Crime and the private sector (1)
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The document discusses several key issues regarding prisons in the UK and Scotland. It notes that prison populations and overcrowding are at record highs, while reoffending rates remain high. It questions why prison numbers have increased while reported crime has decreased. Some of the main purposes of incarceration debated include retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and incapacitation. Alternative approaches like restorative justice are also discussed. Key issues examined include the effectiveness of prisons for young offenders, women, those with substance abuse or mental health problems, and marginalized groups.
Prison minorities kay
Ethnic minorities and religious groups are over-represented in UK prisons relative to their population. Black people are 8 times more likely to be stopped and searched by police and 4 times more likely to be arrested than whites. Muslims make up 12% of the prison population but only 2% of the general UK population. The over-representation of minorities in the prison system could be linked to factors like poverty and discrimination in the legal system. However, the press has exaggerated fears about "Muslim gangs" in prisons; white gangs are also problematic.
Presentation1
The document discusses the aims of the prison system, including to punish, rehabilitate, protect, and deter. It examines whether prisons are achieving these aims, such as the high rates of drug use among prisoners, suggesting rehabilitation may not be fully working. The document also notes reoffending rates are at a high, though most people do not commit crimes, so the deterrent effect is unclear. Protection of the public is debated as overcrowding could undermine prison security.
Personality theories
The document discusses Hans Eysenck's personality theory which identified three key dimensions of personality - extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. Eysenck believed that higher levels of extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism were associated with a greater likelihood of criminal behavior. The document then provides the results of the author's own personality test, finding high extroversion, medium neuroticism, and low psychoticism, and analyzing what these results might mean in terms of criminal propensity based on Eysenck's theory.
Major research methods
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For secondary methods it discusses official statistics which can help form hypotheses and allow comparisons, but may be incomplete, inaccurate, or outdated. It also discusses mass media reports which can similarly help research but rely on other sources and may become outdated.
Jon venables & robert thompson
Thompson and Venables grew up in similar troubled circumstances in Liverpool, England. Both boys had behavioral issues at school and engaged in criminal acts like shoplifting and violence against animals. While their upbringings shared similarities, their family lives differed - Thompson's mother struggled with alcoholism while Venables had a strict mother. The two 10-year-olds were tried and convicted for the 1993 murder of 2-year-old Jamie Bulger in a highly publicized and controversial trial. Both received life sentences but were released in 2001 under new identities. Venables later returned to prison for child pornography offenses.
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Fines and Non Custodial Sentencing
Fines and non-custodial sentencing such as probation, community service, and rehabilitation programs are alternatives to prison time. Fines are a cost-effective punishment that allows offenders to continue living their lives while also generating revenue for the government. Evidence also shows that fines and non-custodial sentencing can reduce reoffending more than short prison sentences. However, fines may not deter wealthy individuals and some offenders may commit more crimes to pay their fines.
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The document summarizes the crimes and background of David Berkowitz, known as the "Son of Sam" serial killer who terrorized New York City in the 1970s. It describes his troubled childhood, military service, the murders he committed using a .44 caliber handgun where he left bizarre letters to police, and his claims that he was part of a cult that helped him and committed other murders. It also provides details on two of his victims, Donna Lauria and Jody Valenti, who were shot by Berkowitz in July 1976.
Biological Theories of Crime
While early biological theories of crime from the 19th century were flawed, they captured public attention and stimulated further research. Later studies examined psychological factors and mental illness with more nuanced approaches. Modern criminology accepts that a range of social and biological factors likely contribute to criminal behavior, rather than any single cause.
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The Children's Hearing System
The document discusses the Children's Hearing system in Scotland which was established to decide how to care for and protect children under 16 who have committed offenses or are in need of protection. The legal reasons a child may be referred to a hearing include being beyond parental control, at risk of harm, a victim of an offense, at risk of serious harm to health or development, misusing drugs/alcohol, committing an offense, or not attending school regularly. Hearings are conducted privately by volunteer panel members to determine outcomes that are in the child's best interests such as requiring supervision, deferring the hearing, or discharging the case.
