5. 2
ABSTRACT
The Belt and Road initiative is created in order to promote economic
cooperation between countries, including many countries of Eurasia. Silk Road
Economic Belt is mainly focused on connecting the East with West through the
land connectivity; the Twenty-first Century Maritime Silk Road emphasizes the
protection of the existing maritime transportation routes and the development of
new routes. Since its introduction, the initiative has been a strong concern
around the world and has become one of the most discussed topics. Most
countries and regions have expressed a positive interest and support for the
implementation of the initiative, and cooperation agreements between China
and other countries along the line have been signed.
This paper first summarizes the Belt and Road Initiative, exploring the
essence of The Belt and Road initiative, then begins to analyze the basic
economic indicators of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the current development
situation. For Uzbekistan, The Belt and Road initiative has become an important
factor in Sino-Uzbek relationship.
Afterwards, analysis of the influence of the Silk Road Economic Belt on
Uzbekistan's economy under the framework of SWOT is made. Then, the
impact of the Silk Road Economic Belt on the economic aspects of Uzbekistan
has been assessed mainly to determine the potential benefits, main challenges,
business opportunities and risks. Finally, the paper puts forward feasible policy
suggestions on the implementation of the Silk Road Economic Zone in
Uzbekistan.
Key Words: China Uzbekistan Silk Road Economic Belt One Belt
One Road Initiative
43. 40
参考文献
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Tensions?[C]. Kazakhstan: KazISS, 2015: 9-12.
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53. 50
英文参考文献及翻译
Is China's 'Belt and Road' a Strategy?
When is a strategy not a strategy?
The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk
Road (the Belt and Road) were proposed by Chinese President Xi Jinping
during his visits to Central Asia and Southeast Asia, respectively, in
September and October of 2013. A clear sign of the political significance
of the Belt and Road is that it was included in the Decision of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of China on Some Major Issues
Concerning Comprehensively Deepening the Reform, adopted on
November 12, 2013. The last paragraph of Article 26, Section VII of the
Decision reads:
We will set up development-oriented financial institutions, accelerate
the construction of infrastructure connecting China with neighboring
countries and regions, and work hard to build a Silk Road Economic Belt
and a Maritime Silk Road, so as to form a new pattern of all-round
opening.
Interestingly, few Chinese scholars and pundits initially seemed
interested in Xi’s proposal. One indication of lukewarm domestic reaction
to this new foreign policy initiative is that a search of “the Belt and Road”
in article titles in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure—the
world’s largest digital collection of Chinese language academic
resources—generates merely 169 entries in 2014. The same search,
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however, produces an astonishing 2,735 entries for 2015 (as of December
13). By now the Belt and Road has indisputably become the most
discussed and studied topic among Chinese officials, analysts, and
journalists. It apparently has overshadowed Xi’s other signature
initiatives, such as a “new model of great-power relations” and the Asian
Infrastructure Investment Bank.
Amid this nationwide craze over the Belt and Road, I was invited to
attend a conference on the topic. I had written on the subject before, but
never been to such a conference, so I happily accepted the invitation. A
day of presentations and discussions by some of China’s leading experts
on the Belt and Road proved truly enlightening. Here are some critical
reflections inspired by that conference.
Many Chinese and foreign observers view the Belt and Road as a
grand Chinese strategy to extend its economic and geopolitical influence
in the Eurasian continent and beyond. But Beijing has explicitly refused
to call it a strategy. In “Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road
Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road” (Vision and
Actions for short), a document jointly issued by the National
Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
and the Ministry of Commerce at the Boao Forum on March 28, 2015, the
Belt and Road is described as 倡议, translated into English as “initiative.”
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Then on September 23, the three ministries jointly issued a statement
on standardizing the English translation of the Belt and Road. The
statement specifically emphasizes that initiative should be in the singular
instead of the plural form, and that the words strategy, project, program,
or agenda should not be used.
Why is the Chinese government unwilling to present the Belt and
Road as a strategy? What are the differences between initiative and
strategy?
倡议 simply means a call for action, usually in the name of a public
good. It is a unilateral move that requires willing cooperation from others
who also have stakes in the provision of the public good. One example is
that the city of Beijing has repeatedly called on its residents to use public
transportation so as to reduce air pollution, but few residents have
answered the city government’s call.
Because an initiative relies on voluntary participation (as opposed to
intimidation or inducement), it faces the collective action problem.
Moreover, voluntary participation makes an initiative a loose association
of interested parties who can join or quit at any time. The U.S.-led
“coalition of the willing” is a good example of what an initiative can and
cannot achieve.
By contrast, a strategy is a deliberate plan of actions that aim to
achieve specific goals, and these goals are usually exclusive (such as
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security or free trade), as opposed to public goods, which are inclusive.
Besides, to be successful a strategy often requires close association
among those who share its specific goals, and such close association is
usually institutionalized through explicit rules and procedures (e.g.,
NATO or the U.S. alliances with Japan and South Korea).
The Belt and Road Initiative, according to Vision and Actions, is
“open to all countries, and international and regional organizations for
engagement.” It “advocates peace and cooperation, openness and
inclusiveness, mutual learning and mutual benefit,” as well as “promotes
practical cooperation in all fields, and works to build a community of
shared interests, destiny, and responsibility featuring mutual political trust,
economic integration and cultural inclusiveness.” Thus the Belt and Road
Initiative is nothing less than a Chinese call on the international
community to jointly work toward a “harmonious and inclusive” world. It
is an updated—but much more detailed and operational—version of the
“harmonious world” proposed by the former Chinese President Hu Jintao
in 2005.
Yet as discussed above, such a call on behalf of the international
community is going to be plagued by the collective problem. “A
community of shared interests, destiny, and responsibility” is in the best
interest of every country, but not every country is willing or able to
contribute to that community. In the end the Belt and Road Initiative