This study investigated the effects of curcumin on hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in HepG2.2.15 cells. The authors found that curcumin treatment led to reductions in HBV surface antigen, e antigen expression, and intracellular HBV DNA in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Curcumin also significantly reduced HBV cccDNA levels. These reductions were accompanied by decreased histone H3 acetylation levels and reductions in H3- and H4-bound cccDNA. Deacetylase inhibitors blocked the effects of curcumin, suggesting curcumin inhibits HBV by downregulating cccDNA-bound histone
Akram et al-2018-journal_of_viral_hepatitisDr.Arifa Akram
Detection of Hepatitis B Virus DNA among Chronic and potential Occult HBV patients in resource‐limited settings by Loop‐Mediated Isothermal Amplification assay
Approach to case of chronic hepatitis B after suspicion or establishment of an acute Hepatitis B- covering diagnosis, management, medications available, vaccination and followup.
Akram et al-2018-journal_of_viral_hepatitisDr.Arifa Akram
Detection of Hepatitis B Virus DNA among Chronic and potential Occult HBV patients in resource‐limited settings by Loop‐Mediated Isothermal Amplification assay
Approach to case of chronic hepatitis B after suspicion or establishment of an acute Hepatitis B- covering diagnosis, management, medications available, vaccination and followup.
Management Of Chronic Hepatitis B
by Dr S Khan
Courtesy Of Javed iqbal Farooqi
http://www.drkhanblogs.com/2015/05/management-of-chronic-hepatitis-b.html
Patients with acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection appear to have an excellent chance of responding to 6 months of standard therapy with interferon (IFN). Because spontaneous resolution is common, no definitive timing of therapy initiation can be recommended; however, waiting 2-4 months after the onset of illness seems reasonable.
Treatment for chronic HCV is based on guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Associations for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), in collaboration with the International Antiviral Society-USA (IAS-USA). These guidelines are constantly being updated. For more information, see HCV Guidance: Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis C.
The guidelines propose that because all patients cannot receive treatment immediately upon the approval of new agents, priority should be given to those with the most urgent need.
The recommendations include the following :
Patients with advanced fibrosis, those with compensated cirrhosis, liver transplant recipients, and those with severe extraheptic hepatitis are to be given the highest priority for treatment
Based on available resources, patients at high risk for liver-related complications and severe extrahepatic hepatitis C complications should be given high priority for treatment
Treatment decisions should balance the anticipated reduction in transmission versus the likelihood of reinfection in patients whose risk of HCV transmission is high and in whom HCV treatment may result in a reduction in transmission (eg, men who have high-risk sex with men, active injection drug users, incarcerated persons, and those on hemodialysis)
OBI is a complex entity that comprises many conditions and different situations. Patients who have recovered from acute hepatitis B can carry HBV genomes for a long time,
and the virus might aggravate the course of their liver disease, when other causes of liver damage are present.The availability of highly sensitive molecular methods
has made it possible to unveil several virological features of OBI, to show its worldwide diffusion, and to reveal its possible involvement in different clinical settings. Relevant evidence indicates that HBV persistence as an OBI represents an important risk factor for HCC development.
Transmission risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B. This is a deliberate presentation made to be easily understood by lay persons to appreciate the thinking of the doctors when it comes to treatment for hepatitis B
Evaluation of Biofield Modality on Viral Load of Hepatitis B and C VirusesMahendra Kumar Trivedi
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of biofield modality on hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in terms of viral load as surrogate marker.
Connexin-43 can delay early recurrence and metastasis in patients with hepati...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
We studied the relationships among Cx43, CD105, and VEGF in specimens of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with different serum AFP levels with respect to recurrence and metastasis.
Management Of Chronic Hepatitis B
by Dr S Khan
Courtesy Of Javed iqbal Farooqi
http://www.drkhanblogs.com/2015/05/management-of-chronic-hepatitis-b.html
Patients with acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection appear to have an excellent chance of responding to 6 months of standard therapy with interferon (IFN). Because spontaneous resolution is common, no definitive timing of therapy initiation can be recommended; however, waiting 2-4 months after the onset of illness seems reasonable.
Treatment for chronic HCV is based on guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Associations for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), in collaboration with the International Antiviral Society-USA (IAS-USA). These guidelines are constantly being updated. For more information, see HCV Guidance: Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis C.
The guidelines propose that because all patients cannot receive treatment immediately upon the approval of new agents, priority should be given to those with the most urgent need.
