Contact
CSCSS / Centre for Strategic Cyberspace + Security Science
Washington D.C + 571.451.0312
London, United Kingdom +44 2035141784
Australia +61 2 8003 7553
North America +877.436.6746
Middle East + 855.237.8767
This document provides information about cybersecurity penetration testing and vulnerability assessment services offered by Cyber 51 LLC. The company explains that regular penetration testing is important to identify security vulnerabilities before hackers can exploit them. Cyber 51 offers various penetration testing services, including network, web application, wireless, and mobile application testing. The company's team consists of security consultants with certifications and experience. Cyber 51 also describes cyber intelligence services to help businesses monitor online threats and protect confidential information.
Fundamentals of information systems security ( pdf drive ) chapter 1newbie2019
This document discusses the growth of the internet and increased connectivity of devices beyond just computers. It notes that as internet usage has increased, issues of privacy, data security, and protecting sensitive information have become more important for both personal and business use. The document provides an overview of common security concepts and terms to help understand how to prevent cyberattacks and secure sensitive data. It also includes a table summarizing several high-profile data breaches between 2013-2015 at companies like Target, Anthem, and Sony Pictures that compromised personal and financial information for millions of customers.
This document summarizes security risks and recommendations for Southern California Designs. It identifies the company's key assets, including customer data, financial data, building plans, and laptops. It analyzes threats such as a stolen laptop or unauthorized network access. Recommendations include encrypting laptop hard drives, enabling two-factor authentication, and implementing a free intrusion detection system to monitor the network. Overall it provides an assessment of security risks and cost-effective solutions to improve protection of Southern California Designs' important information and systems.
This is for educational purposes only and not to be used as a means to scam or attack.
Company names mentioned herein are the property of, and may be trademarks of, their respective owners.
The document discusses computer forensics and its importance in criminal investigations. Computer forensics plays a vital role due to the prevalence of digital evidence even in typical criminal cases. The summary provides an overview of computer forensics, including its definition, benefits, the role of computer forensic investigators, common cybercrimes, and the forensic investigation process.
Data breaches reached record levels in 2014, with over 5,000 incidents compromising an estimated 675 million records. Healthcare organizations experienced the most breaches at 42.5% of the total. Major breaches impacted Sony, J.P. Morgan, Home Depot, and eBay, compromising millions of customer records. The costs of data breaches for US companies averaged $201 per compromised record, with total costs increasing 15% on average. Looking ahead, healthcare breaches and threats to corporate intellectual property and trade secrets are expected to remain significant risks.
Phishing attacks are a major problem for organizations, as most data breaches start with a phishing email. Attackers use sophisticated social engineering techniques to target individuals through email, websites, USB drives, phone calls, and social media. When users fall for these attacks by clicking links or opening attachments, their devices become compromised and allow attackers to access organizational networks and steal confidential data. To protect against phishing, organizations must implement security awareness training for employees and multilayered technical defenses.
The document discusses authentication, authorization, and accounting (the three As) as a leading model for access control. It describes authentication as identifying users, usually with a username and password. Authorization gives users access to resources based on their identity. Accounting (also called auditing) tracks user activity like time spent and services accessed. The document provides details on different authentication methods like passwords, PINs, smart cards, and digital certificates. It emphasizes the importance of strong passwords and changing them regularly.
This document provides information about cybersecurity penetration testing and vulnerability assessment services offered by Cyber 51 LLC. The company explains that regular penetration testing is important to identify security vulnerabilities before hackers can exploit them. Cyber 51 offers various penetration testing services, including network, web application, wireless, and mobile application testing. The company's team consists of security consultants with certifications and experience. Cyber 51 also describes cyber intelligence services to help businesses monitor online threats and protect confidential information.
Fundamentals of information systems security ( pdf drive ) chapter 1newbie2019
This document discusses the growth of the internet and increased connectivity of devices beyond just computers. It notes that as internet usage has increased, issues of privacy, data security, and protecting sensitive information have become more important for both personal and business use. The document provides an overview of common security concepts and terms to help understand how to prevent cyberattacks and secure sensitive data. It also includes a table summarizing several high-profile data breaches between 2013-2015 at companies like Target, Anthem, and Sony Pictures that compromised personal and financial information for millions of customers.
This document summarizes security risks and recommendations for Southern California Designs. It identifies the company's key assets, including customer data, financial data, building plans, and laptops. It analyzes threats such as a stolen laptop or unauthorized network access. Recommendations include encrypting laptop hard drives, enabling two-factor authentication, and implementing a free intrusion detection system to monitor the network. Overall it provides an assessment of security risks and cost-effective solutions to improve protection of Southern California Designs' important information and systems.
This is for educational purposes only and not to be used as a means to scam or attack.
Company names mentioned herein are the property of, and may be trademarks of, their respective owners.
The document discusses computer forensics and its importance in criminal investigations. Computer forensics plays a vital role due to the prevalence of digital evidence even in typical criminal cases. The summary provides an overview of computer forensics, including its definition, benefits, the role of computer forensic investigators, common cybercrimes, and the forensic investigation process.
Data breaches reached record levels in 2014, with over 5,000 incidents compromising an estimated 675 million records. Healthcare organizations experienced the most breaches at 42.5% of the total. Major breaches impacted Sony, J.P. Morgan, Home Depot, and eBay, compromising millions of customer records. The costs of data breaches for US companies averaged $201 per compromised record, with total costs increasing 15% on average. Looking ahead, healthcare breaches and threats to corporate intellectual property and trade secrets are expected to remain significant risks.
Phishing attacks are a major problem for organizations, as most data breaches start with a phishing email. Attackers use sophisticated social engineering techniques to target individuals through email, websites, USB drives, phone calls, and social media. When users fall for these attacks by clicking links or opening attachments, their devices become compromised and allow attackers to access organizational networks and steal confidential data. To protect against phishing, organizations must implement security awareness training for employees and multilayered technical defenses.
The document discusses authentication, authorization, and accounting (the three As) as a leading model for access control. It describes authentication as identifying users, usually with a username and password. Authorization gives users access to resources based on their identity. Accounting (also called auditing) tracks user activity like time spent and services accessed. The document provides details on different authentication methods like passwords, PINs, smart cards, and digital certificates. It emphasizes the importance of strong passwords and changing them regularly.
The Cybercrimes Act of 2010 needs improvement to strengthen its scope and coverage. As currently written, the Act has broad definitions that could criminalize normal computer usage. It also fails to address important issues like unauthorized internal access and modification. The document provides specific recommendations to sharpen definitions, broaden coverage of offenses, and clarify authorized access and activities. This would help align the Act with its intent while supporting legitimate computer research and use.
We are living in security era, where we are securing all our belongings under different modes of lock but it’s different in the case of system security. We are carelessly leaving our datas and softwares unlocked. The state of security on the internet is bad and getting worse. One reaction to this state of affairs is termed as Ethical Hacking which attempts to increase security protection by identifying and patching known security vulnerabilities on systems owned by other parties. As public and private organizations migrate more of their critical functions to the Internet, criminals have more opportunity and incentive to gain access to sensitive information through the Web application. So, Ethical hacking is an assessment to test and check an information technology environment for possible weak links and vulnerabilities. Ethical hacking describes the process of hacking a network in an ethical way, therefore with good intentions. This paper describes what ethical hacking is, what it can do, an ethical hacking methodology as well as some tools which can be used for an ethical hack.
Course Session Outline - Internal control in Information SystemTheodore Le
The document discusses various aspects of information security including threats, risks, and controls. It begins by outlining common security threats like hackers, computer viruses, and errors that can disrupt organizations. It then examines potential impacts of security incidents like loss of confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data. Examples are given around different levels of damage from a hacker attacking a credit card company. The rest of the document covers internal controls for information systems, including components like control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring. Specific control techniques are introduced like general controls, application controls, fault tolerance, and intrusion detection systems. The document concludes with discussing setting up group projects to further explore these security topics.
