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Génétique des populations de Plasmodium falciparum en Afrique
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- 2. ! " " # $ %& " " # ' " " ( $ ) * + & , ' " # , $ - & ./ 0 " # !" " 1 ' " 1 ' " 2 3# 3 . 0' #"! $ %
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- 19. : 0 0/ 5 ( = ( B / '
- 20. : 0 0/ 5 ( = ( B 9 : - - / = / = / B / B
- 21. : 0 0/ 5 ( = ( B 9 : - - / = / = / B / B
- 22. : 0 0/ 5 ( = ( B 15 ! - - / = / = / B / B
- 23. : 0 0/ 5 ( = ( B + = - - / = / = / B / B
- 24. : 0 0/ 5 ( = ( B + = - - / = / = / B / B
- 25. : 0 0/ 5 ( = ( B + = + B - - / = / = / B / B
- 26. : 0 0/ 5 ( = ( B + = + B - - / = / = / B / B
- 27. : 0 0/ 5 ( = ( B ( ( =$ &F( B$ & ( ( = $ &ำ( B$ &
- 28. , 1 : % / / ; $- B> ># > G &
- 29. 0 1/ 0 / H =@ H B@ HI % 1 0 /6 / < 0 1/ 0 / / %
- 30. 1 $ ( !: G $ # F $ &
- 31. 6 ( ( 0= : J : 2 2 ( =F( B ( =ำ ( B F> F= > K L > > A K >> =A A6> # >=A6>BA / M BA > N = - 5
- 32. ( 0 / ; @& ( & ? & N $ - O > & @ N 3 : $1 6 * 0 > & @& @ ! #@ @ = 9 / 1 A ? /6 6(
- 33. ( 0 / ; @& # ; ( & ? & N $ - O > & @ N 3 : ! $1 6 * 0 > & @& @ ! #@ / , 4 @ : : = 9 / 1 A ? /6 6( F>P> B3 > C# " 3 ; # < 6 / D 3 ; # < 6 /
- 34. 3 ; # < 6 / = / - /
- 35. 3 ; # < 6 / = / - / !
- 36. 3 ; # < 6 / = / - / !
- 37. 3 ; # < 6 / = B / - / !
- 38. 3 ; # < 6 / = B / - / ! K
- 39. 3 ; # < 6 / = B / - / ! K / , F . 0 . 0 4
- 40. # 6K 69 / , 4 + # 'Q%'
- 41. 0 - 2 922- - 2- - 2- - 2- - 2- - - 9 2 - 9 2- 9 - - 22- 22- 22- 22- 222 - 9 2 14 : , K- = A $2--& $ -& $2-& @ '
- 42. ! / A / 5 , K- $--2& ! R = $-222-2& ! $-2& ! R @ R B $ J &
- 43. ' # B6@,
- 44. =& # 5 B& 1 S : A> @A> <>
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- 46. " 1> 0 / 4 / #D 8" 6 1> < = ; #D =;
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- 48. 6 0 0; 1 0 / U T # # ! !