The recommendations include the following :
Patients with advanced fibrosis, those with compensated cirrhosis, liver transplant recipients, and those with severe extraheptic hepatitis are to be given the highest priority for treatment
Based on available resources, patients at high risk for liver-related complications and severe extrahepatic hepatitis C complications should be given high priority for treatment
Treatment decisions should balance the anticipated reduction in transmission versus the likelihood of reinfection in patients whose risk of HCV transmission is high and in whom HCV treatment may result in a reduction in transmission (eg, men who have high-risk sex with men, active injection drug users, incarcerated persons, and those on hemodialysis)
OBI is a complex entity that comprises many conditions and different situations. Patients who have recovered from acute hepatitis B can carry HBV genomes for a long time,
and the virus might aggravate the course of their liver disease, when other causes of liver damage are present.The availability of highly sensitive molecular methods
has made it possible to unveil several virological features of OBI, to show its worldwide diffusion, and to reveal its possible involvement in different clinical settings. Relevant evidence indicates that HBV persistence as an OBI represents an important risk factor for HCC development.
Transmission risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B. This is a deliberate presentation made to be easily understood by lay persons to appreciate the thinking of the doctors when it comes to treatment for hepatitis B
Evaluation of Biofield Modality on Viral Load of Hepatitis B and C VirusesMahendra Kumar Trivedi
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of biofield modality on hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in terms of viral load as surrogate marker.
Connexin-43 can delay early recurrence and metastasis in patients with hepati...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
We studied the relationships among Cx43, CD105, and VEGF in specimens of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with different serum AFP levels with respect to recurrence and metastasis.
Recently, the prevention and treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) complications consider as major obstacles to reducing HCV outbreaks worldwide. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a new alternative therapy for HCV infection with low cost and low side effects. A smart device termed a Life Restoration Device (LRD) was designated to produce a low potential codified amount of ions. The specified codified amount of ions produced from LRD are designated to exterminate HCV. To investigate our hypothesis, we designated an experimental system for in-vitro studies. This system is composed of a glass tube that can be filled with HCV polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive serum. The result of this study showed that LRD can decrease the viral load of HCV PCR-positive serum to 99% after 2 hrs treatment. The viral load reduction of the LRD against low HCV PCR count was almost similar to that of high HCV PCR count. Furthermore, the efficacy of LRD to reduce the serum viral load after 30 min or 60 min treatment was 74%or 95% respectively while the viral load after2 hrs treatment was about 91%. The electron microscopy investigation of HCV PCR-positive serum after treatment with LRD showed degenerated HCV particles compared with the non-treated virus. The in vitro treatment of the HCV PCR-positive serum with LRD didn’t affect the blood contents such as red blood cells count, white blood cells count and hemoglobin levels. The sincerity of the codified amount of ions produced by LRD may affect the fragile fluidity of the viral envelope. Treatment of hepatitis viruses with a codified amount of ions is a new alternative therapy but needs more studies. It is crucial to develop an effective alternative viral therapy using such kind of technology to reduce the antiviral drugs side effects.
Prevalence of anti-HCV Antibodies Among Healthy Asymptomatic Indian Blood Don...Apollo Hospitals
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections account for a bulk of acute and chronic liver diseases world-wide. Since, both the viruses share similar risk factors and modes of transmission, a combined HBV and HCV infection is frequently encountered especially in the HBV endemic areas. Until lately anti-HBc antibodies were considered as surrogate marker for HCV infection. But with the development of advanced tests for HCV detection the role of anti-HBc in this regard stands uncertain.
UPDATE ON PREVALENCE, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS Tropical m...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
HBV is a Hepatotropic DNA-containing virus, discovered in 1966 by Blumberg. The virion of hepatitis B (Dane particle) consists of surface and core with a diameter of 42 nm (Kumar and Agrawal, 2004). The protein composition of HBV particles; either surface protein (HBs proteins) composed of LHBs (largest Hepatitis B proteins), MHBs (middle Hepatitis B proteins), SHBs (small Hepatitis B proteins) or core proteins; composed of HBc protein and HBe protein.
The world health organization (WHO, 2004) estimated that 2 billion people have been infected by HBV worldwide; of these more than 300 millions are chronically infected carriers of whom 25% are at risk of serious illness and eventually death from cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. The prevalence of HBV infection varies markedly throughout regions of the world; highly endemic in South East Asia, moderately endemic in Eastern and Southern Europe and low endemic areas as in North America (Tsai, 2004).
Concerning transmission of HBV; there is peri-natal transmission, sexual contact, blood and blood products, parentral drug abuse, opportunities for parentral infection, transmission in high endemic areas, exposure of unknown origin is still present.
As regards clinical presentation and sequelae; HBV can present as acute infection, fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), chronic hepatitis, extra-hepatic manifestations, post hepatitis B cirrhosis or combinations with HDV or HCV. Occult HBV infection is characterized by the presence of HBV infection with undetectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).
