D. The Delphi Technique is an example of a qualitative assessment te.pdf

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D. The Delphi Technique is an example of a qualitative assessment technique. It is not used for quantitative assessment, DRP, or BCP Solution D. The Delphi Technique is an example of a qualitative assessment technique. It is not used for quantitative assessment, DRP, or BCP.

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STAT92E is present in Drosophila flies and the JAK/STAT pathway helps in determining the P- D(proximo distal) axis in leg and antennal imaginal discs of these flies. STAT92E is the transcription factor which when phosphorylated migrates to the nucleus. It then binds specific regulatory sequences to activate or repress the transcription of target genes. STAT92E represses wg gene more robustly than dpp gene required for determining the P-D axis which is essential for the formation of arthropod appendages i.e. legs and antennae. Thus if STAT92E is not phosphorylated it will not migrate into the nucleus and will not act as a transcription factor to regulate the genes responsible for the development of these appendages. Thus the fly with the mutant STAT92E will not be able to develop proper leg with five segments and antennae with six segments. Solution STAT92E is present in Drosophila flies and the JAK/STAT pathway helps in determining the P- D(proximo distal) axis in leg and antennal imaginal discs of these flies. STAT92E is the transcription factor which when phosphorylated migrates to the nucleus. It then binds specific regulatory sequences to activate or repress the transcription of target genes. STAT92E represses wg gene more robustly than dpp gene required for determining the P-D axis which is essential for the formation of arthropod appendages i.e. legs and antennae. Thus if STAT92E is not phosphorylated it will not migrate into the nucleus and will not act as a transcription factor to regulate the genes responsible for the development of these appendages. Thus the fly with the mutant STAT92E will not be able to develop proper leg with five segments and antennae with six segments..

STAT92E is present in Drosophila flies and the JAKSTAT pathway help.pdf

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solid CO2 sublimes-dispersionCHCl3 boils-dispersion and dipole.pdf

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Smartphones have become the single most important digital device we own and require being connected to a network to send and receive data. Smartphones enable digital capabilities like view short video clips, play music and games, surf the Web and transmit and receive corporate data, e-mail, messaging, wireless access to the Internet, voice communication, and digital cameras.So we can perform many of the tasks of today’s PCs on smartphones. Examples of some brand name for smartphones : Apple, Blackberry, HTC, Huawei, iBall, Lava, LeEco, LG, Micromax, Motorola, Microsoft, Nokia, Samsung, Sony, Spice, Xiomi Wi-Fi allow users to access internet from different locations. We can use printers and servers through Wi-Fi. We don\'t need printer for each computer and wired connection between them. Bluetooth-enabled wireless technology provides an easy way to connect devices. We can access videos, audio files, Web sites, and even video-conferencing through hotspots located in public and private areas. Wi-Fi speed can be increased by using a/b/g/n router. The range of Wireless-LAN (WLAN) or Wi-Fi is around 20-25 feet indoors. So unauthorized access can be protected by using security. High-speed cellular systems provide a way for users to access the Internet from virtually anywhere at any time. More powerful cellular networks based on 2G, 3G, and now 4G. These technology are expanding the amount and types of data users can access. User can access services for voice, data, and high-quality streaming video. So these are the advantages of smartphones over desktop and laptop. Disadvantages can be security issues, durability, expensive and storage capacity. Solution Smartphones have become the single most important digital device we own and require being connected to a network to send and receive data. Smartphones enable digital capabilities like view short video clips, play music and games, surf the Web and transmit and receive corporate data, e-mail, messaging, wireless access to the Internet, voice communication, and digital cameras.So we can perform many of the tasks of today’s PCs on smartphones. Examples of some brand name for smartphones : Apple, Blackberry, HTC, Huawei, iBall, Lava, LeEco, LG, Micromax, Motorola, Microsoft, Nokia, Samsung, Sony, Spice, Xiomi Wi-Fi allow users to access internet from different locations. We can use printers and servers through Wi-Fi. We don\'t need printer for each computer and wired connection between them. Bluetooth-enabled wireless technology provides an easy way to connect devices. We can access videos, audio files, Web sites, and even video-conferencing through hotspots located in public and private areas. Wi-Fi speed can be increased by using a/b/g/n router. The range of Wireless-LAN (WLAN) or Wi-Fi is around 20-25 feet indoors. So unauthorized access can be protected by using security. High-speed cellular systems provide a way for users to access the Internet from virtually anywhere at any time. More powerful cell.

