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- 1. Engineering OverviewEngineering Overview Understandingthe basics of Engineering Being in the right PLACEPLACE at FEP – Plastics And Consulting Engineering
- 2. IntroductionIntroduction Engineering Focus on Civiland Mechanical and Electrical Disciplines
- 3. AgendaAgenda Engineering Overview Engineering a Practical Example Branches of Engineering Sub-disciplines of Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Eng Top Engineering Schools in North America Engineering Degrees Engineering Designation and Associations Summary Need More Info?
- 4. OverviewOverview Engineering – AppliedScience History of Engineering Engineering Today
- 5. The Engineering ProfessionTheEngineering Profession 2nd Only to Teachers A well respected profession
- 6. Engineering - ExampleEngineering- Example Example – Civil Engineering – uses physics and mathematics to help design buildings, bridges, roads, canals, dams, etc. Application - Bridge Construction – Structural Engineering (Branch of Civil) Engineering Examples: Lake Pontarchain Bridge, Burj Dubai, Athabasca Oil Sands, Big Dig
- 7. Three Branches ofEngineeringThree Branches of Engineering (our focus)(our focus) Civil Mechanical Electrical
- 8. Sub-Disciplines of CivilSub-Disciplinesof Civil EngineeringEngineering Construction Engineering Environmental Engineering Geo-technical Engineering Hydraulic Engineering Structural Engineering Surveying
- 9. Sub-Disciplines of MechanicalSub-Disciplinesof Mechanical EngineeringEngineering Mechanics Structural Analysis Thermodynamics Drafting
- 10. Sub-Disciplines of ElectricalSub-Disciplinesof Electrical EngineeringEngineering Power Engineering Control Engineering
- 11. Top Engineering Schools(US –Top Engineering Schools (US – Part 1)Part 1) MIT – Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Boston, MA) Stanford University (San Jose, CA) University of California-Berkeley (CA) Georgia Institute of Technology (Atlanta, GA) University of IL – Urbana-Champaign (IL)
- 12. Top Engineering Schools(US –Top Engineering Schools (US – Part 2)Part 2) University of Michigan – Ann Arbor (MI) Purdue University (IN) Carnegie-Mellon University (Pittsburgh, PA) University of Southern California (LA - CA) California Institute of Technology (CA)
- 13. Top Engineering Schools(CANTop Engineering Schools (CAN – Part 1)– Part 1) University of Waterloo (Waterloo, ON) McGill University (Montreal, PQ) University of Toronto (Toronto, ON) Simon Fraser University (Burnaby, BC) Carleton University (Ottawa, ON)
- 14. Top Engineering Schools(CANTop Engineering Schools (CAN – Part 2)– Part 2) Queens University (Kingston, ON) University of British Columbia (Vancouver, BC) University of Alberta (Edmonton, AB) University of Victoria (Victoria, BC)
- 15. Engineering DegreesEngineering Degrees BSME – Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering BSCE – Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering MSCE – Masters of Applied Science in Civil Engineering MSME – Masters of Applied Science in Mechanical Engineering Doctorates and Degrees in Specific Fields os Studies
- 16. Engineering AssociationsEngineering Associations ProfessionalEngineer (P. Eng) ASCE (123,000 members) ASME (125,000 members) IEEE (360.000 members)
- 17. SummarySummary General Knowledgeof What Engineering Is Example of where Engineering is used Key Branches of Engineering (Our Focus) Sub Disciplines of Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Top Engineering Degrees Relevant Engineering Degrees Engineering Associations Feedback?
- 18. Where to GetMore InformationWhere to Get More Information Other training sessions www.wikipedia.com Speaking to Clients Speaking to Candidates Read books, do research on Engineering (Disasters, Marvels, etc.) http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/engi neering/engineering.html
Editor's Notes
- #2 Welcome to the training which will be a brief Engineering Overview.