Concerning the diagnosis of acute and chronic hepatitis B; the advances in molecular biology techniques led to the development of hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for direct determination of HBV DNA. The diagnosis of HBV infection can also be made by the detection of HBsAg or HBcAg in liver tissues by immunohistochemical staining and of HBV DNA by Southern hybridization, in-situ hybridization, or PCR.
Treatment of chronic hepatitis B include Interferon therapy, nucleoside analogues such as Lamivudine, Adefovir Dipivoxil, Entecavir, Famciclovir, Emtricitabine/ coviracil, Combination therapy, Therapeutic vaccine, Gene therapy and Immunotherapy.
Prophylaxis against viral B infection is highly recommended using vaccination alone or combined with hepatitis B immunoglobulin for infants and individuals at risk of exposure.
Современное лечение ВИЧ: новые подходы к оптимизации АРТ/Contemporary Managem...hivlifeinfo
Вопросы, связанные с АРТ первого ряда, смена арв-стратегии для пациентов с вирусной супрессией, акцентом на возрастающую роль новыхантиретровирусных стратегий.
Need of Dual Antiviral Treatment in Chronic Hepatitis BJohnJulie1
The primary indication for an esophagectomy is esophageal cancer or Barrett’s esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. Patients undergoing esophagectomy often present with dysphagia, side effects from chemotherapy, decreased appetite, and weight loss. Esophagectomy may be an operation involving the abdomen, neck, and/or chest requiring 5 to 7 days of NPO status to permit healing of the anastomosis between the upper esophagus and new esophageal conduit (usually the stomach).
Need of Dual Antiviral Treatment in Chronic Hepatitis BJohnJulie1
Approximately one third of the world’s population has serological evidence of past or present infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). An estimated 350-400 million people are surface HBV antigen (HBsAg) carriers. India has 40 million HBV carriers i.e. 10–15% share of total pool of HBV carriers of the world. In India.
Approximately one third of the world’s population has serological evidence of past or present infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). An estimated 350-400 million people are surface HBV antigen (HBsAg) carriers. India has 40 million HBV carriers i.e. 10–15% share of total pool of HBV carriers of the world. In India.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Curcumin inhibits hepatitis b virus infection by down regulating ccc dna-bound histone acetylation
1. Zhi-Qiang Wei, Hong-Xia Chen, Yu-Lin He, Zhong-Ji
Meng, Institute of Biomedical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei
University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei province, China
Zhi-Qiang Wei, Chang-Zheng Ke, De-Qiang Ma, Zhong-Ji
Meng, Department of Infectious Diseases, Taihe Hospital, Hubei
University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei province, China
Yong-hong Zhang, Institute of Wudang Chinese Medicine,
Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000,
Hubei province, China
Pan Ren, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan
430000, Hubei province, China
Pei Hu, Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430000, Hubei province, China
Jie Luo, Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical
Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan
442000, Hubei province, China
ORCID number: Zhi-Qiang Wei (0000-0002-6067-589X);
Yong-Hong Zhang (0000-0002-5741-9406); Chang-Zheng
Ke (0000-0002-9766-7420); Hong-Xia Chen (0000-0003-
2331-0880); Pan Ren (0000-0001-5445-433X); Yu-Lin He
(0000-0002-4728-523X); Pei Hu (0000-0003-0116-7737); De-
Qiang Ma (0000-0003-3657-7576); Jie Luo (0000-0002-6043-
472X); Zhong-Ji Meng (0000-0003-0401-535X).
Author contributions: Wei ZQ, Zhang YH and Ke CZ
performed the experiments; Meng ZJ and Luo J designed and
coordinated the research; Cheng HX and Ma DQ analyzed
the data; Wei ZQ and Meng ZJ wrote the paper; Ren P and
Hu P reviewed and edited the manuscript; all authors read and
approved the manuscript.
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,
No. 81541140; Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province
of China, No. 2014CFB645; Research and Development
Project of the Science and Technology Plan of Hubei Province,
No. 2011BCB030; Foundation for Innovative Research Team
of Hubei University of Medicine, No. 2014CXG05; and
Key Program for Precision Medicine of Taihe Hospital, No.
