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CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCT
CAD/AMI
Presented by:
Dr. Harold G. Velaydez
Medico Interno
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF
CAD/AMI
SA/UA, STEMI/NONSTEMI
Shortness of Breath
Dysnea on exertion
Arrythmias
Miocardial Infarct
Heart Failure
Sudden Death
CAD/AMI
Etiology:
Coronary artery atherosclerosis
Coronary artery spasm
Endothelial dysfunction:
“Syndrome X”; INOCA & MINOCA
Vasculitis
Coronary artery dissection
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
RISK FACTORS FOR CAD/AMI
Cholesterol
Diabetes mellitus
Smoking
Obesity
Physical inactivity
High blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP)
Genetic factors play a role
Systemic disorders and metabolic disorders
♂ >45 yr
♀>55yr
DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS FOR CAD/AMI
Symptoms
EKG
Troponins
Stress test
Coronary angiography
TREATMENT OF CAD/AMI
Nitrates, Antiplatelet drugs, lipid-lowering drugs, Beta-Blockers
Percutaneous coronary intervention
Fibrinolytic drugs
Coronary artery bypass grafting
TREATMENT OF CORONARY
ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)
Antiplatelet (PO)
• Aspirin:
• SA: 81mg QD∞
• Clopidogrel (Plavix) P2Y12
antagonist
• SA: 75mg QD
• Ticagrelor (Brilinta)
• SA: 60mg BID
• Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
inhibitors
• Abciximab
• Protease-activated
receptor-1 blocker
• Vorapaxar
Lipid-Lowering (PO)
•Rosuvastatin (Crestor)
•10-40mg QD
•Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
•10-40mg QD
•Simvastatin (Zocor)
•10-40mg QD
“Dose is age dependent:
75yr”
Beta-Blockers (PO)
•Atenolol*
•50-100mg QD-BID∞
•Metoprolol
•50-200mg BID∞
Calcium Channel
•Amlodipine
•5–10 mg QD
•Nifedipine
•30–90 mg QD
ACEI & ARBS
•For lowering BP
•Dose is variable
INITIAL INTERVENTIONS FOR
ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCT:
ABC
Attach cardiac and oxygen saturation monitors
Establish IV access.
Give aspirin 325 mg
Perform focused history and examination
Obtain blood for cardiac biomarkers
Give nitroglycerin
Give BB
Give morphine sulfate
Start statin
DIAGNOSING, MANAGEMENT &
TREATMENT OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL
INFARCT (AMI)
12-lead ECG
• STEMI: ST segment elevations ≥1 mm (0.1 mV) in two anatomically
contiguous leads or new LBBB.
• Non-STEMI or unstable angina: ST segment depressions or deep
T wave inversions without Q waves or possibly no ECG changes.
Troponins
Stress test
Cardiac Catheterization
MONA BASH-C
• Morphine
• O2
• Nitrates
• ASA
• Beta-Blockers
• ACE-Inhibitors
• Statins
• Heparin
• Clopidrogel
TREATMENT OF ACUTE
MYOCARDIAL INFARCT (AMI)
Antiplatelet (PO)
• Aspirin:
• ACS: 160–325mg ASAP→81mg
QD∞
• Clopidogrel (Plavix) P2Y12 antagonist
• ACS: 300–600mg
→75mgQD12M
• >75yr: Loading dose 75mg
• Ticagrelor (Brilinta) P2Y12
• ACS: 180mg→90mg BID 12M
• Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors
• Abciximab
• Protease-activated receptor-1 blocker
• Vorapaxar
Lipid-Lowering (PO)
•Rosuvastatin (Crestor)
•40mg QD
•Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
•80mg QD
•Simvastatin (Zocor)
•80mg QD
Beta-Blockers (PO)
•Metoprolol
•25mg BID
“Monitor HR and BP”
Calcium Channel
•Amlodipine
•5–10 mg QD
•Nifedipine
•30–90 mg QD
ACEI & ARBS
•For lowering BP
•Dose is variable
TREATMENT OF ACUTE
MYOCARDIAL INFARCT (AMI)
o Primary PCI:
 UFH: IV bolus of 50 to 70 units/kg
 Bivalirudin: IV bolus 0.75 mg/kg .
o Fibrinolysis:
 Enoxaparin: <75Y: 30 mg IV bolus → 1 mg/kg SQ Q12H
≥75Y: 0.75 mg/kg SQ Q12H .
