administrator tries to input
new trains as a service to the customers. This constraints the
administrator to choose, the start and ending stations, from a
drop down menu and preventing accidental input of non
existing stations.
vii. Each train and date pair for a recent date, have a table
<trainno>_<date> describing the current reservations that
have been made in the train <trainno> on date <date>. For
each coach, a string of length equal to the capacity of the
coach denotes the status of the reservation in it. The string
consists of ‘o’ and ‘e’, which essentially flag whether the berth
/ seat is occupied or empty. New instances are added
automatically upon change of date and past tables are
dropped. The attribute waiting is stored to store the current
11. count of ‘wait listed’ reservations that have been booked for a
particular coach type for the train on that date.
13. o SESSION – MANAGEMENT
The data and the files present at the server are password locked.
Hence, to gain access to them the user has to pass through the
authentication process at ‘index.php’ / ‘adminauthenticate.php’,
wherein a php session is initiated and the relevant session
variables get initiated. If a client tries to access the locked files
without starting a session, it is denied access and redirected to
request for starting a session.
14. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
In this section, we evaluate the performance depending on the following
variables to provide generic expressions rather than measure the times
on a particular server-client-network pair
Database design in terms of the Normal forms the schemas
conform
Number of joins, selections, projections, etc. for various
forms of queries
Average access time over the internet
Terminology
a) N<x> : denotes the number of records in table <x>
b) A<v,x> : denotes the number of different values of attribute
<v> in table <x>. This is analogous to selectivity of <v> in <x>
c) RTT : denotes the average ‘round trip time’ over the
network chosen
We make the following assumptions for estimating our reservation
engine performance
a) The time for equi-join on primary key attributes is
proportional to the number of tuples in the result. This
assumption is justified as 1 record of a each table will
contribute to only 1 output of the result
b) The time for equi-join on non – key attributes on relation
<x> and <y> is proportional to N<x> * N<y>. This serves as a
bound
c) The time for selection on primary key in table <x> is
proportional to log(N<x>). This is reasonable as we need to
scan a path along the B-Tree
d) The time for selection on equality of non-key attribute <v>
in table <x> is proportional to (N<x>/D<v,x>)
15. We evaluate the service time of frequent operations i.e. reservation and
cancellation. The administrator functions are assumed to be very rare
compared to user / customer activities
Reservation
Activity Operation Time
Authentication Selection on authentication Nauthentication + RTT
Following HTML link - RTT
Enter destinations info Selection on stationinfo Nstationinfo + RTT
Selecting Train Search in all <train> after selection from Nglobaltrains + N<train>*Nglobaltrains +
globaltrains RTT (*)
Selecting Seats Selection from <train>_<date> N<train>_<date> + RTT
Database update Update <user>, globalreservations, N<user> + Nglobalreservations +
<train>_<date> N<train>_<date> + RTT
*Bottleneck operation highlighted
Cancellation
Activity Operation Time
Authentication Selection on authentication Nauthentication + RTT
Following HTML link - RTT
Selecting from Natural join on globalreservations and Nglobalreservation / A<user> + RTT
reservations <user>
Selecting other tuples to Search and update tuples Nglobaltrains + RTT (*)
be updated Nglobaltrain/Atrainno,date,<train>_<date> +
Deallocating Seats Selection from <train>_<date> N<train>_<date> + RTT
Database update Update <user>, globalreservations, N<user> + Nglobalreservations +
<train>_<date> N<train>_<date>
*Bottleneck operation highlighted
16. EXTERNAL INTERFACE REQUIRMENTS
The database engine can be embedded on a platform using
i. An active mySQL server
ii. A browser which acts as a client
iii. An Apache HTTP server
All the mentioned resources are free source and can be obtained easily
from the internet.
NOTES AND SUGGESTED FUTURE WORK
i. We have provided the ability where at max 3 people can be
booked reservations for, this may not be desirable.
ii. We can extend it to provide multi-train service for connecting 2
stations, i.e. if there is no direct train between 2 stations, then we
may use more than 1 train to book our reservations.
iii. The analysis assumes conservative and uniform spread of values,
this may not hold and more sophisticated tools for estimation
should be used.
iv. Greater information about the user can be stored and the user
may be updated about changes in reservation status upon
cancellations, via email
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We bestow our hearted appreciation and gratefulness to the efforts
made by our Instructor In-charge: Prof. Arnab Bhattacharya, in terms of
the Project Idea, instruction and the opportunity, without which our
efforts would have remained astray.