2016JZ05.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no conflicts
of interest associated with this manuscript.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was
selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external
reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative
Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license,
which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this
work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on
different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and
the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Manuscript source: Unsolicited manuscript
Correspondence to: Zhong-ji Meng, MD, Professor of
Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, No. 32,
South Renmin Road, Shiyan 442000, Hubei province,
China. zhongji.meng@taihehospital.com
Telephone: +86-719-8801821
Fax: +86-719-8801821
Received: June 7, 2017
Peer-review started: June 8, 2017
First decision: July 13, 2017
Revised: July 29, 2017
Accepted: August 15, 2017
Article in press: August 15, 2017
Published online: September 14, 2017
Abstract
AIM
To investigate the potential effect of curcumin on
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Curcumin inhibits hepatitis B virus infection by down-
regulating cccDNA-bound histone acetylation
Basic Study
Zhi-Qiang Wei, Yong-Hong Zhang, Chang-Zheng Ke, Hong-Xia Chen, Pan Ren, Yu-Lin He, Pei Hu,
De-Qiang Ma, Jie Luo, Zhong-Ji Meng
Submit a Manuscript: http://www.f6publishing.com
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i34.6252
World J Gastroenterol 2017 September 14; 23(34): 6252-6260
ISSN 1007-9327 (print) ISSN 2219-2840 (online)
3. were associated with transcriptional repression and
promoter silencing.
Curcumin [1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-
1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione] was isolated from the
rhizome of Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae family),
which exhibits antimicrobial activities against various
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites
[19-23]
. Cur
cumin can inhibit HBV via down-regulation of the
gluconeogenesis gene coactivator PGC-1α
[24]
or trans-
activation of transcription and increased stability of
p53
[25]
.
Based on findings that curcumin can inhibit p300
histone acetyltransferase activity
[26,27]
, we hypothesized
that deacetylation of cccDNA-bound histones may
contribute to the inhibitory activities of curcumin on
HBV. Therefore, the effects of curcumin on cccDNA-
bound histones and on steady-state levels of HBV
cccDNA were investigated in detail in the present study.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cell culture and transfection
HepG2.2.15 cells (an HBV stably transfected human
hepatocarcinoma cell line) were maintained in
DMEM medium (Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, United States)
supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (Gibco),
1% GlutaMAX-I (Gibco) and 1% MEM Non-Essential
Amino Acids Solution (Gibco). Transfection of siRNAs into
HepG2.2.15 cells was performed using Lipofectamine
2000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, United States). The
sequences were 5’-GAAUCCUCACAAUACCGCAtt and
5’-UGAGAGUCCAAGAGUCCUCtt for HBx-siRNA and
5’-GAAUCCUCACAAUACCGCAtt and 5’-UGCGGUAUU
GUGAGGAUUCtt for hepatitis B virus S antigen (HBs)-
siRNA
[28]
.
Curcumin and deacetylase inhibitor treatments
Cells were seeded at approximately 60%-80%
confluence 24 h prior to treatment with different con
centrations of curcumin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, United
States) dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). For
histone acetylation blocking assays, cells were co-
treated with 20 μmol/L curcumin and either 5 mmol/L
sodium butyrate (Sigma) or 1 μmol/L trichostatin A (TSA,
Sigma).
Nucleoprotein extraction and Western blot analysis
Nucleoproteins were extracted using a Nucleoprotein
Extraction Kit (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China)
according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For
Western blot analysis, proteins were subjected to
SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on 12.5%
gels and were then electrophoretically transferred
to nitrocellulose membranes (Millipore, Billerica, MA,
United States). The membranes were blocked with
5% non-fat milk in Tris-buffered saline (TBS; pH 7.5)
with 0.05% Tween 20 for 2 h at RT and were then
probed with rabbit polyclonal anti-acetyl-histone H3
(Abnova, diluted 1:1000) overnight at 4 ℃. Mouse
monoclonal anti-histone H3 (Beyotime Biotechnology,
diluted 1:1000) served as an internal control protein.
Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse
antibody (Biosharp, 1:5000) was used as a secondary
antibody. Protein brands were visualized by enhanced
chemiluminescence (ECL) using an ECL kit (Millipore).
Extraction and quantification of HBV cccDNA
HepG2.2.15 cells were lysed in 800 μL of lysis buffer
[50 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 10 mmol/L EDTA, 150
mmol/L NaCl and 1% SDS] and incubated for 30 min
at 4 ℃. Cell lysates were adjusted to 0.5 mol/L KCl
and centrifuged for 1 min at 10000 g to precipitate
protein-bound DNA. Supernatants were digested with
0.5 mg/mL proteinase K for 2 h at 55 ℃. The cccDNA
was purified by phenol/chloroform (1:1) extraction and
isopropanol precipitation in the presence of 15 µg of
tRNA and 200 mM NaAc (pH 5.2).