- #3 Understanding Engineering and Engineering Services The purpose of this presentation is to ultimately understand what our client and candidate do in the Engineering Services Industry . The better we understand our clients’ business the more likely we’ll be able to develop a meaningful relationship with them and quickly develop rapport. To do this we need to first understand in a broader sense what Engineering is, then we can derive from that what services our clients provide to their customers. Engineering – consists of a wide array of disciplines (Electrical, Mechanical, Civil, Software, Aerospace/Aeronautic) we will focus on three primary areas. The first is Civil Engineering and the second is Mechanical and the third is Electrical.
- #4 Agenda In this training session we will discuss the following: A brief Overview of Engineering Understanding the Engineering Profession Review an Example, we should all be familiar with of where Engineering is used The specific branches of Engineering we are focusing on (Civil, Mechanical and Electrical) Sub-disciplines of Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Look at some of the top Engineering Schools in North America (why is this important?) Take a look at Engineering Degrees Look at Engineering Designation and Associations Go through a summary Direct you on where you can go to get more information
- #5 Dictionary Definition of Engineering: The Application of Science to the Needs of Humanity. Engineering - is the discipline of acquiring and applying scientific and technical knowledge to the design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and property Engineering has been around for thousands of years and has gone throug 4 distinct phases. Engineering before the Scientific Revolution The forerunners of engineers, practical artists and craftsmen, proceeded mainly by trial and error. Yet tinkering combined with imagination produced many marvelous devices. Many ancient monuments cannot fail to incite admiration. The admiration is embodied in the name “engineer” itself. It originated in the eleventh century from the Latin ingeniator , meaning one with ingenium , the ingenious one. The name, used for builders of ingenious fortifications or makers of ingenious devices, was closely related to the notion of ingenuity, which was captured in the old meaning of “engine” until the word was taken over by steam engines and its like. L eonardo da Vinci bore the official title of Ingegnere Generale. His notebooks reveal that some Renaissance engineers began to ask systematically what works and why . Engineering the Industrial Revolution The first phase of modern engineering emerged in the Scientific Revolution. Galileo’s Two New Sciences, which seeks systematic explanations and adopts a scientific approach to practical problems, is a landmark regarded by many engineer historians as the beginning of structural analysis, the mathematical representation and design of building structures. This phase of engineering lasted through the First Industrial Revolution, when machines, increasingly powered by steam engines, started to replace muscles in most production. While pulling off the revolution, traditional artisans transformed themselves to modern professionals. The French, more rationalistic oriented, spearheaded civil engineering with emphasis on mathematics and developed university engineering education under the sponsorship of their government. The British, more empirically oriented, pioneered mechanical engineering and autonomous professional societies under the laissez-faire attitude of their government. Gradually, p ractical thinking became scientific in addition to intuitive, as engineers developed mathematical analysis and controlled experiments. Technical training shifted from apprenticeship to university education. Information flowed more quickly in organized meetings and journal publications as professional societies emerged. Engineering the second industrial revolution The second industrial revolution, symbolized by the advent of electricity and mass production, was driven by many branches of engineering. Chemical and electrical engineering developed in close collaboration with chemistry and physics and played vital roles in the rise of chemical, electrical, and telecommunication industries. Marine engineers tamed the peril of ocean exploration. Aeronautic engineers turned the ancient dream of flight into a travel convenience for ordinary people. Control engineers accelerated the pace of automation. Industrial engineers designed and managed mass production and distribution systems. College engineering curricula were well established and graduate schools appeared. Workshops turned into to laboratories, tinkering became industrial research, and individual inventions were organized into systematic innovations. Engineering in the information age Research and development boomed in all fields of science and technology after World War II, partly because of the Cold War and the Sputnik effect (The Space Race). The explosion of engineering research, which used to lagged behind natural science, was especially impressive, as can be seen from the relative expansion of graduate education. Engineering was also stimulated by new technologies, notably aerospace, microelectronics, computers, novel means of telecommunications from the Internet to cell phones. Turbojet and rocket engines propelled aeronautic engineering into unprecedented height and spawned astronautic engineering. Utilization of atomic and nuclear power brought nuclear engineering. Advanced materials with performance hitherto undreamed of poured out from the laboratories of materials science and engineering . Above all, microelectronics, telecommunications, and computer engineering joined force to precipitate the information revolution in which intellectual chores are increasingly alleviated by machines. To lead the progress of these sophisticated technologies, engineers have remade themselves by reforming educational programs and expanding research efforts. Intensive engineering research produced not only new technologies but also bodies of powerful systematic knowledge: the engineering sciences and systems theories in information, computer, control, and communications. Engineering developed extensive theories of its own and firmly established itself as a science of creating, explaining, and utilizing manmade systems. This period also saw the maturation of graduate engineering education and the rise of large-scale research and development organized on the national level. So far the physical sciences – physics and chemistry – have contributed most to technology. They will continue to contribute, for instance in the emerging nanotechnology that will take over the torch of the microelectronics revolution . Increasingly, they are joined by biology, which has been transformed by the spectacular success of molecular and genetic biology. Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field, drawing knowledge from biology, biochemistry, physics, information processing and various engineering expertise. The cooperation and convergence of traditional intellectual disciplines in the development of new technology is the trend of the future.