Smartphones have become the single most important digital device we .pdf

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Since 2010, the authors have been on the faculty of a HBCU located in Georgia. The authors are the only full-time faculty, thus are responsible for teaching all accounting courses. The failure rate has average thirty-five (35%) percent. Failure is defined as a student receiving a grade of “D”, “F” or “W” in an accounting course. This failure rate was unacceptable, thus a search begin to explore ways of reducing this rate without compromising the academic integrity required to prepare students to become an accountant. This study explores a new teaching model designed to improve students’ technical competencies while increasing their critical thinking skills. What adjustments to a classroom lesson plan and teaching strategy are useful to improve interpersonal communication, creativity, reasoning and analytical abilities? Does improvements in interpersonal communication, creativity, reasoning and analytical abilities require abandoning the traditional teaching model? Critical thinking includes analyzing, conceptualizing, reasoning and evaluating. Research finds that these skills can be developed in learners if teaching strategies evolve beyond memorization (Reinstein,2008). Accounting graduates are expected to possess a healthy dose of critical thinking skills. This study explores a teaching model reflective of cognitive thinking. Cognitive teaching increases the need to compare, contrast, group, and memorize relevant accounting concepts. The literature argues that students have considerable difficulty in solving accounting problems that are slightly different than those presented in the classroom, even though the same concepts are being covered. The Pathways Commission has called for improvements in accounting curriculum and teaching techniques (Bloom, 2013). The quality of future accountants will be shaped by a need for improvement in critical thinking skills. The purpose of this paper is to convey the authors’ result of using the ABCs of accounting teaching model. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEM The accounting profession requires more creativity and innovative thinking in order to be competitive. Much of the literature argues that teaching models that require students to memorize accounting rules and procedures fail to cultivate critical thinking in problem solving. The Bedford Committee (1986) asserts that the traditional accounting lectures fail to stimulate creativity and innovative thinking. Thus student are not educational ready to enter the profession. The Pathway’s Commission finds that accounting programs are overly invested in outmoded models. Bloom (2013) finds that students increasingly exhibit difficulty solving complex accounting problems. The goal of teaching should always embrace a pedagogy designed to discover a higher order of thinking. Higher order critical thinking can be achieved if the teaching approach gets it right. Such is the pursuit of this study. The five step process for developing higher level critical thinking skills.

