a.) Use of light water as moderator eliminates requirement of a coolant. The use of water as a moderator is an important safety feature of PWRs, as any increase in temperature causes the water to expand and become less dense; thereby reducing the extent to which neutrons are slowed down and hence reducing the reactivity in the reactor. The light water absorbs too many neutrons to be used with unenriched natural uranium, and therefore uranium enrichment or nuclear reprocessing becomes necessary to operate such reactors, increasing overall costs. b.) The use of heavy water as the moderator is the key to the PHWR (pressurized heavy water reactor) system, enabling the use of natural uranium as the fuel (in the form of ceramic UO2), which means that it can be operated without expensive uranium enrichment facilities. The mechanical arrangement of the PHWR, which places most of the moderator at lower temperatures, is particularly efficient because the resulting thermal neutrons are \"more thermal\" than in traditional designs, where the moderator normally is much hotter. These features mean that a HWR can use natural uranium and other fuels, and does so more efficiently than light water reactors (LWRs). Heavy-water reactors do have some drawbacks. Heavy water generally costs hundreds of dollars per kilogram, though this is a trade-off against reduced fuel costs. The reduced energy content of natural uranium as compared to enriched uranium necessitates more frequent replacement of fuel; this is normally accomplished by use of an on-power refuelling system. The increased rate of fuel movement through the reactor also results in higher volumes of spent fuel than in LWRs employing enriched uranium. However, since unenriched uranium fuel accumulates a lower density of fission products than enriched uranium fuel, it generates less heat, allowing more compact storage. c.) It allows un-enriched uranium to be used as nuclear fuel. Two graphite moderated reactors were involved in major accidents: An untested graphite annealing process contributed to the Windscale fire (but the graphite itself did not catch fire), and a graphite fire during the Chernobyl disaster contributed to the spread of radioactive material (but was not a cause of the accident itself). Solution a.) Use of light water as moderator eliminates requirement of a coolant. The use of water as a moderator is an important safety feature of PWRs, as any increase in temperature causes the water to expand and become less dense; thereby reducing the extent to which neutrons are slowed down and hence reducing the reactivity in the reactor. The light water absorbs too many neutrons to be used with unenriched natural uranium, and therefore uranium enrichment or nuclear reprocessing becomes necessary to operate such reactors, increasing overall costs. b.) The use of heavy water as the moderator is the key to the PHWR (pressurized heavy water reactor) system, enabling the use of natural uranium as the fuel.

1. a.) Use of light water as moderator eliminates requirement of a coolant.
The use of water as a moderator is an important safety feature of PWRs, as any increase in
temperature causes the water to expand and become less dense; thereby reducing the extent to
which neutrons are slowed down and hence reducing the reactivity in the reactor.
The light water absorbs too many neutrons to be used with unenriched natural uranium, and
therefore uranium enrichment or nuclear reprocessing becomes necessary to operate such
reactors, increasing overall costs.
b.)
The use of heavy water as the moderator is the key to the PHWR (pressurized heavy water
reactor) system, enabling the use of natural uranium as the fuel (in the form of ceramic UO2),
which means that it can be operated without expensive uranium enrichment facilities. The
mechanical arrangement of the PHWR, which places most of the moderator at lower
temperatures, is particularly efficient because the resulting thermal neutrons are "more thermal"
than in traditional designs, where the moderator normally is much hotter. These features mean
that a HWR can use natural uranium and other fuels, and does so more efficiently than light
water reactors (LWRs).
Heavy-water reactors do have some drawbacks. Heavy water generally costs hundreds of dollars
per kilogram, though this is a trade-off against reduced fuel costs. The reduced energy content of
natural uranium as compared to enriched uranium necessitates more frequent replacement of
fuel; this is normally accomplished by use of an on-power refuelling system. The increased rate
of fuel movement through the reactor also results in higher volumes of spent fuel than in LWRs
employing enriched uranium. However, since unenriched uranium fuel accumulates a lower
density of fission products than enriched uranium fuel, it generates less heat, allowing more
compact storage.
c.)
It allows un-enriched uranium to be used as nuclear fuel.
Two graphite moderated reactors were involved in major accidents: An untested graphite
annealing process contributed to the Windscale fire (but the graphite itself did not catch fire), and
a graphite fire during the Chernobyl disaster contributed to the spread of radioactive material
(but was not a cause of the accident itself).
Solution
a.) Use of light water as moderator eliminates requirement of a coolant.
The use of water as a moderator is an important safety feature of PWRs, as any increase in

2. temperature causes the water to expand and become less dense; thereby reducing the extent to
which neutrons are slowed down and hence reducing the reactivity in the reactor.
The light water absorbs too many neutrons to be used with unenriched natural uranium, and
therefore uranium enrichment or nuclear reprocessing becomes necessary to operate such
reactors, increasing overall costs.
b.)
The use of heavy water as the moderator is the key to the PHWR (pressurized heavy water
reactor) system, enabling the use of natural uranium as the fuel (in the form of ceramic UO2),
which means that it can be operated without expensive uranium enrichment facilities. The
mechanical arrangement of the PHWR, which places most of the moderator at lower
temperatures, is particularly efficient because the resulting thermal neutrons are "more thermal"
than in traditional designs, where the moderator normally is much hotter. These features mean
that a HWR can use natural uranium and other fuels, and does so more efficiently than light
water reactors (LWRs).
Heavy-water reactors do have some drawbacks. Heavy water generally costs hundreds of dollars
per kilogram, though this is a trade-off against reduced fuel costs. The reduced energy content of
natural uranium as compared to enriched uranium necessitates more frequent replacement of
fuel; this is normally accomplished by use of an on-power refuelling system. The increased rate
of fuel movement through the reactor also results in higher volumes of spent fuel than in LWRs
employing enriched uranium. However, since unenriched uranium fuel accumulates a lower
density of fission products than enriched uranium fuel, it generates less heat, allowing more
compact storage.
c.)
It allows un-enriched uranium to be used as nuclear fuel.
Two graphite moderated reactors were involved in major accidents: An untested graphite
annealing process contributed to the Windscale fire (but the graphite itself did not catch fire), and
a graphite fire during the Chernobyl disaster contributed to the spread of radioactive material
(but was not a cause of the accident itself).