 UFH: IV bolus of 60 to 100 units/kg .
o No reperfusion therapy
 Enoxaparin: Same as Fibrinolysis
 UFH: IV bolus of 50 to 70 units/kg
Anticoagulant
Therapy:
*Un-fractioned
Heparin (UFH)
*Bivalirudin
*Enoxaparin
FIBRINOLYTICS
Alteplase (TPA)
• 67kg: Infuse 15mg IV: 1-2min
• → 50mg: 30min → 35mg: next 60min
• ≤67kg: Infuse 15mg IV → 1-2min → 0.75
mg/kg (max 50mg): 30 min → 0.5 mg/kg:
60min (max 35 mg)
Tenecteplase (TNKase)
• Reconstitute 50 mg vial in 10 mL sterile
water (5 mg/mL)
• < 60 kg = 30 mg IV push 5 seconds
• 60-69 kg = 35 mg IV push 5 seconds
• 70-79 kg = 40 mg IV push 5 seconds
• 80-89 kg = 45 mg IV push 5 seconds
• > 90 kg = 50 mg IV push 5 seconds
Angioplasty and Stent CABG
MORTALITY RISK CALCULATORS
Asymptomatic
coronary artery
disease
stable angina unstable angina NSTEMI STEMI
Pain - +: only on
exertion due to
Stable plaque
Worsening and +
at rest
+ at rest + at rest
Relieve - Rest and Nitro Rest or not Nothing Nothing
Troponin I - - None Elevated +/- troponins
take 3-6h;4-8h to
rise
ST elevation - - No elevation
maybe ST
Changes
No elevation
maybe ST
Changes
+ Death from
epicardium to
endocardium
Pathology Stenosis due to
atherosclerotic
plaque. Stenosis
<70%
Stenosis due to
atherosclerotic
plaque >70%
stenosis
Thrombosis with
<100% occlusion
Thrombosis with
<100% occlusion
100% Occlusion.
Thrombosis on
top of stenosis.
MONA BASH-C
PREVENTION OF CORONARY
ARTERY DISEASE
Smoking cessation
Weight loss
Healthful diet
Regular exercise
Modification of serum lipid levels
Reduction of salt intake
Control of hypertension and diabetes
THANK YOU
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Overview of Coronary Artery Disease, By Ranya N. Sweis , MD, MS, Northwestern University Feinberg School of
Medicine; Arif Jivan , MD, PhD, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Last full review/revision
Medicine, Last full review/revision Jul 2020| Content last modified Jul 2020
• Stable Coronary Artery Disease: Treatment Michael M. Braun, DO, and William A. Stevens,
MD Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McCord, Washington Craig H. Barstow,
MD, Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina
• 2015 ACC/AHA/SCAI Focused Update on Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for
Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Glenn N. Levine, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chairy
Eric R. Bates, MD, FACC, FAHA, FSCAI, Vice Chair*y James C. Blankenship, MD, FACC, FAHA,
FSCAI, Vice Chair
• https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/updated_classification_system_captures_many_more_pe
stem_captures_many_more_people_at_risk_for_heart_attack
• https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-coronary-heart-disease-in-women

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Coronary Artery Disease / Acute Myocardial Infarction ppt

  • 1. CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCT CAD/AMI Presented by: Dr. Harold G. Velaydez Medico Interno
  • 2. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF CAD/AMI SA/UA, STEMI/NONSTEMI Shortness of Breath Dysnea on exertion Arrythmias Miocardial Infarct Heart Failure Sudden Death
  • 3. CAD/AMI Etiology: Coronary artery atherosclerosis Coronary artery spasm Endothelial dysfunction: “Syndrome X”; INOCA & MINOCA Vasculitis Coronary artery dissection