Since 2010, the authors have been on the faculty of a HBCU located i.pdf

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Program: import java.util.Scanner; public class AreaOfRectangle { public int length,breath; public int getLength(){ return length; } public void setLength(int l){ length = l; } public int getBreath(){ return breath; } public void setBreath(int b){ breath = b; } AreaOfRectangle(){ length = 0; breath = 0; } public static void main(String args[]){ AreaOfRectangle obj= new AreaOfRectangle(); Scanner sca = new Scanner(System.in); String choice = new String(); do{ System.out.print(\"Enter Length : \"); obj.setLength(sca.nextInt()); System.out.print(\"Enter breath : \"); obj.setBreath(sca.nextInt()); System.out.println(\"Area : \"+ obj.getBreath() * obj.getLength()); System.out.println(\"Enter Choice : \"); choice = sca.next(); }while(!choice.equals(\"0\") && !choice.equals(\"Exit\") && !choice.equals(\"No\")); } } Result: Enter Length : 23 Enter breath : 34 Area : 782 Enter Choice : 23 Enter Length : 65 Enter breath : 67 Area : 4355 Enter Choice : df Enter Length : 23 Enter breath : 56 Area : 1288 Enter Choice : 67 Enter Length : 23 Enter breath : 56 Area : 1288 Enter Choice : No Solution Program: import java.util.Scanner; public class AreaOfRectangle { public int length,breath; public int getLength(){ return length; } public void setLength(int l){ length = l; } public int getBreath(){ return breath; } public void setBreath(int b){ breath = b; } AreaOfRectangle(){ length = 0; breath = 0; } public static void main(String args[]){ AreaOfRectangle obj= new AreaOfRectangle(); Scanner sca = new Scanner(System.in); String choice = new String(); do{ System.out.print(\"Enter Length : \"); obj.setLength(sca.nextInt()); System.out.print(\"Enter breath : \"); obj.setBreath(sca.nextInt()); System.out.println(\"Area : \"+ obj.getBreath() * obj.getLength()); System.out.println(\"Enter Choice : \"); choice = sca.next(); }while(!choice.equals(\"0\") && !choice.equals(\"Exit\") && !choice.equals(\"No\")); } } Result: Enter Length : 23 Enter breath : 34 Area : 782 Enter Choice : 23 Enter Length : 65 Enter breath : 67 Area : 4355 Enter Choice : df Enter Length : 23 Enter breath : 56 Area : 1288 Enter Choice : 67 Enter Length : 23 Enter breath : 56 Area : 1288 Enter Choice : No.

Programimport java.util.Scanner; public class AreaOfRectangle {.pdf

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Ques-1. how and why would an asthma attack attack have an impact on the FEV and MVV? Answer: Asthma is the reversible blockade of respiratory pathways, which causes difficulty in breathing out. This causes tightness in the chest region, dyspnea, and expiratory wheezing. Asthma pathophysiology includes the constriction of bronchiolar smooth muscles result in low alveolar PO2 due to lower oxygen availability for respiration. PO2 is decreased and Pco2 is increased. Lesser ratio of V/Q leading to reduced partial pressure of O2 (due impairment of the pulmonary air exchange) and reduced excretion of CO2 leading to more PCO2 usually happens in apnea or asthma. Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV): it is the total volume of air expired within a specific time when repetitive maximal voluntary effort. In asthma MVV, is reduced due to allergic histamine secretion in the air sacs (alveoli) & due to bronchoconstriction. This is due to inadequate space availability to fill the air sacs during respiration process The variables such as FEV1 (expiratory volume) will be decreased in “asthma- lung disease due to narrowing of bronchioles” however, FVC (F vital capacity) is approximately normal therefore, finally FEV1/FVC ration will be decreased with time. Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR): also referred as FEV (forced expiratory volume). In the above case, spirometry performed to assess the function of lungs and it depends on age and sex, height. Given, 60% predicted PEFR means severe and obstruction of airways lungs due to asthma. Ques-2. What causes apnea that sometimes occurs after hyperventilation? Answer: Apnea usually reduced rate of breathing thereby volume of breathing is less. Hyperventilation induces higher incidence of pulmonary edema or fluid accumulation in the lungs as a result \"apnea\" is going to develop. PO2 is decreased and Pco2 is increased. Lesser ratio of V/Q leading to reduced partial pressure of O2 (due to impairment of the pulmonary air exchange) and reduced excretion of CO2 leading to more PCO2 usually happens in apnea Solution Ques-1. how and why would an asthma attack attack have an impact on the FEV and MVV? Answer: Asthma is the reversible blockade of respiratory pathways, which causes difficulty in breathing out. This causes tightness in the chest region, dyspnea, and expiratory wheezing. Asthma pathophysiology includes the constriction of bronchiolar smooth muscles result in low alveolar PO2 due to lower oxygen availability for respiration. PO2 is decreased and Pco2 is increased. Lesser ratio of V/Q leading to reduced partial pressure of O2 (due impairment of the pulmonary air exchange) and reduced excretion of CO2 leading to more PCO2 usually happens in apnea or asthma. Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV): it is the total volume of air expired within a specific time when repetitive maximal voluntary effort. In asthma MVV, is reduced due to allergic histamine secretion in the air sacs (alveoli) & due to bronchoconstriction. This is.