- 49. 1/ 0 / 80% 25% 70% 20% 60% 50% Frequency 15% 40% 10% 30% 20% 5% 10% 0% 0% 118 218 221 223 225 228 231 233 235 237 239 242 245 252 255 259 263 270 283 326 91 94 98 101 110 - S /: : : /: # :
- 50. ,E 1 " 0 / " 0 / / )# " 6 ( / +" / 1/ 0 / <
- 51. !" < F &9 5 7 B ( ' 7 @! # 3# + 3 '
- 52. 5 ! 6 - K : '
- 53. 5 $ ! B> <-W > 2# & Dakar n(37) Niamey n(43) Djibouti n(42) South Danané n(118) C $< =; & - V( : : : $ 5 5&
- 54. =!> ( 0/ @ $ ! B> <-W > 2# & 1.70 1.02 0.34 AXE II -0.34 Sites -1.02 Danané Dakar Djibouti -1.70 Niamey -3.0 -1.5 0.0 1.5 AXE I
- 55. 6 ( ( 0= : J : 2 2 ( =F( B ( =ำ ( B F> F= > K L > > A K >> =A A6> # >=A6>BA / M BA > N = - 5
- 56. : : $ ! B> <-W > 2# & θ=0.189 (0.121-0.265) (0.121- Dakar Niamey Djibouti θ=0.210 (0.152-0.272) (0.152- Sud θ=0.246 (0.166-0.321) (0.166- Danané > K L > > A K >> > 6 A =A # >=A > 6 BA / M BA > N 3 6 ( = - 5 / #G6 0
- 57. : : $ ! B> <-W > 2# & θ=0.189 (0.121-0.265) (0.121- Dakar Niamey Djibouti θ=0.210 (0.152-0.272) (0.152- θ=0.105 (0.081-0.172) (0.081- θ=0.084 (0.074-0.171) (0.074- Sud θ=0.246 (0.166-0.321) (0.166- Danané > K % L > > A K >> > 6 A =A # >=A > 6 BA / 6 ( 0 # H M BA > N = - 5 0 0
- 58. = 6 ( ( 0/ $ ! B> <-W > 2# & θ=0.189 (0.121-0.265) (0.121- Dakar Niamey θ=0.026 Djibouti (0.008-0.048) (0.008- θ=0.210 (0.152-0.272) (0.152- θ=0.105 (0.081-0.172) (0.081- θ=0.084 (0.074-0.171) (0.074- Sud θ=0.246 (0.166-0.321) (0.166- Danané > K K : , 6K L > > A K >> > 6 A =A # >=A > 6 BA / , ! M BA > N = - 5
- 59. 9 / ; / 5 &' @+ # ; D / 1 #G6 @ @& @ , & @+8 @8 # H @ ! @& @ ? /6 6( & B > "
- 60. 5 # 5
- 61. ! 1 , 3 ' θ = 0.193 &' @+ # ; D / 1 #G6 @ @& @ , & @+8 @8 # H @ ! @& @ ? /6 6( & B > " 0 & B > "
- 62.
- 63. F &9 5 F 9 5 7 @! # 3# + 3 '
- 64. K / , 4 / , 4 ! K : K 1 %
- 65. No Linkage disequilibrium Dakar Linkage Disequilibrium No Linkage Djibouti disequilibrium Niamey No Linkage disequilibrium Sud Danané
- 66. Q 9 / , 4 X ' 61 6G 5 61
- 67. 3 ; < 6 / " " " 1 " " ! " #
- 68. Ja Monthly incidence of clinical malaria attacks n 0 50 100 150 200 250 19 97 M ar M ay Ju l Se p Ja No n v 19 9 M 8 ar M ay Ju l Se p $! Ja No n v 1998 19 9 M 9 ar M ( ay 1999 Ju l Se p Ja No n v 20 0 M 0 ar M ay Ju l Se p G Ja No n v 20 0 M 1 + ar M ay Ju l Se p Ja No n v sampling periods of clinical malaria isolates, Djibouti-city, CHA Bouffard 20 0 M 2 ar M 2002 ay > == =; B= B> AO @ 6@ &
- 69. 6 6 6 ; ! #G6 Isolates with only one allele detected by locus $! ( G + B> AO @ 6@ & > == =; B= percentage 1998 1999 2002 80 60 40 20 0 K1 Mad20 RO33 3D7 FC27 msp1 block2 msp2 Q
- 70. % 1 0 6 > 0 &' '' / $! ( G + B> AO @ 6@ & > == =; B= 100% Unbiased expected heterozygocity msp1 block2 msp2 80% 60% 40% 20% # % 1 / 0% 1998 1999 2002 (Sept.-Dec., n=46) (April, n=61) (March-May, n=32)