  • 5. RISK FACTORS FOR CAD/AMI Cholesterol Diabetes mellitus Smoking Obesity Physical inactivity High blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) Genetic factors play a role Systemic disorders and metabolic disorders ♂ >45 yr ♀>55yr
  • 6. DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS FOR CAD/AMI Symptoms EKG Troponins Stress test Coronary angiography
  • 7. TREATMENT OF CAD/AMI Nitrates, Antiplatelet drugs, lipid-lowering drugs, Beta-Blockers Percutaneous coronary intervention Fibrinolytic drugs Coronary artery bypass grafting
  • 8. TREATMENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD) Antiplatelet (PO) • Aspirin: • SA: 81mg QD∞ • Clopidogrel (Plavix) P2Y12 antagonist • SA: 75mg QD • Ticagrelor (Brilinta) • SA: 60mg BID • Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors • Abciximab • Protease-activated receptor-1 blocker • Vorapaxar Lipid-Lowering (PO) •Rosuvastatin (Crestor) •10-40mg QD •Atorvastatin (Lipitor) •10-40mg QD •Simvastatin (Zocor) •10-40mg QD “Dose is age dependent: 75yr” Beta-Blockers (PO) •Atenolol* •50-100mg QD-BID∞ •Metoprolol •50-200mg BID∞ Calcium Channel •Amlodipine •5–10 mg QD •Nifedipine •30–90 mg QD ACEI & ARBS •For lowering BP •Dose is variable
  • 9. INITIAL INTERVENTIONS FOR ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCT: ABC Attach cardiac and oxygen saturation monitors Establish IV access. Give aspirin 325 mg Perform focused history and examination Obtain blood for cardiac biomarkers Give nitroglycerin Give BB Give morphine sulfate Start statin
  • 10. DIAGNOSING, MANAGEMENT & TREATMENT OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCT (AMI) 12-lead ECG • STEMI: ST segment elevations ≥1 mm (0.1 mV) in two anatomically contiguous leads or new LBBB. • Non-STEMI or unstable angina: ST segment depressions or deep T wave inversions without Q waves or possibly no ECG changes. Troponins Stress test Cardiac Catheterization MONA BASH-C • Morphine • O2 • Nitrates • ASA • Beta-Blockers • ACE-Inhibitors • Statins • Heparin • Clopidrogel
  • 11. TREATMENT OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCT (AMI) Antiplatelet (PO) • Aspirin: • ACS: 160–325mg ASAP→81mg QD∞ • Clopidogrel (Plavix) P2Y12 antagonist • ACS: 300–600mg →75mgQD12M • >75yr: Loading dose 75mg • Ticagrelor (Brilinta) P2Y12 • ACS: 180mg→90mg BID 12M • Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors • Abciximab • Protease-activated receptor-1 blocker • Vorapaxar Lipid-Lowering (PO) •Rosuvastatin (Crestor) •40mg QD •Atorvastatin (Lipitor) •80mg QD •Simvastatin (Zocor) •80mg QD Beta-Blockers (PO) •Metoprolol •25mg BID “Monitor HR and BP” Calcium Channel •Amlodipine •5–10 mg QD •Nifedipine •30–90 mg QD ACEI & ARBS •For lowering BP •Dose is variable
  • 12. TREATMENT OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCT (AMI) o Primary PCI:  UFH: IV bolus of 50 to 70 units/kg  Bivalirudin: IV bolus 0.75 mg/kg . o Fibrinolysis:  Enoxaparin: <75Y: 30 mg IV bolus → 1 mg/kg SQ Q12H ≥75Y: 0.75 mg/kg SQ Q12H .  UFH: IV bolus of 60 to 100 units/kg . o No reperfusion therapy  Enoxaparin: Same as Fibrinolysis  UFH: IV bolus of 50 to 70 units/kg Anticoagulant Therapy: *Un-fractioned Heparin (UFH) *Bivalirudin *Enoxaparin
  • 13.