Purified DNA was digested with Plasmid-Safe ATP-
Dependent DNase (Epicenter, Madison, WI, United
States) to degrade contaminating HBV inserted in
cellular genomic DNA and OC (open circular) species
and was then subjected to PCR amplification to select
HBV cccDNA forms, as previously described
[15]
. The
cccDNA was later subjected to real-time-PCR using
SYBR Green Real-time PCR Master Mix (Roche,
Mannheim, Germany) and cccDNA-specific primers:
5’-TGCACTTCGCTTCACCT (forward) and 5’-AGGGGC
ATTTGGTGGTC (reverse). PCR was performed using an
Applied Biosystems StepOne Real-Time PCR System.
cccDNA copy numbers were quantified according to a
standard curve generated from an HBV plasmid in a
concentration range of 10
2
-10
8
copies.
Extraction and quantification of HBV mRNA
Total RNA was extracted from HepG2.2.15 cells
using TRIzol Reagent (Invitrogen) according to the
manufacturer’s instructions and was then subjected to
real-time-PCR using primers for cccDNA quantification;
β-actin mRNA transcript levels were used to normalize
the expression of each RNA sample.
cccDNA acetyl-histone H3 and acetyl-histone H4 ChIP
assays
cccDNA ChIP assays were performed using EpiQuik
Acetyl-Histone H3 ChIP and EpiQuik Acetyl-Histone H4
ChIP kits (EpiGentek, Farmingdale, NY, United States).
Briefly, cells were collected and in vivo cross-linked in
fresh culture medium containing 1% formaldehyde
for 10 min at RT and were then lysed in 200 μl CP3A
for 10 min at RT to isolate nuclear pellets. Chromatin
solutions were sonicated for 4 pulses of 12 s each at
level 5 using a Branson Microtip probe, followed by
a 40-s rest on ice between each pulse to generate
200- to 1000-bp DNA fragments. Supernatants were
diluted with CP4 at a 1:1 ratio, and 5 μl was removed
as “input DNA”. Chromatin was then subjected to
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Wei ZQ et al. Curcumin inhibits HBV infection
4. 6255 September 14, 2017|Volume 23|Issue 34|
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II (Roche).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using unpaired
t-tests. The results were evaluated with GraphPad
Prism 5 and are expressed as the mean ± SD. P
values < 0.05 (a) or < 0.01 (b) were set as the level
of significance.
RESULTS
Curcumin inhibits HBV replication and expression
To confirm whether curcumin directly inhibits HBV
expression, HepG2.2.15 cells were treated with various
concentrations of curcumin for three consecutive days.
Cell cytotoxicity was assessed using the CCK-8 assay,
which revealed that there was no detectable toxic
effect when cells were treated with less than 20 μmol/
L curcumin (Figure 1). Cell culture supernatants from
each day were collected and analysed for levels of
HBsAg and HBeAg. Curcumin decreased HBsAg levels
both dose- and time-dependently; HBsAg levels were
reduced by up to 57.7%, 2 d after treatment with 20
μmol/L curcumin (Figure 2A). HBeAg was not reduced
by 20 μmol/L of curcumin (Figure 2B). HBV cccDNA
and HBV DNA from intracellular core particles were
assayed 2 d after treatment with 20 μmol/L curcumin.
RT-PCR and Southern blot experiments revealed strong
reductions in cccDNA (75.5%; Figure 2C), mRNA
(24.4%; Figure 2D) and HBV replication intermediates
(Figure 2E).
Curcumin mediates the deacetylation of chromosomal
and cccDNA-bound histones
To investigate the effects of curcumin on chromosomal
histone acetylation, equivalent numbers of HepG2.2.15
cells were treated with various concentrations of
curcumin for 2 d or with 20 μmol/L curcumin for
different durations. As shown in Figure 3A and
B, curcumin decreased histone acetylation levels
both dose- and time-dependently. We found that 5
μmol/L curcumin was sufficient to decrease histone
acetylation. When cells were treated with 20 μmol/L
curcumin, acetylated histone H3 was reduced 30 min
after treatment. Using a cccDNA ChIP assay, we found
that the acetylation levels of cccDNA-bound histone
H3 and histone H4 were significantly reduced when
cells were treated with 20 μmol/L curcumin (Figure
3C). This finding is similar to our observed reduction of
chromosomal histone acetylation.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors block the inhibitory effect
of curcumin
The histone deacetylase inhibitors sodium butyrate
and TSA were used to test whether curcumin inhibits
HBV by decreasing histone acetylation. HepG2.2.15
cells were treated with 20 μmol/L curcumin for 2
d, which resulted in significant reductions in the
immunoprecipitation for 1 h at RT using strip wells
pre-coated with antibodies specific to acetyl-histone
H3, acetyl-histone H4 or normal mouse IgG. After six
washes with CP1, immunoprecipitated chromatins
and input DNA coated on the strip wells were digested
with proteinase K and then purified using collection
tubes. Purified DNA was subjected to Plasmid-Safe
ATP-Dependent DNase digestion and real-time PCR
amplification, as described above.