- #6 Engineering is the largest profession in the North America second only to teachers. Engineering is a well respected profession . For example, in Canada it ranks as one of the public's most trusted professions. We trust engineers a lot more than we trust lawyers and even doctors.
- #7 Civil Engineering is an Example of an Engineering Discipline (one of the oldest) which involves the use of physics and mathematics to help design buildings, bridges, roads, canals, dams etc. Structural Engineering is a Branch of Civil Engineering This involves identifying the loads which act upon a structure and the forces and stresses which arise within that structure due to those loads, and then designing the structure to successfully support and resist those loads. The structural engineer must design structures to be safe for their users and to successfully fulfill the function they are designed for (to be serviceable ). Structural engineering depends upon a detailed knowledge of loads , physics and materials to understand and predict how structures support and resist self-weight and imposed loads. To apply the knowledge successfully a structural engineer will need a detailed knowledge of mathematics and of relevant empirical and theoretical design codes . Lake Pontarchain Bridge (US) – world’s longest fixed bridge. 23.87 miles (38.42 km) Burj Dubai ( Arabic : برج دبي "Dubai Tower") is a supertall skyscraper currently under construction in Dubai , United Arab Emirates . When it is completed in late 2008, it is predicted to be the tallest man-made structure in the world . Scheduled for occupancy in September 2009, the building is part of a 2 km² (0.8 sq mi ) development called 'Downtown Dubai' and is located at the "First Interchange" (aka "Defence Roundabout ") along Sheikh Zayed Road at Doha Street. The tower's architect is Adrian Smith [3] who worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) until 2006. [4] SOM is the architecture and engineering firm in charge of the project. [3] The primary builder is Samsung Engineering & Construction , along with Besix and . [5] Third party peer review has been performed by . Projected Height over 800 metres. The total budget for the Burj Dubai project is about $4.1 billion US and for the entire new 'Downtown Dubai', $20 billion US. The Athabasca Oil Sands are a large deposit of oil-rich bitumen located in northern Alberta , Canada . These oil sands consist of a mixture of crude bitumen (a semi-solid form of crude oil), silica sand, clay minerals, and water. The Athabasca deposit is the largest of three oil sands deposits in Alberta, along with the Peace River and Cold Lake deposits. Together, these oil sand deposits cover about 141 000 km² of sparsely populated boreal forest and muskeg (peat bogs ). The Athabasca oil sands are named after the Athabasca River which cuts through the heart of the deposit, and traces of the heavy oil are readily observed on the river banks. Historically , the bitumen was used by the indigenous Cree and Dene Aboriginal peoples to waterproof their canoes. [1] The oil deposits are located within the boundaries of Treaty 8 , and several First Nations of the area are involved with the sands. The oil sands were first seen by Europeans in 1788. The key characteristic of the Athabasca deposit is that it is the only one shallow enough to be suitable for surface mining . About 10% of the Athabasca oil sands are covered by less than 75 metres (246 ft) of overburden . The mineable area as defined by the Alberta government covers 37 contiguous townships (about 3,400 square kilometres (1,300 sq mi) north of the city of Fort McMurray . The overburden consists of 1 to 3 metres of water-logged muskeg on top of 0 to 75 metres of clay and barren sand, while the underlying oil sands are typically 40 to 60 metres thick and sit on top of relatively flat limestone rock. As a result of the easy accessibility, the world's first oil sands mine was started by Great Canadian Oil Sands Limited (a predecessor company of Suncor Energy ) back in 1967. The Syncrude mine (the biggest mine in the world) followed in 1978, and the Albian Sands mine (operated by Shell