  • 14. FIBRINOLYTICS Alteplase (TPA) • 67kg: Infuse 15mg IV: 1-2min • → 50mg: 30min → 35mg: next 60min • ≤67kg: Infuse 15mg IV → 1-2min → 0.75 mg/kg (max 50mg): 30 min → 0.5 mg/kg: 60min (max 35 mg) Tenecteplase (TNKase) • Reconstitute 50 mg vial in 10 mL sterile water (5 mg/mL) • < 60 kg = 30 mg IV push 5 seconds • 60-69 kg = 35 mg IV push 5 seconds • 70-79 kg = 40 mg IV push 5 seconds • 80-89 kg = 45 mg IV push 5 seconds • > 90 kg = 50 mg IV push 5 seconds
  • 17. Asymptomatic coronary artery disease stable angina unstable angina NSTEMI STEMI Pain - +: only on exertion due to Stable plaque Worsening and + at rest + at rest + at rest Relieve - Rest and Nitro Rest or not Nothing Nothing Troponin I - - None Elevated +/- troponins take 3-6h;4-8h to rise ST elevation - - No elevation maybe ST Changes No elevation maybe ST Changes + Death from epicardium to endocardium Pathology Stenosis due to atherosclerotic plaque. Stenosis <70% Stenosis due to atherosclerotic plaque >70% stenosis Thrombosis with <100% occlusion Thrombosis with <100% occlusion 100% Occlusion. Thrombosis on top of stenosis. MONA BASH-C
  • 18. PREVENTION OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE Smoking cessation Weight loss Healthful diet Regular exercise Modification of serum lipid levels Reduction of salt intake Control of hypertension and diabetes
  • 20. BIBLIOGRAPHY • Overview of Coronary Artery Disease, By Ranya N. Sweis , MD, MS, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Arif Jivan , MD, PhD, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Last full review/revision Medicine, Last full review/revision Jul 2020| Content last modified Jul 2020 • Stable Coronary Artery Disease: Treatment Michael M. Braun, DO, and William A. Stevens, MD Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McCord, Washington Craig H. Barstow, MD, Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina • 2015 ACC/AHA/SCAI Focused Update on Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Glenn N. Levine, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chairy Eric R. Bates, MD, FACC, FAHA, FSCAI, Vice Chair*y James C. Blankenship, MD, FACC, FAHA, FSCAI, Vice Chair • https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/updated_classification_system_captures_many_more_pe stem_captures_many_more_people_at_risk_for_heart_attack • https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-coronary-heart-disease-in-women

Editor's Notes

  1. Las manifestaciones van a depender del lugar del bloqueo, del nivel de estreches del calibre de las coronoarias, del tiempo de duracion del bloqueo y de la cantida de dano que ocasiona y esto es lo que les da el apellido. Muerte subita.
  2. La Arteriopatia coronaria y Infarto agudo del Miocardio es causado por las siguientes razones: 1. La atherosclerosis: La cual es causada por depositos de lipido en la capa subintimal del las arterias coronoarias. 2. Spasmos de la coronaria: Por lo general el espasmo esta relacionado a la misma atherosclerosis lo cual contribuye al spasmo. 3. La disfuncion endothelial (Coronary Microvascular dysfunction) causa de angina en ausencia de stenosis: conocido como Cardiac symdrome X: arteria cardiacas normal en la angiography. INOCA (ischemia with no obstructive coronary artery disease-no death ) MINOCA (myocardial infarction with no obstructive coronary artery disease-death) : Post-menopausal, Vasculitis: SLE
  3. La arteriosclerosis se da por 2s mecanismos: 1. Es dano endotelial mediado por toxinas, radicales libres y oxidantes, el LDL se adhiere a esta capa y luego se oxida causando respuesta inflamatoria y reclutamiento de macrófagos, El 2ndo mecanismos es que en altas concentracions el LDL que normalmente se transporta a la capa intima y sale, se termina oxidando y luego los macrófagos llegan a fagocitar y se convierten en foam cells. Hay migración del musculo liso y esto se repite uno y otravez. *** Ocasionalmente la placa ateromatosa se puede romper.  La ruptura de la placa expone el colágeno y otros materiales trombogenicos los cuales activan las plaquetas y la cascada de coagulación resultando en un trombo que tapa la arteria por completo. La ruptura de esta placa es dependiente del contenido de calcio y del proceso inflamatorio interno que hace que la placa se torna inestable la ruptura de la placa. El espasmo de la arteria coronarias este causa por un incremento en el tono vascular y disminución del Lumen. Este evento a repetición puede formar un trombo causando un infarto. Los espasmos pueden ocurrir en presencia de un ateroma al igual que en ausencia de este. El mecanismo no es Claro, pero se cree que es por anormalidades de endotelio y producción de óxido nítrico descontrolado que lleva a un desbalance en los factores de relajación del endotelio en esa área.  Espasmo relacionado con ateroma se cree que hay una disfunción endotelial por el ateroma, lo cual resulta en una hipercontractilidad local. El uso de drogas vasoconstrictora como la cocaína y el estrés emocional pueden causar un espasmo coronario. Disección a nivel de las arterias coronarias es extraña. Este se da por separación no traumática de la íntima coronaria, el cual crea un Lumen falso. La Sangre fluye a través de este lumen expandiendolo, lo cual termina restringiendo el flujo sanguíneo del Lumen real. Disección puede ocurrir en áreas con placa ateromatosa como en áreas sin placas. Es más común en embarazadas, en posparto, en displasia fibromuscular y en enfermedades del tejido conectivo.