Quantification of HBV antigens
Culture supernatants of HepG2.2.15 cells were har
vested and analysed for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg)
and e antigen (HBeAg) levels using a Thermo Scientific
Multiskan FC Microplate Photometer and ELISA kits
(InTec, Xiamen, China).
Purification of HBV DNA from intracellular core particles
and Southern blot analysis
HepG2.2.15 cells were washed twice with ice-cold PBS
and lysed in 800 μl of lysis buffer [50 mmol/L Tris-HCl
(pH 7.4), 1 mmol/L EDTA and 1% NP-40]. Cell lysates
were centrifuged for 1 min at 10000 g to precipitate
cell nuclei. Cellular genomic DNA and cccDNA were
removed by the addition of 10 mM MgCl2 and 100
μg/mL DNase I, and the mixture was incubated for 30
min at 37 ℃. Digestion was stopped by the addition of
25 mmol/L EDTA (pH 8.0). Proteins were digested with
0.5 mg/mL proteinase K and 1% SDS for 2 h at 55 ℃.
HBV DNA from intracellular core particles was purified
by phenol/chloroform (1:1) extraction and isopropanol
precipitation in the presence of 15 µg of tRNA and 200
mmol/L NaAc (pH 5.2)
[28,29]
.
For Southern blot analysis, HBV DNA was subjected
to agarose gel electrophoresis, followed by denaturation
and transfer to nylon membranes using a Model 785
Vacuum Blotter (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, United States).
DNA was fixed to membranes using an Ultraviolet
Crosslinker (UVP, Upland, CA, United States). DNA
hybridization and detection were performed using the
DIG High Prime DNA Labelling and Detection Starter Kit
3
2
1
0
Cell
viability
0 5 10 15 20 30
Concentrations of curcumin (μmol/L)
P < 0.05
Figure 1 Cell cytotoxicity of curcumin. HepG2.2.15 cells were treated with 0,
5, 10, 15, 20 or 30 μmol/L curcumin for 2 d and then subjected to CCK-8 assay
to detect toxic effect. The experiment was performed in duplicate and repeated
at least three times.
Wei ZQ et al. Curcumin inhibits HBV infection
5. 6256 September 14, 2017|Volume 23|Issue 34|
WJG|www.wjgnet.com
levels of HBsAg (Figure 4A) and cccDNA (Figure 4B).
HBsAg and cccDNA levels increased by 31.3% and
2.4-fold, respectively, when cells were co-treated with
curcumin and sodium butyrate compared with cells
treated with curcumin alone. The histone deacetylase
inhibitor TSA also partially blocked the inhibitory effect
of curcumin on HBV, although the effect was much
weaker than that of sodium butyrate. These findings
suggest that curcumin inhibits HBV by inducing histone
deacetylation.
siRNAs against HBV enhance the inhibitory effects of
curcumin
Because HBx also regulates epigenetic modifications
of cccDNA-bound histones
[16]
, HBx-siRNA and HBs-
siRNA were used to enhance the inhibitory effects of
curcumin. HepG2.2.15 cells were transfected with 20
nmol/L siRNAs and treated with 20 μmol/L curcumin
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Relative
level
of
HBsAg
0 1 2 3
t/d
0 μmol/L
5 μmol/L
10 μmol/L
15 μmol/L
20 μmol/L
30 μmol/L
a
a a
a
b
a
a
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Relative
level
of
HBeAg
0 1 2 3
t/d
0 μmol/L
5 μmol/L
10 μmol/L
15 μmol/L
20 μmol/L
30 μmol/L
a
a a
15
10
5
0
cccDNA
copies/cell
DMSO Curcumin
b
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Relative
level
of
mRNA
DMSO Curcumin
b
D
M
S
O
C
u
r
c
u
m
i
n
RC
DL
ss
A
B
C D E
Figure 2 Curcumin inhibits hepatitis B virus replication and expression. A: HepG2.215 cells were treated with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 30 μmol/L curcumin for three
consecutive days. Culture medium from each day was collected and analysed for levels of HBsAg; B: Culture medium from each day was collected and analysed for
levels of HBeAg; C: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) cccDNA accumulation in HepG2.215 cells treated with 20 μmol/L curcumin or DMSO for 2 d. HBV cccDNA was digested
with Plasmid-Safe ATP-Dependent DNase to degrade contaminating HBV that had inserted in cellular genomic DNA and OC species and was then subjected to PCR
amplification to amplify HBV cccDNA forms. Results are expressed as numbers of cccDNA copies per cell; D: Total RNA was extracted from HepG2.215 cells treated
with 20 μmol/L curcumin or DMSO for 2 d and was subjected to real-time PCR to quantify HBV mRNA transcript levels; E: HBV DNA was extracted from intracellular
core particles in HepG2.215 cells treated with 20 μmol/L curcumin or DMSO for 2 d. Southern blot analysis of HBV DNA replicative intermediates. RC, DL and SS
represent relaxed circular, double linear and single-stranded forms of HBV DNA, respectively. All experiments were repeated at least three times; ELISA and RT-PCR
were performed in duplicate. a
P < 0.05; b
P < 0.01. cccDNA: Covalently closed circular DNA; DMSO: Dimethyl sulphoxide.