ETHICAL HACKING AND SOCIAL ENGINEERING
Topics Covered: Ethical Hacking Concepts and Scopes, Threats and Attack Vectors, Information Assurance, Threat Modelling, Enterprise Information Security Architecture, Vulnerability, Assessment and Penetration Testing, Types of Social Engineering, Insider Attack, Preventing Insider Threats, Social Engineering Targets and Defence Strategies
Cyber attacks and data breaches are increasing. Hackers are targeting smaller companies to access personal information like credit cards, social security numbers, and passwords. To reduce risk, companies should implement security measures like firewalls, encryption, training employees on security best practices, and establishing a computer security incident response team to respond effectively to any data breaches. Regular security assessments, software updates, and network monitoring can help organizations strengthen their cyber defenses.
Analyst Report: The Digital Universe in 2020 - ChinaEMC
This IDC Country Brief discusses China, where the amount of data created, replicated, and consumed each year will grow 24-fold between 2012 and 2020, according to the 2012 IDC Digital Universe study, sponsored by EMC.
This white paper examines the need for strong authentication and explores the return on investment that can be realized in order to help organizations move toward more effective security.
Ethical Hacking Concepts and Scopes, Threats and Attack Vectors, Information Assurance, Threat Modelling
Enterprise Information Security Architecture, Vulnerability
Assessment and Penetration Testing
Types of Social Engineering, Insider Attack, Preventing Insider
Threats, Social Engineering Targets and Defence Strategies
1) The retail sector has been hit by a series of cyber attacks over the past few years that have compromised customer data at large companies like Target and Neiman Marcus.
2) Current cybersecurity approaches are too slow and reactive, focusing on malware after attacks occur rather than proactively detecting threats.
3) Behavioral cyber defense monitoring could have detected the abnormal behaviors of attackers on Target and Neiman Marcus' networks before data breaches occurred.
Reputation Digital Vaccine: Reinventing Internet BlacklistsSource Conference
The document discusses HP TippingPoint's Reputation Digital Vaccine (Reputation DV) service, which aims to rapidly counteract advanced Internet attacks by classifying hosts along a reputable-disreputable continuum. It does this through novel methods to identify and track Internet hosts, providing intelligence feeds that enable customers to actively enforce reputation-based security policies. The service implements a multi-step approach including gathering intelligence from various sources, analyzing hosts through active and passive techniques, applying machine learning algorithms to classify hosts and assign reputation scores, and distributing the intelligence to customers. Observations made in developing the system and ideas for further improving reputation-based security are also discussed.
The Best Online Security Service for
CIM – Central Management
Log Monitoring
Intrusion Detection Systems
Firewall Monitoring System
Host based IDSs
Vulnerability Scanning
Evidence Retention
CIM Intelligence
A must to see for all,......!!!
RSA Monthly Online Fraud Report -- February 2014EMC
This report discusses the latest global trends in phishing and cybercrime. In January, phishing losses to global organizations is estimated at $387 million.
Dealing Data Leaks: Creating Your Data Breach Response Planbenefitexpress
Learn what steps an employer must take after their IT systems are breached. Covers both state and federal rules regarding employer data breach responses.
2011 Annual Study - U.S. Cost of a Data Breach - March 2012Symantec
Symantec’s 2011 Annual Study: U.S. Cost of a Data Breach reveals negligent insiders are the top cause of data breaches while malicious attacks are 25 percent more costly than other types. The study also found organizations which employ a chief information security officer (CISO) with enterprise-wide responsibility for data protection can reduce the cost of a data breach by 35 percent per compromised record. The seventh annual Ponemon Cost of a Data Breach report is based on the actual data breach experiences of 49 U.S. companies from 14 different industry sectors.
The document discusses the emerging threat of hardware trojans - malicious code implanted directly into computer chips during the manufacturing process. This could allow attackers to manipulate data, shut down systems, or turn devices into bugs. While difficult to do, it could be done by intelligence agencies or well-funded criminals. Experts are developing techniques like hardware modeling to detect trojans in chip designs before manufacturing. Government agencies are also releasing best practices for organizations to evaluate supplier trustworthiness and mitigate these risks.
The document discusses the growing security challenges faced by organizations and the need to close the gap between security (SecOps) and IT operations teams. It notes that the volume and complexity of cyberattacks have increased significantly. However, current security tools, processes, and teams are often unable to keep up due to a lack of integration and coordination between security and operations groups. This results in security vulnerabilities not being addressed quickly enough, leading to potential data breaches and other security incidents. The document argues that automating security and operations workflows can help eliminate inefficiencies and prioritize the remediation of the most critical issues.
Banking and Modern Payments System Security AnalysisCSCJournals
Cyber-criminals have benefited from on-line banking (OB), regardless of the extensive research on financial cyber-security. To better be prepared for what the future might bring, we try to predict how hacking tools might evolve. We briefly survey the state-of-the-art tools developed by black- hat hackers and conclude that they could be automated dramatically. To demonstrate the feasibility of our predictions and prove that many two-factor authentication schemes can be bypassed, we have analyzed banking and modern payments system security.
In this research we will review different payment protocols and security methods that are being used to run banking systems. We will survey some of the popular systems that are being used today, with a deeper focus on the Chips, cards, NFC, authentication etc. In addition, we will also discuss the weaknesses in the systems that can compromise the customer's trust.
2014 GRC Conference in West Palm Beach-Moderated by Sonia LunaAviva Spectrum™
Slides from the 2014 GRC Conference Presented by:
Jeff Spivey, CRISC, CPP
Vice President of Strategy, RiskIQ, Inc.
President, Security Risk Management, Inc
Adair Barton, CPA, CISA
Vice President of Internal Audit
Dycom Industries, Inc.
and
David A. Less, CISA, CISM
CIO & SVP
Sunteck, Inc.
Dave Mahon - CenturyLink & Cyber Security - How Modern Cyber Attacks Are Disr...Alisha Deboer
Cyber terrorists are sophisticated, organized and disruptive to your business. How prepared are you? Explore the landscape of malicious actors most likely to strike your business and what you can do about it.
This presentation covers the current and future exposures that construction-related firms face related to cyber incidents. In addition, it covers how insurance carriers view underwriting cyber risks in the current market. Finally, the presentation provides an overview on how firms can prevent and repsond to cyber incidents.
SS236 Unit 8 Assignment Rubric Content 70 Points Do.docxaryan532920
SS236 Unit 8 Assignment Rubric
Content 70 Points
Does the learner demonstrate an understanding of unit learning
outcomes and course material? The Unit 8 Project includes the
following/answers the following questions:
• Were you surprised by the political ideology to which you
belong? Why or why not?
• What are the origins of that political ideology?
• What are your ideology’s prospects for future political
success? Do you anticipate that the percentage of adults/
registered voters aligned with the same political ideology as
you are likely to increase or decrease in the near future?
• How might this ideological group impact political parties
and elections?
• Support your answer(s) with information obtained from the
text and at least two academic sources.
• Does the paper meet the length requirement?
Style 15 Points
Does the learner express his or her thoughts and present his or her
own views in a reasoned manner? Does the learner include the
following components:
• An introductory paragraph with a thesis statement?
• Clearly written paragraphs with topic sentences, body of
evidence, a conclusion sentence?
• A conclusion paragraph?
Mechanics 15 Points
Does the writing show strong composition skills? Does the leaner
include the following components?
• An APA formatted paper that includes an APA reference
page?
• Are the sentences complete?
• Is the grammar correct?
• Is the spelling and punctuation correct? Is APA used
properly?
• Are there any typos?
Total 100 Points
Classification of Computer Crime
Defining computer crime sufficiently is a daunting and difficult task. Nevertheless there are, generally, four categories of computer crime, including (1) the computer as a target, (2) the computer as an instrument of the crime, (3) the computer as incidental to crime, and (4) crimes associated with the prevalence of computers. Definitions can become rapidly outdated, as new technology has consistently bred new offenses and victimizations.
1 The Computer as a Target
Crimes where the computer itself is the target include the denial of expected service or the alteration of data. In other words, the attack seeks to deny the legitimate user or owner of the system access to his or her data or computer. Network intruders target the server and may cause harm to the network owners or the operation of their business.