  4. Risk factors for coronary artery disease are the same as risk factors for atherosclerosis: High LDL, lipoprotein a, b. Low blood levels of HDL (Niveles alto de apo B con cholesterol/LDL normal es marcador de alto riesgo de IM) Diabetes mellitus (particularly type 2) #1 risk factor Smoking (Toxins and free radicales) Obesity Physical inactivity (Sedentarismo) High CRP in blood indicative de inestabilidad e inflamacion de la placa por ende es predictor de riesgo de de ischemia mas aun que niveles alto de LDL. Genetic: Family Hx Trastornos Systemicos: hypertension, hypothyroidism; Trastornos Meatbolicos: Metabolic syndrome, hyperhomocysteinemia (High levels of homocysteine can damage blood vessels and lead to blood clots)
  5. Hay que hacer un examen fisico dirigido y siempre buscar signos de compromise hemodinamico. Especialmente falla cardiaca derecha. Importate que establescamos la function neurologica de base y ver su evolucion especialmente en pacientes que vallan a recivier terapia fibrinolititca. Obtener biomarkers cardiaco (CK-MB y troponin preferred), electrolytes, hematocrit/hemoglobin, incluso estudios de coagulacion.
  6. El tratamiento Generalmente está dirigido a reducir la carga cardíaca y así disminuir la demanda de oxígeno y mejorar el flujo sanguíneo coronario. También tiene como meta parar y revertir el proceso de arteroesclerotico. Medical therapy including Nitrates, antiplatelet drugs, lipid-lowering drugs (eg, statins), and beta-blockers Percutaneous coronary intervention (AKA angioplasty) For acute thrombosis, sometimes fibrinolytic drugs Coronary artery bypass grafting (left main coronary artery disease, 3 vessesl with >70% stenosis, 2 vesses en DM, simtomatico con tratamiento optimizado.
  7. Tratamiento de Enfermedad coronaria estable incluye cambios de estilo de vida, modificacion de factores de riesgo y medicamentos. Los Nitrates es para simtomatologia: Dolor de pecho. Los medicamentos antiplaquetarios están dirigidas a la prevención del coágulo: Angina Stable 81. ACS 160 ASAP, una vez en hospital 81mg QD de hay en adelante forever. Plavix: 75 mg orally once a day used with aspirin or, in patients who cannot tolerate aspirin. Estatinas para reducir los niveles de ldl y estabilizar la placa ateromatosa al igual que función endotelial. Rosuvastatin (Crestor) (Stronger than Ator) Atorvastatin (Lipitor) (Stronger than Sim) 80mg Simvastatin (Zocor) 10-40mg QD 80mg Patients <75yr old higher the dose Patients>75yr old lower the dose (Due to tolerance) The younger the patient the higher the dose. The older Los betabloqueadores son efectivos en reducir la contractibilidad y así disminuir la demanda de oxígeno. Unico que reduce la mortalidad Pos infarto.  Atenolol 50mg PO Q12H (Longer ½ life; QD) H2O soluble. Metoprolol 50-100mg PO Q12H Both are equally effective at lowering BP. Los calcioantagonistas a veces se combinan con un B-bloqueador pero no se ha demostrado que reduzca la mortalidad y realmente no están indicados. El uso esta indicado en spasmo de las coronarias. Los nitritos también, Ca+ antagonistas, nitroglicerina ayudan en espasmos. BetaBloq teóricamente no están recomendado en el spasmo ya que los receptores Alfa adrenérgicos quedan expuesto empeorando la vasoconstricción por su efecto adrenergico. Pero se usan ya que esto no ha sido demostrado clínicamente. ACE inhibitors and ARBs in black patients, no es tan efectiva y tiene alta incidencia de efectos adversos en afro aamericanos. 66%of patients con angioedema por ACEinh son afro-americanos. Ahora en pacientes diabetic: es preferable el uso de ACE inhibitors or ARBs.