Canada ) in 2003. All three of these mines are associated with bitumen upgraders that convert the unusable bitumen into synthetic crude oil for shipment to refineries in Canada and the United States, though in Albian's case, the upgrader is not co-located with the mine, but at Scotford, 439 km south. The bitumen, diluted with a solvent is transferred there in a 610 millimetres (24 in) Corridor Pipeline. The Athabasca oil sands are primarily located in and around the city of Fort McMurray which was still, in the late 1950s, primarily a wilderness outpost of a few hundred people whose main economic activities included fur trapping and salt mining. Since the energy crisis of the 1970s, Fort McMurray has been transformed into a boomtown of 80,000 people struggling to provide services and housing for migrant workers, many of them from Eastern Canada, especially Newfoundland . Big Dig is the unofficial name of the Central Artery/Third Harbor Tunnel Project ( CA/T ), a megaproject that rerouted the Central Artery ( Interstate 93 ), the chief controlled-access highway through the heart of Boston, Massachusetts , into a 3.5 mile (5.6km) tunnel under the city. The project also included the construction of the Ted Williams Tunnel (extending Interstate 90 to Logan International Airport ), the Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge over the Charles River , and the Rose Kennedy Greenway in the space vacated by the previous I-93 elevated roadway. Initially, the plan was also to include a rail connection between Boston's two major train terminals. The project concluded on December 31, 2007, when the partnership between contractor Bechtel/Parsons Brinckerhoff and the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority ended. [1]
- #8 Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the physical and natural built environment, including works such as bridges , roads , canals , dams and buildings . When engineering first emerged as a modern profession, "civil" broadly meant civilian, as distinct from military. As engineers with various expertise separately developed their systematic knowledge and professional organizations, the scope of "civil engineering" narrowed to construction, which was the first to develop scientific principles. For instance, the principle of cantilever was first investigated by Galileo. The applicability of the general principle to bridges, tall buildings, and many other constructions exemplifies the scientific nature of engineering. Mechanical Engineering is an engineering discipline that involves the application of principles of physics for analysis, design , manufacturing , and maintenance of mechanical systems . It requires a solid understanding of key concepts including mechanics , kinematics , thermodynamics and energy . Mechanical engineers use these principles and others in the design and analysis of automobiles , aircraft , heating & cooling systems , manufacturing plants, industrial equipment and machinery, medical devices and more. Electrical engineering — sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering — is an engineering field that deals with the study and application of electricity , electronics and electromagnetism . The field first became an identifiable occupation in the late nineteenth century after commercialization of the electric telegraph and electrical power supply. The field now covers a range of sub-studies including power , electronics , control systems , signal processing and telecommunications . Electrical engineering may or may not encompass electronic engineering . Where a distinction is made, usually outside of America, electrical engineering is considered to deal with the problems associated with large-scale electrical systems such as power transmission and motor control , whereas electronic engineering deals with the study of small-scale electronic systems including computers and integrated circuits . [1] Another way of looking at the distinction is that electrical engineers are usually concerned with using electricity to transmit energy, while electronic engineers are concerned with using electricity to transmit information.