Wei ZQ et al. Curcumin inhibits HBV infection
6. 6257 September 14, 2017|Volume 23|Issue 34|
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for 2 subsequent days. Transfection with siRNAs alone
significantly reduced HBsAg expression to a level
below the limit of detection (Figure 5a). Moreover,
a further reduction was observed in HBV DNA levels
from intracellular core particles extracted from cells
that received combined treatment with siRNAs and
curcumin compared with cells treated with curcumin
alone (Figure 5b).
DISCUSSION
The present study showed that curcumin not only
inhibited intracellular HBV replication and HBsAg and
HBeAg expression but also exhibited potent inhibitory
effects on HBV cccDNA. Moreover, curcumin also
reduced levels of both chromosomal and cccDNA-
bound histones H3/H4, and addition of the histone
deacetylase inhibitors sodium butyrate and TSA
blocked the inhibitory effects of curcumin on HBV.
These findings suggest that curcumin may induce the
deacetylation of cccDNA-bound histones H3/H4, disrupt
the steady state of HBV cccDNA and lead to the potent
inhibition of HBV mRNA transcription and protein
expression, along with a reduction in DNA replication.
Furthermore, enhanced inhibition of intracellular
HBV replication was revealed when curcumin was
combined with siRNAs against HBV. Since HBx is
pivotal for the steady state of cccDNA by regulating
epigenetic modifiers of cccDNA-bound histones
[16,30]
,
the combination of curcumin with siRNAs, especially
those targeting HBx, may lead to a synergistic effect in
modulating the cccDNA steady state.
Several host-related factors, including histone
proteins, regulate transcription and translation
processes of cccDNA minichromosomes. Acetylation
status changes of cccDNA-bound histones can re
gulate cccDNA transcription
[16]
. Previous studies
have indicated that acetyltransferase inhibitors and
deacetylase activators inhibit cccDNA transcription
[16,31]
.
Curcumin has been reported to be an inhibitor of
histone acetyltransferase (HAT), which specifically
represses the activity of the p300/CREB-binding
protein (CBP) HAT
[26,27]
. In the present study, curcumin
mediated reductions in the levels of chromosomal and
cccDNA-bound histone acetylation, which might result
from the induction of histone deacetylation, because
the deacetylase inhibitors TSA and sodium butyrate
could block the inhibitory effects of curcumin on HBV.
HBV cccDNA is the primary template that allows
for HBV gene expression and viral replication, and the
steady state of cccDNA minichromosomes in the nuclei
of hepatocytes contributes to persistent infection by
0 1 2.5 5 10
Curcumin (μmol/L)
AC-H3
H3
0 15 30 60 90
Curcumin (min)
AC-H3
H3
D
M
S
O
C
u
r
c
u
m
i
n
Ac-H3
Ac-H4
Input
IgG
A C
B
Figure 3 Curcumin mediates chromosomal and covalently closed circular DNA-bound histone deacetylation. A: HepG2.215 cells were treated with 0, 1, 2.5, 5
or 10 μmol/L curcumin and incubated at 37 ℃ for 2 d. The acetylation status of cellular H3 histones was analysed by Western blot; B: HepG2.215 cells were treated
with 20 μmol/L curcumin for the indicated periods of time; C: ChIP on HepG2.215 cells treated with 20 μmol/L curcumin or DMSO for 2 d was performed using specific
antibodies to acetyl-histone H3 (AcH3), acetyl-histone H4 (AcH4) or control IgG. Immunoprecipitated chromatins were digested with Plasmid-Safe ATP-Dependent
DNase to degrade contaminating HBV that had inserted in cellular genomic DNA and OC species and then were subjected to PCR amplification to select HBV
cccDNA forms. All experiments were repeated at least three times. cccDNA: Covalently closed circular DNA; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; DMSO: Dimethyl sulphoxide.