  8. Airway, breathing, and circulation. Monitorizar el ritmo cardiac y la saturacion de oxygen. Arrhythmia rapidly according to ACLS protocols. Maintain O2 saturation >90%. Establish IV access. Give aspirin 325 mg (nonenteric coated) PE: Buscar signos de inestabilidad hemodynamic, baseline neurologico Biomarcador cardiacos: especialmente troponin, electrolytes, hematocrit/hemoglobin, coagulation studies for patients taking anticoagulants Give 3 sublingual nitroglycerin tablets (0.4 mg) one at a time, spaced 5 minutes apart, or one aerosol spray under tongue every 5 minutes for 3 doses . Exept if right ventricular infarction or use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Give beta blocker (eg, metoprolol tartrate 25 mg orally) IF no signs of heart failure and no signs of hemodynamic compromise, bradycardia, Asthma Give morphine 2 to 4 mg IV persistent discomfort Start 80 mg of atorvastatin ASAP. If patient is taking a low- to moderate-intensity statin, switch to atorvastatin 80 mg.
  9. Paciente con dolor de pecho, difficultad respiratoria y sudoracion es AMI hasta que se demuestre lo contrario. Mujeres, ancianos y pacientes diabetes pueden tener presentaciones atipicas. Obtain 12-lead ECG dentro de 10 minutos de llegadal; Negativo pero alta sospecha repeat every 10 to 15 minutes. Inicial y luego Q6H x3 al igual que troponins. EKG nos va a dar 2s cosas infarto o no infarto. 1. STEMI: Es IM si hay elevacion del segment ST en lead anatomicamente Contiguas es direccion no next to each other 2. Non-STEMI or unstable angina: ST segment depressions or deep T wave inversions without Q waves or possibly no ECG changes. Infarto de cara inferior: infarto de ventriculo derecho.
  10. Nitro es para simtomatologia. No dolor no nitro. Careful with RT heart MI: Look at BP (Low), increased JVP, clear lungs. Aspirin: ACS 160 ASAP, una vez en hospital 81mg QD de hay en adelante forever. Clopidrogrel: with aspirin or patients who cannot tolerate aspirin. ACS: Undergoing Fibrinolytics-300mg loading dose ACS: Undergoing PCI: 600 mg loading dose. If >75 years, give loading dose of 75 mg. Ticagrelor: Metabolito por lo cual no require activacion metabolica accion mas rapida. Give oral antiplatelet therapy (in addition to aspirin) to all patients: BetaBloquers if Hemodinamicly stable ACE if pt has heart failure or in cardiogenic shock (Avoid nitrates and diuretics). De echo pt con infarto de ventriculo derecho se recomienda dar liquidos ya que este es pre-load dependent. Encambio en Infarto de ventriculo izquierdo No se recomienda dar liquidos ya que la meta es reducir la precarga y las poscarga para que el corazon tabaje menos. Uso de liquid moderado.
  11. Give anticoagulant therapy to all patients: Un-fraction Heparin. Ruling out all contraindications Bleed, sx etc. 1. For patients treated with primary PCI, Uptodate prefers UFH to bivalirudin. UFH: An initial IV bolus max 5000 U. Bivalirudin: Initial bolus IV followed by IV infusion of 1.75 mg/kg per hr; can be discontinued after PCI. 2. For patients treated with fibrinolysis, we prefer enoxaparin Enoxaparin: (SQ: subcutaneously every 12 hours; Patients ≥75 years: No IV loading dose. UFH: IV bolus to a maximum of 4000 U. 3. For patients not receiving reperfusion therapy, we use enoxaparin or UFH. Enoxaparin: Dose same as for patients treated with fibrinolysis. UFH: IV bolus to a maximum of 5000 U, followed by an IV infusion of 12 units/kg per hour.
  12. “Intracraneal bleed, major trauma or cirujia reciente, stroke en los ultimos 6m, >180/110 o trastornos sanguineos que aumenten el sangrado.” Administration If receive fibrinolytics also give anticoagulants for minimum of 48hr, and preferable the length of the hospitalization Alteplase (TPA): Dosing based on patient weight: En resumidads cuentas: 100mg over 1.5hr Tenecteplase (TNKase)-(powder form) Reconstitute-make fluid again(Dilute) 50 mg vial in 10 mL sterile water (5 mg/mL) If no PCI available: Thrombolysis target time es <30min from onset but can go up to <24h (Mortality benefits extend to 12h). +24h el riego es mayor que al beneficio.