- #9 Construction engineering involves planning and execution of the designs from transportation, site development, hydraulic, environmental, structural and geo-technical engineers. As construction firms tend to have higher business risk than other types of civil engineering firms, many construction engineers tend to take on a role that is more business-like in nature: drafting and reviewing contracts , evaluating logistical operations , and closely-monitoring prices of necessary supplies Construction Management refers either to the study and practice of the managerial and technological aspects of the construction industry (including construction, construction science, construction management, and construction technology), or to a business model where one party to a construction contract serves as a construction consultant, providing both design and construction advice. Environmental Engineering deals with the treatment of chemical, biological, and/or thermal waste, the purification of water and air, and the remediation of contaminated sites, due to prior waste disposal or accidental contamination. Among the topics covered by environmental engineering are pollutant transport, water purification , sewage treatment , and hazardous waste management . Environmental engineers can be involved with pollution reduction, green engineering, and industrial ecology . Environmental engineering also deals with the gathering of information on the environmental consequences of proposed actions and the assessment of effects of proposed actions for the purpose of assisting society and policy makers in the decision making process. Geotechnical engineering is an area of civil engineering concerned with the rock and soil that civil engineering systems are supported by. Knowledge from the fields of geology , material science and testing, mechanics , and hydraulics are applied by geotechnical engineers to safely and economically design foundations , retaining walls , and similar structures. Environmental concerns in relation to groundwater and waste disposal have spawned a new area of study called geoenvironmental engineering where biology and chemistry are important. Hydraulic engineering is concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water. This area of civil engineering is intimately related to the design of pipelines , water distribution systems , drainage facilities (including bridges , dams , channels , culverts , levees , storm sewers ), and canals . Hydraulic engineers design these facilities using the concepts of fluid pressure , fluid statics , fluid dynamics , and hydraulics , among others. Water resources engineering is concerned with the collection and management of water (as a natural resource ). As a discipline it therefore combines hydrology , environmental science , meteorology , geology , conservation , and resource management . This area of civil engineering relates to the prediction and management of both the quality and the quantity of water in both underground ( aquifers ) and above ground (lakes, rivers, and streams) resources. Water resource engineers analyze and model very small to very large areas of the earth to predict the amount and content of water as it flows into, through, or out of a facility. Although the actual design of the facility may be left to other engineers. Structural engineering is concerned with the structural design and structural analysis of buildings , bridges, and other structures . This involves identifying the loads which act upon a structure and the forces and stresses which arise within that structure due to those loads, and then designing the structure to successfully support and resist those loads. The structural engineer must design structures to be safe for their users and to successfully fulfil the function they are designed for (to be serviceable ). Design considerations will include strength, stiffness and stability of the structure when subjected to loads which may be static, such as furniture or self-weight, or dynamic, such as wind, crowd or vehicle loads, or transitory, such as temporary construction loads or impact. Other considerations include cost, buildability, safety , aesthetics and sustainability . Surveying is the process by which a surveyor measures certain dimensions that generally occur on the surface of the Earth. Modern surveying equipment, such as electronic distance measurement (EDM), total stations, GPS surveying and laser scanning, allow for accurate measurement of angular deviation, horizontal, vertical and slope distances. This information is crucial to convert the data into a graphical representation of the Earth's surface, in the form of a map. This information is then used by civil engineers, contractors and even realtors to design from, build on, and trade, respectively. Elements of a building or structure must be correctly sized and positioned in relation to each other and to site boundaries and adjacent structures. Civil engineers are trained in the basics of surveying.
- #10 Mechanics is, in the most general sense, the study of forces and their effect upon matter . Typically, engineering mechanics is used to analyze and predict the acceleration and deformation (both elastic and plastic ) of objects under known forces (also called loads) or stresses . Structural analysis is the branch of mechanical engineering (and also civil engineering) devoted to examining why and how objects fail. Structural failures occur in two general modes: static failure, and fatigue failure. Static structural failure occurs when, upon being loaded (having a force applied) the object being analyzed either breaks or is deformed plastically , depending on the criterion for failure. Fatigue failure occurs when an object fails after a number of repeated loading and unloading cycles. Fatigue failure occurs because of imperfections in the object: a microscopic crack on the surface of the object, for instance, will grow slightly with each cycle (propagation) until the crack is large enough to cause failure. Thermodynamics is an applied science used in several branches of engineering, including Mechanical and Chemical Engineering . At its simplest, thermodynamics is the study of energy, its use and transformation through a system . Typically, engineering thermodynamics is concerned with changing energy from one form to another. As an example, automotive engines convert chemical energy ( enthalpy ) from the fuel into heat, and then into mechanical work that eventually turns the wheels. Drafting or technical drawing is the means by which mechanical engineers create instructions for manufacturing parts. A technical drawing can be a computer model or hand-drawn schematic showing all the dimensions necessary to manufacture a part, as well as assembly notes, a list of required materials, and other pertinent information. A U.S. mechanical engineer or skilled worker who creates technical drawings may be referred to as a drafter or draftsman (or, in a more politically correct way, draftsperson). Drafting has historically been a two-dimensional process, but recent Computer-Aided Designing (CAD) programs have begun to allow the designer to create in three dimensions.