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OSI: OSI may be a abstract model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a computing or telecommunication equipment regardless of their underlying structure and technology being employed. The goal of OSI model is that the ability of various communication systems with customary protocols. It partitions a communication system in abstraction layers. the initial version of OSI model outlined seven layers. A layer serves the layer on top of it and is served by the layer below it. for instance, a layer that has the error-free communication across the network provides the trail required by the appliance on top of it, whereas it calls following layer to send and receive packets that comprise the contents of that path. 2 instances at constant layer area unit envisioned as connected by a horizontal association in this layer. TCP/IP: TCP/IP may be a core protocol of the web Protocol Suite (IPS). it\'s the essential communication language or protocol of the web. It is used as a protocol during a exceedingly|in a very} personal network either associate degree computer network or an extranet. TCP/IP may be a 2 layer program. The higher or higher layer transmission control protocol, manages the grouping of a message or file into smaller packets that area unit transmitted over the web and received by a transmission control protocol layer that reassembles the packets into the initial message. The lower layer science, handles the address a part of every packet to urge the correct destination. every entranceway pc on the network checks this address to visualize wherever to forward the message. even if some packets from constant message area unit routed otherwise than others, they\'re going to be reassembled at the destination. Solution OSI: OSI may be a abstract model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a computing or telecommunication equipment regardless of their underlying structure and technology being employed. The goal of OSI model is that the ability of various communication systems with customary protocols. It partitions a communication system in abstraction layers. the initial version of OSI model outlined seven layers. A layer serves the layer on top of it and is served by the layer below it. for instance, a layer that has the error-free communication across the network provides the trail required by the appliance on top of it, whereas it calls following layer to send and receive packets that comprise the contents of that path. 2 instances at constant layer area unit envisioned as connected by a horizontal association in this layer. TCP/IP: TCP/IP may be a core protocol of the web Protocol Suite (IPS). it\'s the essential communication language or protocol of the web. It is used as a protocol during a exceedingly|in a very} personal network either associate degree computer network or an extranet. TCP/IP may be a 2 layer program. The higher or higher layer transmission control protocol, manages .

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Name of diagnosis : obsessive compulsive personality disorder. Symptoms: general pattern of concern with orderliness, perfectionism, excessive attention to details, mental and interpersonal control, and a need for control over one\'s environment. Upset if plans dont go according to plan,easily frustrated, cannot relax during vacations. Solution Name of diagnosis : obsessive compulsive personality disorder. Symptoms: general pattern of concern with orderliness, perfectionism, excessive attention to details, mental and interpersonal control, and a need for control over one\'s environment. Upset if plans dont go according to plan,easily frustrated, cannot relax during vacations..

Name of diagnosis obsessive compulsive personality disorder.Symp.pdf

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Monthly interest rate = 8.40 12 = 0.7Effective anuual rate = (.pdf