Data alteration and denial directly target the computer by attacking the useful information stored or processed by the computer. Altered data may affect business decisions made by the company or may directly impact individuals by altering their records. Furthermore, this activity, in some circumstances, results in the expenditure of great resources to recover the data. Although malicious network intruders may alter critical data, the most common source of such damage is an employee of the affected company. The primary difference between data alteration and network ...
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
The Cybercrimes Act of 2010 needs improvement to strengthen its scope and coverage. As currently written, the Act has broad definitions that could criminalize normal computer usage. It also fails to address important issues like unauthorized internal access and modification. The document provides specific recommendations to sharpen definitions, broaden coverage of offenses, and clarify authorized access and activities. This would help align the Act with its intent while supporting legitimate computer research and use.
We are living in security era, where we are securing all our belongings under different modes of lock but it’s different in the case of system security. We are carelessly leaving our datas and softwares unlocked. The state of security on the internet is bad and getting worse. One reaction to this state of affairs is termed as Ethical Hacking which attempts to increase security protection by identifying and patching known security vulnerabilities on systems owned by other parties. As public and private organizations migrate more of their critical functions to the Internet, criminals have more opportunity and incentive to gain access to sensitive information through the Web application. So, Ethical hacking is an assessment to test and check an information technology environment for possible weak links and vulnerabilities. Ethical hacking describes the process of hacking a network in an ethical way, therefore with good intentions. This paper describes what ethical hacking is, what it can do, an ethical hacking methodology as well as some tools which can be used for an ethical hack.
Course Session Outline - Internal control in Information SystemTheodore Le
The document discusses various aspects of information security including threats, risks, and controls. It begins by outlining common security threats like hackers, computer viruses, and errors that can disrupt organizations. It then examines potential impacts of security incidents like loss of confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data. Examples are given around different levels of damage from a hacker attacking a credit card company. The rest of the document covers internal controls for information systems, including components like control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring. Specific control techniques are introduced like general controls, application controls, fault tolerance, and intrusion detection systems. The document concludes with discussing setting up group projects to further explore these security topics.
ETHICAL HACKING AND SOCIAL ENGINEERING
Topics Covered: Ethical Hacking Concepts and Scopes, Threats and Attack Vectors, Information Assurance, Threat Modelling, Enterprise Information Security Architecture, Vulnerability, Assessment and Penetration Testing, Types of Social Engineering, Insider Attack, Preventing Insider Threats, Social Engineering Targets and Defence Strategies
Cyber attacks and data breaches are increasing. Hackers are targeting smaller companies to access personal information like credit cards, social security numbers, and passwords. To reduce risk, companies should implement security measures like firewalls, encryption, training employees on security best practices, and establishing a computer security incident response team to respond effectively to any data breaches. Regular security assessments, software updates, and network monitoring can help organizations strengthen their cyber defenses.
Analyst Report: The Digital Universe in 2020 - ChinaEMC
This IDC Country Brief discusses China, where the amount of data created, replicated, and consumed each year will grow 24-fold between 2012 and 2020, according to the 2012 IDC Digital Universe study, sponsored by EMC.
This white paper examines the need for strong authentication and explores the return on investment that can be realized in order to help organizations move toward more effective security.
Ethical Hacking Concepts and Scopes, Threats and Attack Vectors, Information Assurance, Threat Modelling
Enterprise Information Security Architecture, Vulnerability
Assessment and Penetration Testing
Types of Social Engineering, Insider Attack, Preventing Insider
Threats, Social Engineering Targets and Defence Strategies
1) The retail sector has been hit by a series of cyber attacks over the past few years that have compromised customer data at large companies like Target and Neiman Marcus.
2) Current cybersecurity approaches are too slow and reactive, focusing on malware after attacks occur rather than proactively detecting threats.
3) Behavioral cyber defense monitoring could have detected the abnormal behaviors of attackers on Target and Neiman Marcus' networks before data breaches occurred.
Reputation Digital Vaccine: Reinventing Internet BlacklistsSource Conference
The document discusses HP TippingPoint's Reputation Digital Vaccine (Reputation DV) service, which aims to rapidly counteract advanced Internet attacks by classifying hosts along a reputable-disreputable continuum. It does this through novel methods to identify and track Internet hosts, providing intelligence feeds that enable customers to actively enforce reputation-based security policies. The service implements a multi-step approach including gathering intelligence from various sources, analyzing hosts through active and passive techniques, applying machine learning algorithms to classify hosts and assign reputation scores, and distributing the intelligence to customers. Observations made in developing the system and ideas for further improving reputation-based security are also discussed.
The Best Online Security Service for
CIM – Central Management
Log Monitoring
Intrusion Detection Systems
Firewall Monitoring System
Host based IDSs
Vulnerability Scanning
Evidence Retention
CIM Intelligence
A must to see for all,......!!!
RSA Monthly Online Fraud Report -- February 2014EMC
This report discusses the latest global trends in phishing and cybercrime. In January, phishing losses to global organizations is estimated at $387 million.
Dealing Data Leaks: Creating Your Data Breach Response Planbenefitexpress
Learn what steps an employer must take after their IT systems are breached. Covers both state and federal rules regarding employer data breach responses.
2011 Annual Study - U.S. Cost of a Data Breach - March 2012Symantec
Symantec’s 2011 Annual Study: U.S. Cost of a Data Breach reveals negligent insiders are the top cause of data breaches while malicious attacks are 25 percent more costly than other types. The study also found organizations which employ a chief information security officer (CISO) with enterprise-wide responsibility for data protection can reduce the cost of a data breach by 35 percent per compromised record. The seventh annual Ponemon Cost of a Data Breach report is based on the actual data breach experiences of 49 U.S. companies from 14 different industry sectors.
The document discusses the emerging threat of hardware trojans - malicious code implanted directly into computer chips during the manufacturing process. This could allow attackers to manipulate data, shut down systems, or turn devices into bugs. While difficult to do, it could be done by intelligence agencies or well-funded criminals. Experts are developing techniques like hardware modeling to detect trojans in chip designs before manufacturing. Government agencies are also releasing best practices for organizations to evaluate supplier trustworthiness and mitigate these risks.
The document discusses the growing security challenges faced by organizations and the need to close the gap between security (SecOps) and IT operations teams. It notes that the volume and complexity of cyberattacks have increased significantly. However, current security tools, processes, and teams are often unable to keep up due to a lack of integration and coordination between security and operations groups. This results in security vulnerabilities not being addressed quickly enough, leading to potential data breaches and other security incidents. The document argues that automating security and operations workflows can help eliminate inefficiencies and prioritize the remediation of the most critical issues.
Banking and Modern Payments System Security AnalysisCSCJournals
Cyber-criminals have benefited from on-line banking (OB), regardless of the extensive research on financial cyber-security. To better be prepared for what the future might bring, we try to predict how hacking tools might evolve. We briefly survey the state-of-the-art tools developed by black- hat hackers and conclude that they could be automated dramatically. To demonstrate the feasibility of our predictions and prove that many two-factor authentication schemes can be bypassed, we have analyzed banking and modern payments system security.
In this research we will review different payment protocols and security methods that are being used to run banking systems. We will survey some of the popular systems that are being used today, with a deeper focus on the Chips, cards, NFC, authentication etc. In addition, we will also discuss the weaknesses in the systems that can compromise the customer's trust.
2014 GRC Conference in West Palm Beach-Moderated by Sonia LunaAviva Spectrum™
Slides from the 2014 GRC Conference Presented by:
Jeff Spivey, CRISC, CPP
Vice President of Strategy, RiskIQ, Inc.
President, Security Risk Management, Inc
Adair Barton, CPA, CISA
Vice President of Internal Audit
Dycom Industries, Inc.
and
David A. Less, CISA, CISM
CIO & SVP
Sunteck, Inc.
Dave Mahon - CenturyLink & Cyber Security - How Modern Cyber Attacks Are Disr...Alisha Deboer
Cyber terrorists are sophisticated, organized and disruptive to your business. How prepared are you? Explore the landscape of malicious actors most likely to strike your business and what you can do about it.