  13. Reperfusion con PCI: Recuerden que ideal es que sea 90min since onset pero es un standard de hospital no ley Angiography is an imaging: Angioplasty also known as balloon angioplasty Angioplasty con Stent *** Aguja semiflexible (Sheath) luego un cable guia y se posiciona justo antes de la salida de las coronarias, y leugo se pasa el cateter. Se ijecta el contraste en coronaria izquierda se re-direcciona a coronaria derecha. En vivo. Aqui vemos la coronaria izquierda descendente anterior Tambien la 1ra diagonal esta disminuida. Este es el stent antes de ser expandido Coronary Artery Bypass Graft: indicado en left main coronary artery disease, en 3 vessesl with >70% stenosis, 2 vesses en DM, simtomatico apezar de tratamiento optimizado. *** Separamos el esternon.Y El Sistema circulatorio es conectado a una maqina: Cardio pulmonary bypass pump (Heart lung machine) y el corazon para. Se puede utilizar la arteria mamaria interna o torácica interna o la vena safena para el injerto. Si se usa la toracica, su origen se deja en su lugar y solo se conecta el final. Tambien se esta utilizando la arteria radial, la arteria gastroepiploica derecha y la epigástrica inferior Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) systems and optical coherence tomography (OCT) intravascular imaging. 1980, 1990 OCT 2000
  14. TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction) score: Usado para determiner la probabilidad de evenetos isquemicos y/o mortalidad en pt con agina inestable o NSTEMI Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE): Da un estimado de la probabilidad de muerte dentro de los proximos 6 meses despues de alta en pts con ACS. Killip class I: es medidos de falla cardiaca. Includes individuals with no clinical signs of heart failure. K-II: rales or crackles. K-III pulmonary edema. K-IV cardiogenic shock  PAMI (Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction) CADILLAC
  15. A-CAD and SA are se manejan como outpatients y son por placa arteromatosa chronica. Durante angiografia se ve que lesion son >70% stenosis: Stent. If less than 70% do not stent. STEMI es una emergencia medica y pragramelo para Cath lab. UA and NSTEMI son causados por thrombosis sumado a la estenosis. Pero hay menos de 100% de occlusion porque hay una thrombosis incomplete o uno que cubre el calibre complete. CP: EKG no es solo positive antes que las troponinas pero los resultados Tambien. “MONA-BASH+C”: Morpina, O2, Nitro, ASA, BB, X, Statinas, Heparina, Clopidrogrel, 12-lead EKG solo es +: Si hay elevacion del segment ST en 2s leads anatomicamente contiguas o un nuevo bloqueo de rama izquierda. Si EKG es negativo pasamos a pensar en : NSTEMI y pedimos Troponins: Si salen elevadas o van aumentando se va para cath Si depues de 24hrs de observcaion el EKG normal y las troponinas no aumentaron (Peak12H) quedas pensando: “Fue este dolor causado por atherosclerosis? Y mandas el stress test: Si este es + se va a cath, Pero ya este es electivo. Es decir este pt se puede irse a su casa y hacerlo con su cardilogo. Lo ideal es que si ya esta en Hosp. hacerlo ahi, pero es elective. Si el stress test es -: “Aparentemente no es CAD “Cath es diagnositco!
  16. Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease Antihypertensive recommendations vary. In the US, for patients who are at low risk (< 10%) of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), antihypertensives are recommended if blood pressure is > 140/90. In patients with coronary artery disease or whose risk of ASCVD is > 10%, antihypertensive treatment is recommended for blood pressure > 130/80 mm Hg (1). Modification of serum lipid levels (particularly with statins) may slow or even partially reverse the progression of CAD. Treatment goals have been modified. Instead of trying to achieve specific target low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels, patients are selected for treatment based on their risk of ASCVD. Lower risk patients with elevated LDL may not require statin treatment. Four higher risk patient groups have been identified in whom the benefit of statin therapy outweighs the risk of adverse events: Patients with clinical ASCVD Patients with LDL cholesterol ≥ 190 mg/dL (≥ 4.9 mmol/L) Patients age 40 to 75 years with diabetes and LDL cholesterol levels of 70 to 189 mg/dL (1.8 to 4.9 mmol/L) Patients age 40 to 75 years with diabetes and LDL cholesterol levels of 70 to 189 mg/dL (1.8 to 4.9 mmol/L) with ASCVD risk > 7.5% Nicotinic acid or a fibrate may be added for patients with an high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level < 40 mg/dL (< 1.03 mmol/L), although several recent trials have failed to demonstrate a lower risk of ischemia or slowed progression of atherosclerosis when drugs are used to raise HDL (2).