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
20
15
10
5
0
cccDNA
copies/cell
b
b
D
M
S
O
C
u
r
c
u
m
i
n
C
u
r
c
u
m
i
n
+
s
o
d
i
u
m
b
u
t
y
r
a
t
e
C
u
r
c
u
m
i
n
+
T
S
A
b
Relative
level
of
HBsAg
a a
D
M
S
O
C
u
r
c
u
m
i
n
C
u
r
c
u
m
i
n
+
s
o
d
i
u
m
b
u
t
y
r
a
t
e
C
u
r
c
u
m
i
n
+
T
S
A
A B
Figure 4 Histone deacetylase inhibitors block the inhibitory effect of curcumin. A: HepG2.215 cells were treated with 20 μmol/L curcumin alone or with either 5
mmol/L sodium butyrate or 1 μmol/L TSA for 2 d. Medium was collected and analysed for levels of HBsAg; B: HBV cccDNA was extracted and subjected to real-time
qPCR. All experiments were performed in duplicate and repeated at least three times. a
P < 0.05; b
P < 0.01. cccDNA: Covalently closed circular DNA; DMSO: Dimethyl
sulphoxide; TSA: Trichostatin A; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HBsAg: HBV surface antigen.
Wei ZQ et al. Curcumin inhibits HBV infection
7. 6258 September 14, 2017|Volume 23|Issue 34|
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HBV
[32]
. While there are no therapeutics currently
available that target cccDNA, targeted therapeutics are
attractive because the elimination of cccDNA results
in the genomic cure of HBV infection
[5]
. Although
genomic editing techniques, such as the CRISPR/CAS9
system, have shown promise in their capacity to edit
HBV cccDNA, translating this finding into the clinic will
be a challenge, mostly because of the need for the
development of safe vectors for gene therapies.
Curcumin has been widely used as a dietary
supplement for food colouring and flavouring, su
ggesting that it is safe for humans. However, poor
bioavailability represents the biggest challenge for
the clinical application of curcumin
[33]
. Poor absorption
and rapid metabolism of curcumin in the body lead
to low levels in the plasma and tissue. Fortunately,
various efforts have been undertaken to promote
its bioavailability. Removing the β-diketone moiety
prevents curcumin from retro-aldol decomposition
at physiological pH values
[34]
. Curcumin conjugated
to two folic acid molecules (curcumin-2FA) increases
water solubility and exhibits more efficient targeting
of cancer cells that overexpress folic acid receptors
[35]
.
Additionally, many other curcumin analogues can
improve its bioavailability
[36-40]
. Moreover, curcumin-
modified silver nanoparticles exhibited more efficient
inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus
[21]
. Improving
the bioavailability of curcumin will extend its clinical
applications, especially in the treatment of HBV
infection. Nevertheless, the long-term effects of
curcumin on HBV cccDNA and its role in the elimination
of cccDNA, along with combined effects of curcumin
with other therapeutics, should be investigated in detail.
Taken together, the present study demonstrates
that curcumin inhibits HBV by reducing cccDNA-bound
histone acetylation and could potentially be developed
as a cccDNA-targeting therapeutic for anti-HBV therapy.
COMMENTS
Background
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is the critical
template for viral replication and mRNA synthesis. The elimination of cccDNA
is indicative of complete cure of hepatitis B. Nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs)
can efficiently inhibit HBV replication but do not result in clearance of residual
cccDNA. Curcumin can inhibit HBV; however, its mechanism is unclear. The
potential role of curcumin in the regulation of the steady state of cccDNA is thus
of interest.
Research frontiers
The steady state of cccDNA minichromosomes can be regulated through
deacetylation of cccDNA-bound histones. Hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein is
recruited onto cccDNA minichromosomes and plays a pivotal role in the steady
state of cccDNA by regulating epigenetic modifiers of cccDNA-bound histones.
Innovations and breakthroughs
This is the first study indicating that curcumin inhibits HBV gene replication by
reducing cccDNA-bound histone acetylation.
Applications
Curcumin has the potential to be developed as a cccDNA-targeting antiviral
agent for hepatitis B.
Terminology
HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA): After the HBV infects
hepatocytes, virus genome is released into the nucleus and converted to
cccDNA, which, along with histone binding, constitutes a minichromosome and
serves as the critical template for viral replication and mRNA synthesis.
Peer-review
The authors have evaluated the effects of curcumin on HBV DNA replication
and gene expression in the HepG2.2.15 cell line. Interestingly, curcumin
showed robust inhibitory effects on HBV cccDNA. In addition, the authors have
described the mechanism underlying the effect of curcumin on HBV cccDNA,
which might be through histone deacetylation or reducing histone acetylation.
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