This presentation covers the current and future exposures that construction-related firms face related to cyber incidents. In addition, it covers how insurance carriers view underwriting cyber risks in the current market. Finally, the presentation provides an overview on how firms can prevent and repsond to cyber incidents.
SS236 Unit 8 Assignment Rubric Content 70 Points Do.docxaryan532920
SS236 Unit 8 Assignment Rubric
Content 70 Points
Does the learner demonstrate an understanding of unit learning
outcomes and course material? The Unit 8 Project includes the
following/answers the following questions:
• Were you surprised by the political ideology to which you
belong? Why or why not?
• What are the origins of that political ideology?
• What are your ideology’s prospects for future political
success? Do you anticipate that the percentage of adults/
registered voters aligned with the same political ideology as
you are likely to increase or decrease in the near future?
• How might this ideological group impact political parties
and elections?
• Support your answer(s) with information obtained from the
text and at least two academic sources.
• Does the paper meet the length requirement?
Style 15 Points
Does the learner express his or her thoughts and present his or her
own views in a reasoned manner? Does the learner include the
following components:
• An introductory paragraph with a thesis statement?
• Clearly written paragraphs with topic sentences, body of
evidence, a conclusion sentence?
• A conclusion paragraph?
Mechanics 15 Points
Does the writing show strong composition skills? Does the leaner
include the following components?
• An APA formatted paper that includes an APA reference
page?
• Are the sentences complete?
• Is the grammar correct?
• Is the spelling and punctuation correct? Is APA used
properly?
• Are there any typos?
Total 100 Points
Classification of Computer Crime
Defining computer crime sufficiently is a daunting and difficult task. Nevertheless there are, generally, four categories of computer crime, including (1) the computer as a target, (2) the computer as an instrument of the crime, (3) the computer as incidental to crime, and (4) crimes associated with the prevalence of computers. Definitions can become rapidly outdated, as new technology has consistently bred new offenses and victimizations.
1 The Computer as a Target
Crimes where the computer itself is the target include the denial of expected service or the alteration of data. In other words, the attack seeks to deny the legitimate user or owner of the system access to his or her data or computer. Network intruders target the server and may cause harm to the network owners or the operation of their business.
Data alteration and denial directly target the computer by attacking the useful information stored or processed by the computer. Altered data may affect business decisions made by the company or may directly impact individuals by altering their records. Furthermore, this activity, in some circumstances, results in the expenditure of great resources to recover the data. Although malicious network intruders may alter critical data, the most common source of such damage is an employee of the affected company. The primary difference between data alteration and network ...
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
1. Sean WroteThe first and most critical success factor is effe.docxjackiewalcutt
1. Sean Wrote:
The first and most critical success factor is effective commitment and support from top management. The cybersecurity portion of a business continuity plan cannot hope to be successful without leadership buy-in. Because C-Suite members shoulder the ultimate responsibility for the business, the planning and strategy must involve concurrence from company leadership. They must be made to understand the threats to the business, how the threats manifest into risk, and how those risks impact the business process (Hour, 2012).
Another reason for top level buy-in is that management will be releasing company resources, to include funding and time, to the creation of the BCP. As strategic planning occurs, stakeholders and other critical designees should participate in relevant policy creation. If a BCP that includes cybersecurity is not relevant or in line with company/management goals, it will not succeed. A Business Impact Analysis (BIA) will assist in providing that focus by identifying key business processes and how their diminished performance affects the bottom line. Additionally, legal and regulatory concerns should be considered during the BIA process (UMUC, 2014).
There’s a great quote attributed to Mike Tyson- “Everyone has a plan until they’re punched in the face”- and it describes crisis management. If all of the safety measures put in place to prevent an intrusion have failed, crisis management will drive you to focus on the recovery and resilience of critical business functions (NIST.gov, 2014). In December of 2013, Target and other retailers received a punch in the face when it was reported over 70 million customers had their debit and credit card data stolen by hackers (). Effective strategic communication in Target’s crisis management approach played a critical role in the overall recovery effort. Although the media outlets picked up and ran with this story, the only thing that seems to matter to the American consumer is that it doesn’t happen again. Judging by their stock price and continuing sales numbers, this was nothing more than a bump in the road for Target.
Larry wrote:
2. It is first important to understand that the Business Continuity Plan (BCP) is different from the Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP) as the reason for the BCP is to know how to handle a temporary outage of the company’s network and/or business resources. These temporary outages can be the result of power outage, network outage due to a fiber cut or other incident or a major equipment failure resulting in loss of data. (SANS Institute, 2002) The DRP is in preparation of a major disaster in where the facilities are rendered inoperable or completely destroyed. This can occur from hurricanes, tornados or fires resulting in total loss of company assets. It will be part of the BCP being developed to decide when the BCP should be conducted versus when the DRP will be required.
There are several important steps that should be included when creating a Busines ...
The document discusses insider threats and how to mitigate them. It covers how insider threats can come from employees with malicious intent, but also from inadvertent actions like clicking a phishing link. Insider threats also include third party contractors who are given access to networks. The document provides recommendations for organizations to mitigate insider threats such as conducting background checks, monitoring unusual employee behavior, and escorting outsiders within the company's physical sites. It also discusses the ongoing threat of spam being used to distribute malware and how organizations need to protect their users from inadvertently enabling attacks through emails.
The document discusses insider threats and how to mitigate them. It covers how insider threats can come from employees with malicious intent, but also from inadvertent actions like clicking a phishing link. Insider threats also include third party contractors who are given access to networks. The document provides recommendations for organizations to mitigate insider threats such as conducting background checks, monitoring unusual employee behavior, and escorting outsiders within the company's physical sites. It also discusses the ongoing threat of spam distribution of malware and how organizations need to ensure all users remain vigilant against phishing attempts.
Presentation by Larry Clinton, President of the Internet Security Alliance (ISA) to the 66th Annual Fowler Seminar on Oct 12 2012 titled Evolution of the Cyber Threat - A Unified Systems Approach.
The document provides an overview of computer hacking including its history, types of hackers and their motivations, common hacking tools, and ways to prevent hacking. It discusses how hacking involves illegally accessing private information from computer systems and networks with malicious intent. Hacking is considered a serious crime under federal and international law. The document also explores debates around the definition of "hacker" and whether all forms of hacking should be considered unethical.
Include at least 250 words in your posting and at least 250 words inmaribethy2y
Include at least 250 words in your posting and at least 250 words in your reply. Indicate at least one source or reference in your original post. Please see syllabus for details on submission requirements.
Module 1 Discussion Question
Search "scholar.google.com" for a company, school, or person that has been the target of a network
or system intrusion? What information was targeted? Was the attack successful? If so, what changes
were made to ensure that this vulnerability was controlled? If not, what mechanisms were in-place to protect against the intrusion.
Reply-1(Shravan)
Introduction:
Interruption location frameworks (IDSs) are programming or equipment frameworks that robotize the way toward observing the occasions happening in a PC framework or system, examining them for indications of security issues. As system assaults have expanded in number and seriousness in the course of recent years, interruption recognition frameworks have turned into an essential expansion to the security foundation of generally associations. This direction archive is planned as a preliminary in interruption recognition, created for the individuals who need to comprehend what security objectives interruption location components serve, how to choose and design interruption discovery frameworks for their particular framework and system situations, how to deal with the yield of interruption identification frameworks, and how to incorporate interruption recognition capacities with whatever remains of the authoritative security foundation. References to other data sources are likewise accommodated the peruse who requires particular or more point by point guidance on particular interruption identification issues.
In the most recent years there has been an expanding enthusiasm for the security of process control and SCADA frameworks. Moreover, ongoing PC assaults, for example, the Stunt worm, host appeared there are gatherings with the inspiration and assets to viably assault control frameworks.
While past work has proposed new security components for control frameworks, few of them have investigated new and in a general sense distinctive research issues for anchoring control frameworks when contrasted with anchoring conventional data innovation (IT) frameworks. Specifically, the complexity of new malware assaulting control frameworks - malware including zero-days assaults, rootkits made for control frameworks, and programming marked by confided in declaration specialists - has demonstrated that it is exceptionally hard to avert and identify these assaults dependent on IT framework data.