- #11 Power engineering deals with the generation , transmission and distribution of electricity as well as the design of a range of related devices. These include transformers , electric generators , electric motors and power electronics . In many regions of the world, governments maintain an electrical network called a power grid that connects a variety of generators together with users of their energy. Users purchase electrical energy from the grid, avoiding the costly exercise of having to generate their own. Power engineers may work on the design and maintenance of the power grid as well as the power systems that connect to it. Such systems are called on-grid power systems and may supply the grid with additional power, draw power from the grid or do both. Power engineers may also work on systems that do not connect to the grid, called off-grid power systems, which in some cases are preferable to on-grid systems. The future includes Satellite controlled power systems, with feedback in real time to prevent power surges and prevent blackouts. C ontrol engineering focuses on the modeling of a diverse range of dynamic systems and the design of controllers that will cause these systems to behave in the desired manner. To implement such controllers electrical engineers may use electrical circuits , digital signal processors , microcontrollers and PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers). Control engineering has a wide range of applications from the flight and propulsion systems of commercial airliners to the cruise control present in many modern automobiles . It also plays an important role in industrial automation . Control engineers often utilize feedback when designing control systems . For example, in an automobile with cruise control the vehicle's speed is continuously monitored and fed back to the system which adjusts the motor's accordingly. Where there is regular feedback, control theory can be used to determine how the system responds to such feedback.
- #12 Since Engineering is such a respected profession and constantly requires updating – the school that an Engineer attends is highly relevant because the best schools will typically be on the leading edge of research, have the most talented instructors and all their students to greater exposure than smaller market schools. Here are some of the top engineering schools in the US and Canada (next four slides). It is important to note that some disciplines may be more respected at one school than another. For example, MIT may be more renowned for Mechanical Engineering whereas Stanford is more well know for Electronics or Software / Computer Engineering. That is something you will get to know in more detail as you speak to clients and candidates.
- #16 Bachelor of (Applied) Science in Mechanical Engineering Bachelor of (Applied) Science in Civil Engineering Master of (Applied) Science in Civil Engineering Master of (Applied) Science in Mechanical Engineering In 2000, American universities awarded about 97,000 baccalaureate and 62,000 doctoral degrees in engineering and computer science. They amounted to about 8 percent of bachelor’s, 9 percent of master’s, and 15 percent of doctor’s degrees in all fields. The practicality of engineering undergraduate education puts a heavier burden on universities, especially when technology is changing fast. Engineering schools are continually revamping their curricula.
- #17 Professional bodies are very important to Engineers because it gives their profession validity insuring that they are adhering to commonly accepted standards. Registration or licensure of Professional Engineers is performed by the individual states. Each registration or license is valid only in the state in which it is granted. Many Professional Engineers maintain licenses in several states for this reason, and comity between states can make it easy to obtain a license in one state based on licensure in another state without going through the full application process. [2] The licensing procedure varies but the general process is: Graduate with a degree from an accredited four-year university program in engineering. Complete a standard Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) written examination, which tests applicants on breadth of understanding of basic engineering principles, and optionally some elements of an engineering specialty. Completion of the first two steps typically qualifies for certification as an Engineer-In-Training (EIT), sometimes also called an Engineer Intern (EI). [4] Accumulate a certain amount of engineering experience under the supervision of a P.E. In most states the requirement is four years, but in others the requirement is lower. Complete a written Principles and Practice in Engineering ('PE') examination, testing the applicant's knowledge and skills in a chosen engineering discipline (mechanical, electrical, civil, for example), as well as engineering ethics . Degree requirements in the United States are evolving. The NCEES model licensure law requires a minimum of a master of science degree in engineering or a bachelor of science degree with additional equivalent graduate level work. [5] . This has received strong support from civil engineers. [6] [7] There is a fairly large range in exam pass rates for these exams (FE and PE), but the pass rate for repeat test takers is significantly lower. Some states issue generic Professional Engineering licenses. Others, known as "discipline states", issue