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first phage electron micrographs were published in 1940 in Germany and proved the particulate nature of bacteriophages. Phages and infected bacteria were first examined raw and unstained. US American scientists introduced shadowing and freeze-drying. Phages appeared to be tailed and morphologically heterogeneous. Phage types identified by early electron microscopy include enterobacteriophages T4, T1, T7, T5, 7–11, ViI and Pseudomonas phage PB1. electron micrographs portray steps seen in the development of phage particles within infected colon bacilli growing in liquid media. These show rupturing cells, the early appearance of bacteriophage as particles with nearly empty heads, the globular and fibrous fine structure of the extruded bacterial protoplasm and instances of practically complete conversion of cellular contents into bacteriophage. capsid is the protein shell of a virus. It consists of several oligomeric structural subunits made of protein called protomers. The observable 3-dimensional morphological subunits, which may or may not correspond to individual proteins, are called capsomeres. The capsid encloses the genetic material of the virus. Large capsid can hold large gnetic material. the lenght of tail can tell us about the extent of penetration. Solution first phage electron micrographs were published in 1940 in Germany and proved the particulate nature of bacteriophages. Phages and infected bacteria were first examined raw and unstained. US American scientists introduced shadowing and freeze-drying. Phages appeared to be tailed and morphologically heterogeneous. Phage types identified by early electron microscopy include enterobacteriophages T4, T1, T7, T5, 7–11, ViI and Pseudomonas phage PB1. electron micrographs portray steps seen in the development of phage particles within infected colon bacilli growing in liquid media. These show rupturing cells, the early appearance of bacteriophage as particles with nearly empty heads, the globular and fibrous fine structure of the extruded bacterial protoplasm and instances of practically complete conversion of cellular contents into bacteriophage. capsid is the protein shell of a virus. It consists of several oligomeric structural subunits made of protein called protomers. The observable 3-dimensional morphological subunits, which may or may not correspond to individual proteins, are called capsomeres. The capsid encloses the genetic material of the virus. Large capsid can hold large gnetic material. the lenght of tail can tell us about the extent of penetration..

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Ethical considerations of project managementSolutionEthical c.pdf

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EBOLA • Reservoir: A deadly disease that is caused by infection due to Ebola virus. Its reservoir remains unknown. However, on the basis of evidence and similar viruses, it is believed that the virus us animal-borne and bats are the likely reservoir. •Transmission: This virus spreads by direct contact through blood of an infected human or animals. It may also occur through an object contaminated with body fluids. Semen or breast- milk of a person after recovering from the disease is a potential possibility. •Number of cases: 28652 reported from march 2014 to march 2016. •Mortality rate: 11 deaths per 1000 people in a year. INFLUENZA •Reservoir: Humans are the main reservoirs of infection for influenza virus A. Wild birds like ducks, geese and shorebirds carry avian influenza virus. It has also been reported from pigs and horses. • Transmission: It is spread by: 1. Direct contact with the infected patients. 2. Direct contact with objects contaminated with virus. 3. Inhaling aerosols laiden with viruses. • Number of cases: According to WHO, about 3 to 5 million people are affected every year. • Deaths: According to WHO, approximately 250000-500000 deaths occur annually. AIDS This is a deadly disease caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). • Reservoir: Infected cells in central nervous system and male urinogenital tract are mostly responsible. But the most potential resource is memory T-cells infected with HIV-1 DNA. • Transmission: It is transmitted through: 1. Body fluids; blood, semen, pre-seminal fluids, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, breast milk. 2. Sexual intercourse with an infected partner. 3. Sharing contaminated syringes and needles. 4. From mother to her unborn child during pregnancy and childbirth. 5. Through organ transplantation. • Number of cases: According to AVERT, there are about 36.7 million people affected and living with HIV. • Deaths: According to AVERT, approximately 1.1 million people died due to HIV. Solution EBOLA • Reservoir: A deadly disease that is caused by infection due to Ebola virus. Its reservoir remains unknown. However, on the basis of evidence and similar viruses, it is believed that the virus us animal-borne and bats are the likely reservoir. •Transmission: This virus spreads by direct contact through blood of an infected human or animals. It may also occur through an object contaminated with body fluids. Semen or breast- milk of a person after recovering from the disease is a potential possibility. •Number of cases: 28652 reported from march 2014 to march 2016. •Mortality rate: 11 deaths per 1000 people in a year. INFLUENZA •Reservoir: Humans are the main reservoirs of infection for influenza virus A. Wild birds like ducks, geese and shorebirds carry avian influenza virus. It has also been reported from pigs and horses. • Transmission: It is spread by: 1. Direct contact with the infected patients. 2. Direct contact with objects contaminated with virus. 3. Inhaling aerosols laiden with viruses. • Numbe.