In this paper we demonstrate how, by joining information of the physical framework under control, we can distinguish PC assaults that change the conduct of the focused on control framework. By utilizing information of the physical framework we can center around the last goal of the assault, and not on the specific instruments of how vulnerabilities are misused, and how ...
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Information Security Issues Faced by Organizations In any organization, Information Security threats may be many like Software assaults, theft of intellectual belongings, identity robbery, theft of gadget or statistics, sabotage, and facts extortion. A risk can be something which could take gain of a vulnerability to breach security and negatively adjust, erase, damage object or gadgets of interest. Software attacks imply an attack by Viruses, Worms, Trojan Horses and so forth. Many customers consider that malware, virus, worms, bots are all the same matters. But they're now not identical, the simplest similarity is that they all are malicious software program that behaves differently. Apart from these threats, there are some headache information security threats they are: Cyberattack Threats: - Cyber-attacks are, of course, establishments’ pinnacle problem. There are many methods cybercriminals can target companies. Each will motive distinct types of harm and need to be defended in opposition to in one-of-a-kind methods. Some attacks, consisting of phishing campaigns, are typically designed to thieve private information. Others, such as ransomware and denial-of-carrier assaults, have several feasible pursuits, ranging from extorting cash to disrupting business operations for political reasons. Cyber threats, unfortunately, are getting an increasing number of risks in these days clever international. But what precisely is cyber risk? A cyber threat is an act or viable act which intends to scouse borrow records (non-public or in any other case), damage records or motive a few types of digital damage. Today, the time period is nearly exclusively used to explain records safety topics. Because it’s tough to visualize how digital signals touring throughout a cord can represent an assault, we’ve taken to visualizing the virtual phenomenon as a bodily one. A cyber-attack is an assault this is hooked up in opposition to a corporation (that means our digital gadgets) making use of cyberspace. Cyberspace, a digital space that doesn’t exist, has grown to be the metaphor to assist us to understand virtual weaponry that intends to harm us. What is actual, but, is the purpose of the attacker as well as the potential impact. While many cyberattacks are mere nuisances, a few are quite serious, even potentially threatening human lives. Malware: - Software that plays a malicious project on a goal tool or community, e.g. Corrupting facts or taking on a machine. Ransomware: - An attack that involves encrypting information on the goal system and traumatic a ransom in alternate for letting the consumer has got right of entry to the facts again. These assaults range from low-level nuisances to severe incidents just like the locking do.
Cyber Defense - How to be prepared to APTSimone Onofri
This document provides an overview of a presentation on cyber defense and cyber attack simulations. It begins with an agenda and introductions. It then discusses the evolving threats landscape, with attacks increasing in scale, scope and sophistication. It outlines the cyber attack simulation methodology, including researching the target, infiltrating networks, establishing footholds, moving laterally and exfiltrating data. It describes three scenario examples - a web attack, phishing email, and exploiting physical access. Each scenario provides the rules of engagement, attack overview and lessons learned. It concludes with quotes emphasizing the importance of preparation and deception in warfare.
A1 - Cibersegurança - Raising the Bar for CybersecuritySpark Security
The document discusses cybersecurity and how simple it is for hackers to breach corporate networks. It finds that over 90% of successful breaches only require basic hacking techniques that use tools freely available online. The document recommends that companies implement four risk reduction measures - whitelisting authorized software, rapidly patching systems, minimizing administrator privileges, and continuous monitoring - to significantly reduce their risks of being hacked as these measures address the most common vulnerabilities exploited. It argues companies need to better secure their networks to meet their fiduciary responsibilities and due diligence in protecting shareholder value from the persistent cyber threats faced.
The document provides an overview of threat landscapes, common threat actors, and tools used in cyber attacks against corporations. It discusses how threat landscapes change over time due to new vulnerabilities, software/hardware, and global events. Common threat actors described include white hat, gray hat, and black hat hackers. A variety of penetration testing and hacking tools are outlined that threat actors use, such as password crackers, wireless hacking tools, network scanners, packet sniffers, and vulnerability exploitation tools. Different types of attacks like eavesdropping, data modification, and IP spoofing are also summarized.
The document proposes an International Consortium of Freelance Hackers (ICFH) to facilitate collaboration between organizations and ethical hackers. This would help address vulnerabilities before malicious attackers can exploit them. Traditional security testing is reactive and often misses new attacks. ICFH would maintain a pool of vetted hackers to proactively search for vulnerabilities. Found issues would be reported to companies, who would then fix them. This approach could help reduce organizations' cybersecurity costs compared to dealing with actual data breaches and damage control. Existing vulnerability reward programs have already proven effective at strengthening security at a lower cost than internal testing alone.
1. Title
IT Security Risk Assessment
2. Introduction
You are employed with Government Security Consultants, a subsidiary of Largo Corporation. As a member of IT security consultant team, one of your responsibilities is to ensure the security of assets as well as provide a secure environment for customers, partners and employees. You and the team play a key role in defining, implementing and maintaining the IT security strategy in organizations.
A government agency called the Bureau of Research and Intelligence (BRI) is tasked with gathering and analyzing information to support U.S. diplomats.
In a series of New York Times articles, BRI was exposed as being the victim of several security breaches. As a follow up, the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) conducted a comprehensive review of the agency’s information security controls and identified numerous issues.
The head of the agency has contracted your company to conduct an IT security risk assessment on its operations. This risk assessment was determined to be necessary to address security gaps in the agency’s critical operational areas and to determine actions to close those gaps. It is also meant to ensure that the agency invests time and money in the right areas and does not waste resources. After conducting the assessment, you are to develop a final report that summarizes the findings and provides a set of recommendations. You are to convince the agency to implement your recommendations.
This learning activity focuses on IT security which is an overarching concern that involves practically all facets of an organization’s activities. You will learn about the key steps of preparing for and conducting a security risk assessment and how to present the findings to leaders and convince them into taking appropriate action.
Understanding security capabilities is basic to the core knowledge, skills, and abilities that IT personnel are expected to possess. Information security is a significant concern among every organization and it may spell success or failure of its mission. Effective IT professionals are expected to be up-to-date on trends in IT security, current threats and vulnerabilities, state-of-the-art security safeguards, and security policies and procedures. IT professionals must be able to communicate effectively (oral and written) to executive level management in a non-jargon, executive level manner that convincingly justifies the need to invest in IT security improvements. This learning demonstration is designed to strengthen these essential knowledge, skills, and abilities needed by IT professionals.
1) Review the Setting and Situation
The primary mission of the Bureau of Research and Intelligence (BRI) is to provide multiple-source intelligence to American diplomats. It must ensure that intelligence activities are consistent with U.S. foreign policy and kept totally confidential. BRI has intelligence analysts who understand U.S. foreign.
1. Title
IT Security Risk Assessment
2. Introduction
You are employed with Government Security Consultants, a subsidiary of Largo Corporation. As a member of IT security consultant team, one of your responsibilities is to ensure the security of assets as well as provide a secure environment for customers, partners and employees. You and the team play a key role in defining, implementing and maintaining the IT security strategy in organizations.
A government agency called the Bureau of Research and Intelligence (BRI) is tasked with gathering and analyzing information to support U.S. diplomats.
In a series of New York Times articles, BRI was exposed as being the victim of several security breaches. As a follow up, the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) conducted a comprehensive review of the agency’s information security controls and identified numerous issues.
The head of the agency has contracted your company to conduct an IT security risk assessment on its operations. This risk assessment was determined to be necessary to address security gaps in the agency’s critical operational areas and to determine actions to close those gaps. It is also meant to ensure that the agency invests time and money in the right areas and does not waste resources. After conducting the assessment, you are to develop a final report that summarizes the findings and provides a set of recommendations. You are to convince the agency to implement your recommendations.
This learning activity focuses on IT security which is an overarching concern that involves practically all facets of an organization’s activities. You will learn about the key steps of preparing for and conducting a security risk assessment and how to present the findings to leaders and convince them into taking appropriate action.