- 71. B 5 V/ 5 R :
- 72. F &9 5 F 9 5 F 9 / % 15
- 73. / FK J J /6 #% 1 1F K
- 74. 9 F9 F G5 S F- S : , : ำ
- 75. 9 6 $ ! B> A > & 2 වൺ# වV9 ව +R Trans < 1 b/pers/y P rate <5% Trans < 1 b/pers/y Trans < 1 b/pers/y Dakar P rate <5% 30% P rate <5% Niamey Djibouti Trans > 300 b/pers/y P rate >80% south Danané 9 @ =
- 76. 9 6 $ ! B> A > & 2 වൺ# වV9 ව +R Trans < 1 b/pers/y Mean Mult.: 1.41 Trans < 1 b/pers/y Trans < 1 b/pers/y Dakar Mean Mult.: 1.63 Mean Mult.: 1.31 Niamey Djibouti Trans > 300 b/pers/y Mean Mult.: 2.68 south Danané # :
- 77. H=0.73 Dakar H=0.76 Niamey H=0.53 Djibouti H=0.76 South Danané # 3 % 1
- 78. X /: : H=0.73 Dakar H=0.76 Niamey H=0.53 Djibouti H=0.76 South Danané # :
- 79. , VK /: H=0.73 Dakar H=0.76 Niamey H=0.53 Djibouti H=0.76 South Danané # ! 6 / % 1
- 80. # S ' Multiplicity Heterozygosity 3 1 0,9 2,5 0,8 H etero z yg o sity 2 0,7 M u ltip licity 0,6 1,5 0,5 0,4 1 0,3 0,5 0,2 0,1 0 0 Djibouti Dakar Niamey Danané L= J JY L= J JY L = J JY M> J @> JY / A 0 % 1 6 %
- 81. ! / : 6 V 6
- 82. % TIPTENGA THIAGO FATI TEMEYE SALANE N SANINTE NDIAKHAYE KAT MALLA E BOCKI NIOKO II S26 S29-30 S29- PISSY S17 TCHOLLIRE II SAKDJE YOUKOUT Dakar Niamey Djibouti Dienga Danané Danané THIOBO MELEN/ SAMAL BANTATA NIENA NKOLAFENDEK MIATTA / DJOUZE ASSONI TIABEDJI ENDEGUE/ ZOEBEFAM/ LANDE ABDELON NKOLEMBOULA RUNDE/BAITIL YEN/ TENASSO Q. DOGONA MEBAN II Q. SAMAGAN Q. KUINIMA
- 83. Unité de Rechercheen Ministère de HIA Laveran Biologie & Epidémiologie la Santé Djibouti E. Garnotel Parasitaires - IMTSSA M.A. Kamil C. Rogier B. Pradines T. Fusai INSERM U399 Centre Muraz H. Bouchiba Laboratoire de & Institut P. Richet Parasitologie et M.C. Henry IRD Mycologie S.B. Assi Montpellier, F. Renaud P. Parola P. Durand Hôpital National Institut Pasteur Hôpital Principal de Niamey à Paris de Dakar E. Adehossi O. Puijalon B. Wade DGA (Dynapop), Société Pathologie Exotique, SANOFI – Impact Malaria Service de Santé des Armées hervebogreau @ yahoo.fr
- 84. # ! S 9 ($ &F J$ Z & ($ &F J$ Z & S $ & F ($ &: ำ F($ &Z $ ( & F($ & ( & Z( & ( $ $ $ &FB($ &($ &
- 85. # ! S 9 $ &F P $ &FC ($ &F J$ Z & F PJ =B ($ &F J$ Z & F CJ =B S $ & F ($ &: ำ F( $ &Z $ ( & F ( & ( & Z( & ( & F B ( $ $ $ $ $ &($ & F B $ B J @& $ = J @ F CJ I &
- 86. # ! S 9 - - = - B - (= (B ( - - = (= ( ( =5 = - B (B ( ( =5 B ( ( B5 B - ( ( ( =5 ( ( B5 (5( " F=6[
- 87. # ! S 9 - - = - B - (= (B ( - - = (= ( ( =5 = - B (B ( ( =5 B ( ( B5 B - ( ( ( =5 ( ( B5 (5( " F=6[
- 88. # ! S 9 - - = - B - (= (B ( - - = (= $BJ@& - B (B ( ( =5 B $=J@& - ( ( ( =5 ( ( B5 (5( " F=6[ F = .$BJ@ Z $=J@ 0F = & & .AJI F C 0 JI