Ted Bundy
Ted Bundy was an American serial killer active in the 1970s who was convicted of killing numerous young women. He was born in 1946 in Vermont and adopted his stepfather's last name of Bundy. As a student, he was involved in his church and scouting but was shy. After graduating college in 1972, he fell into a depression after a breakup. Bundy committed multiple murders across several states in the 1970s, preying on young women. He was convicted of murder and received two death sentences in 1979. Bundy escaped from prison twice but was recaptured. He was executed in 1989 in Florida at age 42.
Sociological Explainations of Crime: Interactionism
George Herbert Mead and Herbert Blumer were influential American sociologists who developed symbolic interactionism. Symbolic interactionism studies individuals and how they act within society, rejecting broad generalizations and statistical data in favor of qualitative research methods like participant observation. It views human interaction and the meanings associated with social objects as key to understanding society. Interactionists argue that laws and the definitions of crime and deviance are applied differently to certain social groups.
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Sociology examines how social structures and institutions influence human behavior and social problems. It studies human groups and institutions like the family, education, work, and the economy. Sociology seeks to understand human behavior and social issues like crime using sociological explanations rather than assuming behavior is innate or biological. It analyzes familiar institutions with a sociological perspective and compares behaviors across societies and time periods.
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There are three main types of courts in Scotland: the Court of Session, Sheriff Courts, and Tribunals. The Court of Session is the supreme civil court based in Edinburgh and hears appeals from the Sheriff Courts. Sheriff Courts are the local civil courts that deal with most civil cases including debt claims, contracts, family law, and evictions. Tribunals handle matters like employment, education, social security, and taxation across various locations in Scotland.
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Scotland has its own civil and criminal legal systems. The civil system includes the Court of Session, Sheriff Courts, and Tribunals which handle cases related to issues like property, family law, and debts. The criminal system distinguishes between solemn courts which involve juries for serious crimes like murder and rape, and summary courts which involve a single judge for less serious crimes. More serious criminal cases are handled by the High Court of Justiciary.
Pupils note research methods extra nab help
The document discusses and compares various qualitative and quantitative research methods, including their key features, advantages, and disadvantages. Specifically, it covers unstructured interviews, participant observation, non-participant observation, personal documents, telephone interviews, postal questionnaires, and structured interviews. For each method, it provides details on what data they collect (qualitative vs quantitative) and level of researcher involvement required.
Prisons in the UK
The document discusses the aims and objectives of UK prisons as well as perspectives from different political parties. The main objectives of UK prisons according to HM Prison Service are to hold prisoners securely, reduce reoffending, and provide safe establishments where prisoners are treated humanely. However, prisons are overcrowded and unable to focus on rehabilitation as intended, as evidenced by high reoffending rates. Alternative approaches are proposed that focus more on rehabilitation and community measures rather than incarceration.
Prisons in the uk
The document discusses several key issues regarding prisons in the UK and Scotland. It notes that prison populations and overcrowding are at record highs, while reoffending rates remain high. It questions why prison numbers have increased while reported crime has decreased. Some of the main purposes of incarceration debated include retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and incapacitation. Alternative approaches like restorative justice are also discussed. Key issues examined include the effectiveness of prisons for young offenders, women, those with substance abuse or mental health problems, and marginalized groups.
Prison minorities kay
Ethnic minorities and religious groups are over-represented in UK prisons relative to their population. Black people are 8 times more likely to be stopped and searched by police and 4 times more likely to be arrested than whites. Muslims make up 12% of the prison population but only 2% of the general UK population. The over-representation of minorities in the prison system could be linked to factors like poverty and discrimination in the legal system. However, the press has exaggerated fears about "Muslim gangs" in prisons; white gangs are also problematic.