Understanding security capabilities is basic to the core knowledge, skills, and abilities that IT personnel are expected to possess. Information security is a significant concern among every organization and it may spell success or failure of its mission. Effective IT professionals are expected to be up-to-date on trends in IT security, current threats and vulnerabilities, state-of-the-art security safeguards, and security policies and procedures. IT professionals must be able to communicate effectively (oral and written) to executive level management in a non-jargon, executive level manner that convincingly justifies the need to invest in IT security improvements. This learning demonstration is designed to strengthen these essential knowledge, skills, and abilities needed by IT professionals.
3. Steps to Completion
Your instructor will form the teams. Each member is expected to contribute to the team agreementwhich documents the members’ contact information and sets goals and expectations for the team.
1) Review the Setting and Situation
The primary mission of the Bureau of Research and Intelligence (BRI) is to provide multipl.
Protect Yourself from Cyber Attacks Through Proper Third-Party Risk ManagementDevOps.com
The document discusses the threats of cyberterrorism and the importance of third-party risk management. It provides examples of recent cyberattacks attributed to state actors. It then outlines best practices for managing third-party vendor access, including identifying vendors, controlling their access, and auditing their connections. The presentation concludes by introducing SecureLink's Vendor Privileged Access Management (VPAM) solution for securing remote access of third-party vendors.
Assignment 2: LASA 2: Submissions Assignment
This assignment comprises of four parts. All parts should be compiled into one Word document and submitted to the
Submissions Area.
Part 1: Case Study 1: Textbook Chapter 2: "Security of Technical Systems in Organizations: An Introduction"
Many of the technical controls put into place can be circumvented with a simple phone call. Recently, famed hacker Kevin Mitnick demonstrated this, by breaking into Sprint's backbone network. Rather than mounting a buffer overrun or denial-of-service (DoS) attack, Mitnick simply placed a call posing as a Nortel service engineer and persuaded the staff at Sprint to provide log-in names and passwords to the company's switches, under the guise that he needed them to perform remote maintenance on the system. Once the password information had been obtained, Mitnick was able to dial in and manipulate Sprint's networks at will.
Many people believe this was an isolated incident, and they would not fall for a similar act of social engineering, but Mitnick gained notoriety during the 1980s and 1990s, by performing similar techniques on computer networks around the world. Mitnick's more notorious crimes included accessing computer systems at the Pentagon and the North American Defense Command (NORAD), and stealing software and source code from major computer manufacturers. Kevin Mitnick was arrested six times. He has been working as a consultant, specializing in social engineering techniques, having gone straight after serving a five-year sentence for his most recent crime. He has authored several books regarding social engineering, including
The Art of Intrusion
and
The Art of Deception
.
Create a 2- to 3-page report in a Microsoft Word document that includes responses to the following:
Analyze what procedures could help prevent a similar breach of security at your organization.
Phishing (the practice of luring unsuspected Internet users to fake Web sites by using authentic looking email) is usually associated with identity theft. Analyze whether this tactic could also be used to gain information needed to circumvent security controls. Why or why not?
Many social engineering breaches involve using what is believed to be insider information to gain the trust of individuals in an effort to obtain confidential information. Test your ability to obtain what some might consider insider information using a search engine to find contacts or other useful information referencing your organization. Report your findings.
Part 2: Case Study 2: Textbook Chapter 5: "Network Security"
A recent network security breach at Tucson, Arizona–based CardSystem
Solution
s Inc. has exposed 40 million credit card customers to possible fraud, and is considered one of the largest card-information heists ever. CardSystem
...
I. Ethical hacking is used to secure important data from threats by finding vulnerabilities in systems through similar techniques used by hackers, but in a legal manner.
II. It works as a safeguard against black hat hackers by allowing companies to detect security issues and risks in their networks and systems.
III. The future of cyber security and ethical hacking looks promising, as the global market for penetration testing is expected to reach $4.1 billion by 2027, and the field provides opportunities to improve skills in areas like networking, project management, and customer service.
INFORMATION SECURITY MANAGEMENT - Critique the employment of ethical hacking ...Hansa Edirisinghe
This report discuses the employment of ethical hacking through a disciplined, systematic analysis as a way of reviewing and strengthening the security of information systems. The preliminary objective of this study is therefore to understand the concept of Ethical Hacking. - By Hansa Edirisinghe
Similar to CSCSS Case Study - Peoples Republic of China- Anatomy of a Breach (20)
The parameters for CSCSS Intelligence Services (CIS) are defined by CSCSS leadership and our CSCSS Select Intelligence Committee which defines CIS func5ons are to obtain and provide informa5on and perform other tasks relating to the acts and intentions of attackers.
CSCSS Intelligence Services conduct our assignments and operations:
• In the interests of na?onal transna?onal level security;
• particular reference to the cyber defence, cyberlaw and related and international law and policies;
• in the interests of the economic security and national security; and
• in support of the prevention or detection of serious crime.
Cyber Threats & Gaming Networks: From attackers perspective, these networks have huge potential: for identities, money, for communications, and a lot more. This C/DIG Report outlines the potential threat in gamer’s networks – from the perspective of terrorist and criminal hackers.
As an independent organization, CSCSS delivers a uniquely positioned and unbiased third party, globally focused, well-defined, strategic objective. We present clear cyber and cyberspace- based security goals for government and the public-private sector, leveraging on best practices, and lessons learned, and not affected by any particular point-of-view.
In the global forum, we are the only independent, multilateral, not for profit, cyberspace and security science group in operation, working to generate international strategies and scientific research that clearly articulates strategic priorities, goals, and objectives, providing unbiased intelligence reports for better decision making.
The Centre for Strategic Cyberspace + Security Science has created this International Strategy for Cyberspace (ISC) as a strategic-level policy document offering a practical, comprehensive, and clear vision for the future of cyberspace. It sets an agenda for partnering on cybersecurity and associated initiatives at an international level, and highlights the importance of international cooperation in advancing cyberspace as a foreign policy priority.
The C3i Group is a national-international outreach venture providing strategic leadership in Cybersecurity, Cybercrime, and Cyber Intelligence.
The C3i Group facilitates open dialog, communication, and information sharing among key public-private entities, enabling them to DISCOVER what is at cyber-counterintelligence risk, how to DEFEND against it, and how to ENSURE cyber-secure competitiveness in the digital global economy.
C/DIG offers a spectrum of Intelligence products. At the strategic level we track national players to determine their policies, and intentions. At the operational level C/DIG documents their Tactics, Techniques and Procedures (TTP).
At the tactical level we provide threat analysis, identification and forensic analysis. All of this data is used for awareness, education, prevention and defence from cyber-attacks and in support of contingency operations to protect your organization.
The C3i Group works with inter-agency partners and the security industry, collecting information intelligence related to risks emanating from cyberspace. We provide direction and leadership to industry, focusing on the intrinsic risks and threats posed by: potential shortcomings in the cyber information security infrastructure; actions of non-state actors, cyber- terrorists, and criminals; foreign business competitors and governments intent on illegitimately acquiring proprietary information and trade secrets.
Contact
CSCSS / Centre for Strategic Cyberspace + Security Science
Washington D.C + 571.451.0312
London, United Kingdom +44 2035141784
Australia +61 2 8003 7553
North America +877.436.6746
Middle East + 855.237.8767
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CSCSS Case Study - Peoples Republic of China- Anatomy of a Breach
1. Anatomy of a Breach
China + Cyber
A CASE STUDY
An Incursion Into a Canadian Company
2. 2
“a series of unusual
incidents”
Case Study
Anatomy of a Breach
This case study reports on a cyber-attack on a Canadian
Business, and contains supplementary analysis.
1
The attack information was volunteered by
multiple sources. Identification data has been
removed to protect the sources as well as the
companies involved. This incursion is NOT public
knowledge. The analysis is based on computer
security analysis that has been released into that
industry's trade journals and publications. It is also
based on Open Source Media and unclassified
government sources.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In November 2011, a number of personnel from (
Targeted Company ) ( location removed )
publicly vented their frustrations with a series of
unusual incidents in the company. There was a
series of issues with a particular project. Some
incidents centered around the company computer
network, others around a crash of the company
telephone network, followed by a crash of the
network file server. Detailed non-technical
1
descriptions were provided by multiple sources.