EBOLA • Reservoir A deadly disease that is caused by infection du.pdf

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deploy NIDSnetwork intrusion detection systems (NIDS) are procedur.pdf

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Concentration of A in water = mass of Avolume of water= 0.24100 .pdf

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Average return=Total returntotal time period10.1=(11-18+24+14+X).pdf

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Answer: Difference: In the category of nutrients, there are monomers and polymers. Monomers are the \"building blocks\" of large macromolecules, or any molecule chain created through condensation reactions. These are the polymers, three or more monomers bonded together. In the category of carbohydrates, there are monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosacchaides, and polysaccharides. Just from the prefixes, you can tell that the monosaccharides are monomers, the disaccharides are two bonded monomers (monosaccharides) and oligosacchaides and polysaccharides are made up of many monomers (monosaccharides). The monosaccharides are just a single carbon ring (in the natural aqueous environment of an organism). The monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. The disaccharides are two carbon rings bonded together by a glycosidic linkage in a condensation (dehydration) reaction, which removes a molecule of water. Disaccharides include maltose (glucose + glucose), lactose (glucose + galactose), sucrose (glucose + fructose), and more. When we consume food, we are taking in the large polysacchaides such as starch and smaller molecules such as maltose. We take these long molecules and digest them - break up their glycosidic linkages until they are monosaccharides (monomers) that we can absorb throughout out alimentary canal (usually in small intestine) Contrast: Monosaccharides and disaccharides are the two kinds of simple sugars, a form of carbohydrate. In contrast to polysaccharides, which contain three or more sugars and are also known as complex carbohydrates, monosaccharides and disaccharides contain one and two sugars, respectively. Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides, by contrast, include sucrose, lactose, and maltose, and these are made up of two monosaccharides bonded together, such as glucose and fructose or even glucose with glucose. Monosaccharides require the least effort by the body to break down and therefore are digested and subsequently available for energy more quickly than disaccharides. Solution Answer: Difference: In the category of nutrients, there are monomers and polymers. Monomers are the \"building blocks\" of large macromolecules, or any molecule chain created through condensation reactions. These are the polymers, three or more monomers bonded together. In the category of carbohydrates, there are monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosacchaides, and polysaccharides. Just from the prefixes, you can tell that the monosaccharides are monomers, the disaccharides are two bonded monomers (monosaccharides) and oligosacchaides and polysaccharides are made up of many monomers (monosaccharides). The monosaccharides are just a single carbon ring (in the natural aqueous environment of an organism). The monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. The disaccharides are two carbon rings bonded together by a glycosidic linkage in a condensation (dehydration) reaction, which removes a.

AnswerDifference In the category of nutrients, there are m.pdf

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Answer option CBacteria are considered as the most ancient living.pdf

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Android developers use the term layout to mean one of two things. Both definitions apply to this tutorial, and are, unfortunately used interchangeably in the Android development community. The two definitions of layout are: Android user interfaces can be defined as layout resources in XML or created programmatically. A layout defines the visual structure for a user interface, such as the UI for an activity or app widget. You can declare a layout in two ways: The Android framework gives you the flexibility to use either or both of these methods for declaring and managing your application\'s UI. For example, you could declare your application\'s default layouts in XML, including the screen elements that will appear in them and their properties. You could then add code in your application that would modify the state of the screen objects, including those declared in XML, at run time. The advantage to declaring your UI in XML is that it enables you to better separate the presentation of your application from the code that controls its behavior. Your UI descriptions are external to your application code, which means that you can modify or adapt it without having to modify your source code and recompile. For example, you can create XML layouts for different screen orientations, different device screen sizes, and different languages. Additionally, declaring the layout in XML makes it easier to visualize the structure of your UI, so it\'s easier to debug problems. As such, this document focuses on teaching you how to declare your layout in XML. If you\'re interested in instantiating View objects at runtime, refer to theViewGroup and View class references. Defining an XML Layout Resource The most convenient and maintainable way to design application user interfaces is by creating XML layout resources. This method greatly simplifies the UI design process, moving much of the static creation and layout of user interface controls and definition of control attributes, to the XML, instead of littering the code. It creates a potential distinction between UI designers (who concern themselves more with layout) and developers (who know Java and implement application functionality). Developers can still alter the content of a screen programmatically when necessary. Complex controls, like ListView or GridView, are usually populated with data programmatically. XML layout resources must be stored in the /res/layout project directory (or, in the case of alternative resources, in a specially named sub-directory). It’s common practice to create an XML layout resource for each screen in your application (closely tied to a specific Activity), but this is not required. You could, in theory, create an XML layout resource and use it for different activities, supplying different data on the screen. You can also componentized your layout resources and include them within one another, if needed. The following is a simple XML layout resource, a template with a LinearLayout con.

