The document discusses different types of conditionals in English grammar: 1. Real conditionals (Type 0 and 1) use if/when clauses to describe possible present or future situations and their results. 2. Unreal conditionals (Type 2 and 3) use if clauses to describe unlikely present or past situations and the results that would occur. 3. Mixed conditionals combine real and unreal patterns. Conditionals can also be used to express wishes or hopes about possible or impossible situations. The subjunctive is used after "if only" to express regret.

1. Conditionals and the Subjunctive
Based on the Grammar Presentation
on Pages 408-409

2. Present and Future Real Conditionals
Present Real Conditional = Future Real Conditional =
Type 0 Type 1
If Clause Result Clause If Clause Result Clause
If it is hot, I drink iced If rains, we will close
tea. the windows.
If it isn’t hot, I don’t drink If it doesn’t we won’t
iced tea rain, close the
windows.
If you have we can have
finished your dinner.
homework,

3. Present Unreal Conditionals
(Type 2)
Actual Situations Conditionals
If Clause Result Clause
It is rarely hot in Antarctica. If it were hot in
Antarctica,
It is actually hot in Egypt. If it weren’t hot in
Egypt,
that would be very
It rarely rains in the Sahara. If it rained in the strange.
Sahara,
It usually rains the jungle. If it didn’t rain in
the jungle,

4. Past Unreal Conditionals
(Type 3)
Actual Situations Conditionals
If Clause
They stopped, so they were late. If they hadn’t they wouldn’t have
stopped, been late.
They didn’t drive past the old man, so If they had driven Donna would have
Donna didn’t buy the chest of drawers. past the old man, bought the chest of
drawers.
They helped the man, so he sent them a If they hadn’t he wouldn’t have
gift. helped the old sent them a gift.
man,
They didn’t drive past the old man, so he If they had driven he would have
didn’t go into shock. past the old man, gone into shock.

5. Mixed Conditionals
Actual Situations Conditionals
If Clause Result Clause
He didn’t have children, so he is alone. If he had had he wouldn’t be
children, alone.
His memory is not good, so he didn’t buy
If his memory were he would have
his medicine.
good, bought his
medicine.

6. Conditional with Wish
Actual Situations Conditionals
Statement with Wish
She will miss the sale. She wishes (that) she wouldn’t miss the
sale.
They can’t buy the chest of drawers. They wish (that) they could buy the chest
of drawers.
They arrived late They wish (that) they hadn’t arrived late.

7. But use present tense, future tense or
infinitive after hope.
Actual Situations Hope for the future
Statement with Hope
Maybe she will miss the sale. She hopes (that) she doesn’t miss the
sale/She hopes (that) she won’t miss the
sale/She hopes not to miss the sale.
I hope (that) I can buy a new car next
Maybe I can buy a new car next year.
year/I hope (that) I will be able to buy a
new car next year/I hope to buy a new
car next year.
Maybe they will arrive soon. I hope (that) they arrive soon.
I hope (that) they will arrive soon.

8. Notice the difference in meaning
between hope and wish:
Hope for something possible or Wish for something less possible
likely: or likely:
Statement with hope Statement with wish
I hope that they arrive soon. I wish they would arrive soon.
I hope I can buy a new car next year. I wish I could buy a new car next year.
I hope to transfer to a university. I wish that I could transfer to a university.

9. Subjunctive with if only
Actual Situations Conditionals
Statement with Wish
She will miss the sale. If only she wouldn’t miss the sale.
They can’t buy the chest of drawers. If only they could buy the chest of
drawers.
They arrived late If only they hadn’t arrived late.