licenses for specific disciplines of engineering, such as Civil Engineering , Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering . In all cases, however, engineers are ethically required to limit their practice to their area of competency, which is usually a small portion of a discipline. While licensing boards do not often enforce this limitation, it can be a factor in negligence lawsuits. Discipline distribution Civil engineers account for a large portion of licensed Professional Engineers. In Texas, for example, about one-third of licenses are for civil engineers, and civil exams make up over half of the exams taken. [9] [10] Many of the remainder are mechanical , electrical , and structural engineers whose practice involves areas that states regulate, such as HVAC , electrical , plumbing , and fire protection systems for buildings or public infrastructure. However, some engineers in other fields obtain licenses for the ability to serve as professional witnesses, or just for prestige, even though they may never sign and seal design documents. The "Engineer" title The title "Engineer" is legally protected in many states, meaning that it is unlawful to use it to offer engineering services to the public unless permission is specifically granted by that state, through a Professional Engineering license, an "Industrial Exemption", or certain other non-engineering titles such as "operating engineer". Employees of state or federal agencies may also call themselves engineers if that term appears in their official job title. A business generally cannot offer engineering services to the public or have a name that implies that it does so unless it employs at least one Professional Engineer. Unlicensed practice Since regulation of the practice of engineering is performed by the individual states in the U.S., areas of engineering involved in interstate commerce are essentially unregulated. These areas include much of Mechanical Engineering, such as Automotive Engineering and Aerospace Engineering , and Chemical Engineering , and may be specifically exempted from regulation under an "Industrial Exemption". An industrial exemption covers engineers who design products such as automobiles that are sold (or have the potential to be sold) outside the state in which they are produced, as well as the equipment used to produce the product. Structures subject to building codes are not covered by an industrial exemption, except small residential buildings often do not require an engineer's seal. In many jurisdictions, the role of architects and structural engineers overlap. Many private companies employ non-degreed workers in technical positions with engineering titles such as "test engineer" or "field engineer". Such position may not require an engineering degree at the discretion of the company. It is important however, to make a distinction between a "graduate engineer" and a "professional (or licensed) engineer". A "graduate engineer" is anyone holding a degree in engineering from an accredited four-year university. The American Society of Civil Engineers ( ASCE ) is a professional body founded in 1852 to represent members of the civil engineering profession worldwide. It is the oldest national engineering society in the United States . ASCE's vision is to have engineers positioned as global leaders who strive toward building a better quality of life. Its world headquarters is in Reston , Virginia . The American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( A.S.M.E ) is a professional body , specifically an engineering society , focused on mechanical engineering . The ASME was founded in 1880 by Alexander Lyman Holley , Henry Rossiter Worthington , John Edison Sweet and Matthias N. Forney in response to numerous steam boiler pressure vessel failures. The organization is known for setting codes and standards for mechanical devices. The ASME conducts one of the world's largest technical publishing operations through its ASME Press, holds numerous technical conferences and hundreds of professional development courses each year, and sponsors numerous outreach and educational programs. The organization's stated vision is to be the premier organization for promoting the art, science and practice of mechanical and multidisciplinary engineering and allied sciences to the diverse communities throughout the world. Its stated mission is to promote and enhance the technical competency and professional well-being of its members, and through quality programs and activities in mechanical engineering, better enable its practitioners to contribute to the well-being of humankind. As of 2006, the ASME has 120,000 members. Core values include: Embrace integrity and ethical conduct Embrace diversity and respect the dignity and culture of all people Nurture and treasure the environment and our natural and man-made resources Facilitate the development, dissemination and application of engineering knowledge Promote the benefits of continuing education and of engineering education Respect and document engineering history while continually embracing change Promote the technical and societal contribution of engineers The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (read i triple e ) is an international non-profit, professional organization for the advancement of technology related to electricity. It has the most members of any technical professional organization in the world, with more than 360,000 members in around 175 countries.