Presentation1
The document discusses the aims of the prison system, including to punish, rehabilitate, protect, and deter. It examines whether prisons are achieving these aims, such as the high rates of drug use among prisoners, suggesting rehabilitation may not be fully working. The document also notes reoffending rates are at a high, though most people do not commit crimes, so the deterrent effect is unclear. Protection of the public is debated as overcrowding could undermine prison security.
Personality theories
The document discusses Hans Eysenck's personality theory which identified three key dimensions of personality - extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. Eysenck believed that higher levels of extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism were associated with a greater likelihood of criminal behavior. The document then provides the results of the author's own personality test, finding high extroversion, medium neuroticism, and low psychoticism, and analyzing what these results might mean in terms of criminal propensity based on Eysenck's theory.
Major research methods
The document discusses various primary and secondary research methods that can be used for social research. It provides examples and advantages and disadvantages of two primary and two secondary research methods.
For primary methods it discusses direct observation, where a researcher observes a group without becoming a member. Advantages include noting non-verbal cues and unexpected events, while disadvantages include potential personal bias and reactivity. It also discusses interviews which can provide additional insight but may not be as useful as direct observation.
For secondary methods it discusses official statistics which can help form hypotheses and allow comparisons, but may be incomplete, inaccurate, or outdated. It also discusses mass media reports which can similarly help research but rely on other sources and may become outdated.
Jon venables & robert thompson
Thompson and Venables grew up in similar troubled circumstances in Liverpool, England. Both boys had behavioral issues at school and engaged in criminal acts like shoplifting and violence against animals. While their upbringings shared similarities, their family lives differed - Thompson's mother struggled with alcoholism while Venables had a strict mother. The two 10-year-olds were tried and convicted for the 1993 murder of 2-year-old Jamie Bulger in a highly publicized and controversial trial. Both received life sentences but were released in 2001 under new identities. Venables later returned to prison for child pornography offenses.
Fred & Rosemary West
Fred West had a troubled childhood, experiencing incest and bestiality at a young age. He had several accidents later in life that seemed to change his personality and make him prone to fits of rage. He was convicted of molesting a teenage girl at age 20. Rose West also experienced abuse and trauma as a child. She met Fred West as a teenager and they later married and killed at least 10 women and girls together between 1967 and 1987, burying many of the victims in their home. They were both eventually arrested and convicted for their crimes.
Fines and Non Custodial Sentencing
Fines and non-custodial sentencing such as probation, community service, and rehabilitation programs are alternatives to prison time. Fines are a cost-effective punishment that allows offenders to continue living their lives while also generating revenue for the government. Evidence also shows that fines and non-custodial sentencing can reduce reoffending more than short prison sentences. However, fines may not deter wealthy individuals and some offenders may commit more crimes to pay their fines.
Effects of violent crime (1)
The document discusses the effects of violent crime on victims, society, and the government. It notes that young males aged 16-24 are most likely to be victims, while the elderly are least likely. Victims can experience increased fear, vulnerability, and psychological impacts. Violent crime can disproportionately impact ethnic minorities and LGBTQ individuals. Witnessing violence can lead to higher rates of PTSD and mental health issues in communities. Violent crime surges affect low-crime areas more than high-crime areas. Governments implement programs and policies to curb violent crime and support victims and communities.
David berkowitz ppt
The document summarizes the crimes and background of David Berkowitz, known as the "Son of Sam" serial killer who terrorized New York City in the 1970s. It describes his troubled childhood, military service, the murders he committed using a .44 caliber handgun where he left bizarre letters to police, and his claims that he was part of a cult that helped him and committed other murders. It also provides details on two of his victims, Donna Lauria and Jody Valenti, who were shot by Berkowitz in July 1976.
Biological Theories of Crime
While early biological theories of crime from the 19th century were flawed, they captured public attention and stimulated further research. Later studies examined psychological factors and mental illness with more nuanced approaches. Modern criminology accepts that a range of social and biological factors likely contribute to criminal behavior, rather than any single cause.
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