The descriptions and subsequent data suggests
that ( Targeted Company ) received a targeted
cyber-attack, most probably from the People's
Republic of China ( PRC ).
2
OBSERVATIONS
In November 2011 a number of ( Targeted
Company ) personnel expressed frustration over
the large number of changes being made to ( a
sub-contracted project ) being designed for (
Contracting Company ). As the project neared
its production deadline, changes were required
from Engineering and the Sales / Marketing
groups. From the context, the number of changes
was abnormally high. Further, some of the
changes were made by the client at a late stage in
project design.
During the week of November 28
th
– December
2
nd
2011, IT personnel noticed a reduction in
workstation and network performance over
several days
1
. On the third day of significant
computer incidents, while experiencing a dramatic
reduction in both workstation and network service,
IT personnel removed hard drives from three
workstations “in order to safeguard the data on
the hard drives”. The personnel operating the
workstations were working on a project designing
for ( Contracting Company ).
3. 3
“attacked because of
lax security”
1
On Thursday December 1
st
there was a complete
failure of the ( Targeted Company ) telephone
exchange, a VOIP
1
system which operates on the
computer network
1
. On Friday December 2
nd
, staff
was informed that the failure of the telephone
system was due to a network cables being cut
1
.
COMMENT: Network failure was almost certainly
NOT due to a cut cable. If telephone or network
cables were cut, there would be no requirement to
remove hard drives. Further, cut cables do not
result in the described effects..
During the week starting December 12
th
, a
general improvement in the performance of (
Targeted Company )'s computer network was
observed. IT staff stated they were upgrading the
operating system on Windows workstations. On
Thursday December 15
th
the network login
database crashed. Only personnel already logged
into the server with programs running before the
crash had any network access.
COMMENT: In any computer network the login
database is designed to be one of the most robust
components. It is literally the keys to accessing
the network. It is an extraordinarily unusual event
for a login database to crash on its own.
Strategic Linkage. ( Targeted Company ) is a
sub-contractor working for ( Contracting
Company ). ( Contracting Company ) has a
number of contracts with PRC companies.
( Targeted Company ) has not admitted to having
being attacked or nor having any incursion on
their network. Cyber-incursion / cyber-attack is a
non-topic. Senior staff explained the loss of
telephone service as a cut cable. No explanation
was given for the removal of the hard drives. The (
Targeted Company ) computer network had
been stable and reliable. No explanations were
provided for the changes in network performance.
COMMENT: This does not match previous
information on ( Targeted Company ) processes,
nor their internal messaging..
2
ALTERNATIVE EXPLAINATIONS
( Other ECOA )
There are a number of possible alternatives to a
PRC cyber-attack. They include:
A. Commercial / Industrial attack;
B. Protest group attack;
C. Random / Amateurs attack; and,
D. Other nation / other national interests.
The ( Targeted Company ) is not a logical target
for a commercial attack. There is no significant
intellectual property. Their company orientation is
design and logistics support. The company makes
money from its business processes. It should be
noted that the attack was designed to capture
documentation on ( removed ) being designed
for, and provided to, a third party company
supplying strategic resources to the PRC .
Protest groups advertise their successes. It is one
method they use to raise funds and gather
support. Their claims are distinctive and usually
follow patterns.
ASSESSMENT: The lack of any claim by protest
organizations is therefore a significant indicator
that protest groups did NOT attack the company.
It is ASSESSED as HIGHLY UNLIKELY that
protest groups generated the attack.
Random attack / Amateur attacker. No attack is
entirely random. There is usually focus on money,
personal data, intellectual property or some other
attractive item. At the very least, companies are
attacked because of lax security procedures. In
essence, the organizations are attacked because
the attacker can penetrate their security.
Methodology tends to be sloppy. There also tends
to be some sort of electronic graffiti to enable the
hacker to demonstrate their superiority. Lastly, the
favorite target of random and amateur attacks are
company web sites. The ( company name
removed ) web site was not defaced or visibly
modified.
4. 4
“the objective is to
gain wider access”
1
ASSESSMENT: It is ASSESSED that the lack of
electronic graffiti combined with the focus on a
specific project indicates the attack was
PROBABLY NOT random or conducted by
amateurs
Other Nation / Other National Interests: Nations
and major organizations do not readily invest time
and money in efforts that can embarrass them –
unless they have some sort of vested interest. In
this case, ( Targeted Company ) was designing (
removed ) for projects near ( geographic
location removed ). The United States had
posed no significant objections to the process or
the proposed business. Neither Russia nor
Europe have an interest in these projects. Overall
the project was not far enough along to draw
attention from international interests
1
.
PATTERNS IN CHINESE ( PRC ) Cyber-Attacks
The following pattern has been published by a
variety of Internet Security companies and
validated by SME in both Computer Security
1
and
China
1
. The components involved are:
A. One element of the hack is traceable to the
Third Directorate, People's Liberation Army;
B. There are usually several Chinese companies
involved. These companies operate legitimate
businesses. They will also have strong ties to
some element of People's Republic of China (
PRC ) Strategic Policy; and,
C. The third group participating / conducting the
attack will be identified as “hackers”.
COMMENT: Given the PRC control of the Internet
within China, the number of people required, the
high degree of skill required, the high degree of
technical co-ordination required and the costs of
sustaining these attacks over time, they are not
hackers in the Western sense. This is a funded,
sustained, long-term effort.
2
One documented methodology of PRC cyber-
attacks on commercial / industrial targets is
1
:
A. E-mail from a “legitimate company” arrives at
the target organization. The e-mail is targeted,
meaning it is tailored for one person and appears
entirely legitimate
1
. Within the e-mail is a link to a
piece of “malware” ( attack software ). The
purpose of the malware is to bypass security
measures, opening the target's / victim's computer
to the intruder;
B. Once the intruders have access to the target
organization's computer system, the objective is to
gain wider access to the target's computer
network. One method to do this involves remotely
generating e-mails on a compromised workstation
and sending them to other personnel inside the
target organization. This e-mail will instruct them
to provide passwords or provide greater access to
the target network. The effort to gain broad
network access will continue until the target data
is identified;
C. Additional software will be installed to provide a
hidden access point into the target system. This
provides long term access to the target system,
regardless of the success or failure of the current
operation;
D. Data will be copied off the target system and
sent to a “Command and Control Server”. This
may be a one time event, target a specific project
or incident, or in some cases can be a multi-year
operation designed to provide on-going
intelligence; and,
E. If detected or the effort is ended, logs on the
target network are wiped of any data documenting
the incursion. Command and Control servers are
also “wiped” to deny tracking information.
NOTE: Access points are usually left in place.
This permits the attacker to re-enter the target
system.
5. 5
1
Strategic Context. A key question is: Does the PRC have a reason ( from
their perspective ) to engage in this? To quote LCol Hagestad:
“The prime mover is the Communist Party of China ( CPC ). If they
mandate that a particular state owned enterprise ( SOE ) within China
needs the proprietary information OR if the resource involved is identified
as a strategic requirement, then they have a vested interest in tracking the
resource.”
The LCol's analysis states that the PRC would monitor its supply of
strategic resources. ASSESSMENT: Given China's strategic requirements
in oil, gas, natural gas, and aluminum, there is ample justification, from the
PRC / CPC perspective, to ensure critical supply chains are going into
place. It is ASSESSED that this company's work does constitute a link in
the PRC's strategic requirements and that it is HIGHLY LIKELY that the
PRC would track its progress.
2
ASSESSMENT
General: Given the descriptions of computer and network failures, it is
ASSESSED as HIGHLY PROBABLE that ( Targeted Company ) received
a targeted cyber-attack. Given the removal of the hard-drives of personnel
working on the ( project ), it is ASSESSED that the attack intention was
exploitation and project monitoring.