Android developers use the term layout to mean one of two things. Bo.pdf

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A. The above symptom and the resultant disease is due to the mutation in which there is expansion of short repeat. This is an example of trinucleotide repeat expansion causing Fragile X Syndrome. B. Disease will get worse in later generation because number of copies of the repeat will increase. Higher copy number is associated with more severe symptom of disease. C.The term Genetic Anticipation explains the Phenomenon. Solution A. The above symptom and the resultant disease is due to the mutation in which there is expansion of short repeat. This is an example of trinucleotide repeat expansion causing Fragile X Syndrome. B. Disease will get worse in later generation because number of copies of the repeat will increase. Higher copy number is associated with more severe symptom of disease. C.The term Genetic Anticipation explains the Phenomenon..

A. The above symptom and the resultant disease is due to the mutatio.pdf

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a.) Use of light water as moderator eliminates requirement of a coolant. The use of water as a moderator is an important safety feature of PWRs, as any increase in temperature causes the water to expand and become less dense; thereby reducing the extent to which neutrons are slowed down and hence reducing the reactivity in the reactor. The light water absorbs too many neutrons to be used with unenriched natural uranium, and therefore uranium enrichment or nuclear reprocessing becomes necessary to operate such reactors, increasing overall costs. b.) The use of heavy water as the moderator is the key to the PHWR (pressurized heavy water reactor) system, enabling the use of natural uranium as the fuel (in the form of ceramic UO2), which means that it can be operated without expensive uranium enrichment facilities. The mechanical arrangement of the PHWR, which places most of the moderator at lower temperatures, is particularly efficient because the resulting thermal neutrons are \"more thermal\" than in traditional designs, where the moderator normally is much hotter. These features mean that a HWR can use natural uranium and other fuels, and does so more efficiently than light water reactors (LWRs). Heavy-water reactors do have some drawbacks. Heavy water generally costs hundreds of dollars per kilogram, though this is a trade-off against reduced fuel costs. The reduced energy content of natural uranium as compared to enriched uranium necessitates more frequent replacement of fuel; this is normally accomplished by use of an on-power refuelling system. The increased rate of fuel movement through the reactor also results in higher volumes of spent fuel than in LWRs employing enriched uranium. However, since unenriched uranium fuel accumulates a lower density of fission products than enriched uranium fuel, it generates less heat, allowing more compact storage. c.) It allows un-enriched uranium to be used as nuclear fuel. Two graphite moderated reactors were involved in major accidents: An untested graphite annealing process contributed to the Windscale fire (but the graphite itself did not catch fire), and a graphite fire during the Chernobyl disaster contributed to the spread of radioactive material (but was not a cause of the accident itself). Solution a.) Use of light water as moderator eliminates requirement of a coolant. The use of water as a moderator is an important safety feature of PWRs, as any increase in temperature causes the water to expand and become less dense; thereby reducing the extent to which neutrons are slowed down and hence reducing the reactivity in the reactor. The light water absorbs too many neutrons to be used with unenriched natural uranium, and therefore uranium enrichment or nuclear reprocessing becomes necessary to operate such reactors, increasing overall costs. b.) The use of heavy water as the moderator is the key to the PHWR (pressurized heavy water reactor) system, enabling the use of natural uranium as the fuel.

a.) Use of light water as moderator eliminates requirement of a cool.pdf

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