Attack Methodology:
A. Given the “unusual number of project changes”, both internally
and from the contractor, it is ASSESSED as LIKELY that the
intrusion commenced through e-mail;
B. Given the surge in changes and the decrease in network
performance, it is estimated that the initial incursion lasted
between three and seven days;
C. The removal of the hard drives is seen as an extraordinary
action. This would not occur unless there was direct evidence,
visible on ( Targeted Company ) network equipment, of an
incursion in progress;
D. The crash of the ( Targeted Company ) telephone system is
ASSESSED as attributable to high network load and POSSIBLY
hacking of the file server ( DNS
1
) during the incursion; and,
E. It is ASSESSED as HIGHLY LIKELY that the crash of the
network file server and the login database was part of an effort to
remove all traces of the incursion.
Given the descriptions before, during and after the crash of the telephone
system, it is ASSESSED that the methods used in this attack are used by,
and normally attributed to, hackers based in the People's Republic of
China.
The following assessment is based on the business linkages published in
Open Source Media that identify:
A. Resources identified by the PRC as strategic requirements;
B. State and privately owned companies operating in and on behalf of the
PRC;
C. ( Contracting Company ) operating in the acquisition of, and sale of,
resources to the PRC; and,
3
6. 6
“permits the attacker
to re-enter the target”
1
D. ( Targeted Company ) is designing and
supervising the construction of ( deleted ) to
supply these resources.
It is ASSESSED that from the PRC / CPC
perspective, they have a vested interest in the
planning and processes of ( Targeted Company
). This would include the ( Targeted Company )
designed infrastructure. Monitoring and tracking
the company fits the tactics, techniques and
procedures used by the PRC.
It is ASSESSED as HIGHLY PROBABLE the PRC
will continue to monitor ( Targeted Company ) as
a source of data on the development and delivery
of strategic resources. This includes the ability to
access the company computer network when the
PRC desires access.
It is ASSESSED as HIGHLY PROBABLE that (
Targeted Company ) will:
A. Deny they were attacked;
B. Be uncooperative with any effort to query them
on this incident and/or their computer security;
and,
C. Deny any investigative access to their network.
One documented methodology of PRC cyber-
attacks on commercial / industrial targets is
1
:
A. E-mail from a “legitimate company” arrives at
the target organization. The e-mail is targeted,
meaning it is tailored for one person and appears
entirely legitimate
1
. Within the e-mail is a link to a
piece of “malware” ( attack software ). The
purpose of the malware is to bypass security
measures, opening the target's / victim's computer
to the intruder;
2
B. Once the intruders have access to the target
organization's computer system, the objective is to
gain wider access to the target's computer
network. One method to do this involves remotely
generating e-mails on a compromised workstation
and sending them to other personnel inside the
target organization. This e-mail will instruct them
to provide passwords or provide greater access to
the target network. The effort to gain broad
network access will continue until the target data
is identified;
C. Additional software will be installed to provide a
hidden access point into the target system. This
provides long term access to the target system,
regardless of the success or failure of the current
operation;
D. Data will be copied off the target system and
sent to a “Command and Control Server”. This
may be a one time event, target a specific project
or incident, or in some cases can be a multi-year
operation designed to provide on-going
intelligence; and,
E. If detected or the effort is ended, logs on the
target network are wiped of any data documenting
the incursion. Command and Control servers are
also “wiped” to deny tracking information.
NOTE: Access points are usually left in place.
This permits the attacker to re-enter the target
system.
7. 7
“targeted by a
cyber-attack based from
the PRC”
1
D. ( Targeted Company ) is designing and
supervising the construction of ( deleted ) to
supply these resources.
It is ASSESSED that from the PRC / CPC
perspective, they have a vested interest in the
planning and processes of ( Targeted Company
). This would include the ( Targeted Company )
designed infrastructure. Monitoring and tracking
the company fits the tactics, techniques and
procedures used by the PRC. It is ASSESSED
as HIGHLY PROBABLE the PRC will continue to
monitor ( Targeted Company ) as a source of
data on the development and delivery of strategic
resources. This includes the ability to access the
company computer network when the PRC
desires access.
It is ASSESSED as HIGHLY PROBABLE that (
Targeted Company ) will:
A. Deny they were attacked;
B. Be uncooperative with any effort to query them
on this incident and/or their computer security;
and,
C. Deny any investigative access to their network.
SUMMARY
Given the nature of cyber-warfare there is no
equivalent to a "smoking gun" nor the precision of
"CSI" style forensic analysis. Without access to (
Targeted Company ) files, servers, routers and
network information, it would be highly difficult to
verify the data in this report. What is available is
an overwhelming amount of circumstantial
evidence. Based on this data it is ASSESSED that
( Targeted Company ) was targeted by a cyber-
attack based from the PRC. It is HIGHLY
PROBABLE that the attack was successful and
that the PRC will continue to access company
files in order to track the development and
delivery of strategic resources
2
Keynotes of This Case Study
1 Personnel had no training in Computer
Security and could not provide computer
forensic data.
2 Source has ( Targeted Company )
network access and is ASSESSED as having a
reliability rating of A2. Reason for rating is
source is not IT trained.
3 VOIP: Voice Over Internet Protocol. The
telephone system runs on the company
computer network.
4 ( Targeted Company ) uses an IP based
telephone system. It operated on the same
wiring as the computer network and
requires the network to be functional and
'reasonably healthy' in order to work
correctly.
5 Incident information RATED as A1.
Although a cable may have been cut on the (
company name removed ) property,
6 The project had not yet attracted interest
from North American based protest
organizations who track the subject. It is
HIGHLY UNLIKELY to have attracted interest
from any party that did not have a vested
interest in the project.
7 One of the best documented Chinese
cyber-attacks on Canada is the effort to track
the BHP bid for the Saskatchewan Potash
Corporation. Daniel Tobok of Digital Wyzdom
are credited in Open Source Media for the
detection and analysis.
8. 8
1
David Swan CD.
Senior Vice President and leads the CSCSS Defence Intelligence Group
(C/DIG)
David Swan is a CSCSS Executive Vice President and leads the CSCSS
Defence Intelligence Group (C/DIG) which focuses on transnational /
International threats against nations including infrastructure and strategic
industries. C/DIG includes Intelligence analysis outside conventional computer
security, looking to identify targets and threats before countries (or
organizations) are attacked. David is a contributor to CSCSS articles and blog,
contributing information on: security threats, case studies and security
awareness.
David's working career spans a dynamic technical background and service in
the Canadian Military Reserve. A partner in an early Internet Service Provider,
David started in Customer Service: specializing in e-mail and troubleshooting.
He progressed through network administration, and network engineering to
systems design. Twice employed as a Chief Technical Officer ( CTO ), David
developed RFID technology on Linux platforms, improving performance and
security. As CTO of DBiTS (Database Information Technology Services Inc),
he became familiar with Advanced Persistent Threats ( APT ) and cyber-
espionage from attempts to penetrate the development network and acquire
company Intellectual Property ( IP ). Since 2009 he has operated David Swan
Consulting, providing computer support to businesses in Southern Alberta
and specializing in Computer Security Services.
David joined the Canadian Naval Reserve in High School. He has enjoyed
success as: a Naval Communicator, a Naval Officer and an Army Intelligence
Officer. All three military careers have reflected experience in Command
Support and Operational roles. In 1987 He was part of the implementation of a
computer-based headquarters: as a user, user group leader, and instructor. He
was part of the command operations team during Gulf War I. During 1997-99
He was a project manager responsible for the implementation of an integrated
computer command and control ( C2 ) system and subsequently its first
deployments. In additional to project manager David's roles with the system
included: policy, planning, training, operational deployment, operational
procedures and maintenance. David was employed as a SME on the system
until 2005. In 2003 David was recruited into the Canadian Army Reserve
Intelligence Branch, qualifying as an Intelligence Officer ( Land ) in 2004. He
continued to enjoy an active career supporting both Regular Force and
Reserve units as well as numerous other tasks. He works in a command
support role as the Intelligence Officer for 41 Canadian Brigade Group.
2
A graduate of the Advanced Operations Course ( AOC ) David continues
to contribute to the Army at the Unit, Brigade and Command levels.
David's military career has included work with U.S. ( Coast Guard, Navy
and USMC ), U.K. ( Navy and Army ) and NATO.
David resides in Vulcan, Alberta. Canada
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the issues and challenges regarding National entities and espionage
please contact us
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