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KARL MARX AND FREDERICK ENGELS
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THE MANIFESTO OF
THE COMMUNIST PARTY
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ÆÆÆÆggggzzzzÏÏÏÏZZZZiiii++++cccc»»»»FFFF,,,,ÀÀÀÀ 1882 ////
ÆÆÆÆ````ððððZZZZhhhh++++cccc»»»»FFFF,,,,ÀÀÀÀ 1883 ////
ÆÆÆÆZZZZôôôômmmm,,,,~~~~ZZZZiiii++++cccc»»»»FFFF,,,,ÀÀÀÀ 1888 ////
ÆÆÆÆ7777××××ZZZZiiii++++cccc»»»»FFFF,,,,ÀÀÀÀ 1892 ////
ÆÆÆÆZZZZ¤¤¤¤ßßßß~~~~ZZZZiiii++++cccc»»»»FFFF,,,,ÀÀÀÀ 1893 ////
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Preface to the German Edition of 1872
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Y~ßy~ZK»ôk~ 1874 äŽā'׊zgzVÅZq-ÎZ¸Zò)®)¶ZzgŽZkz‰ÜÆqÑ]~v)®)„ƒ$˶XâÞ " ñê> "
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1872 ŽŽŽŽyyyy 24 »»»»ggggwwwwââââgggg¾¾¾¾XXXXÛÛÛÛiiii++++gggguuuuZZZZxxxxXXXXßßßßyyyy
Preface to the Russian Edition of 1882
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Preface to the German Edition of 1883
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Preface to the English Edition of 1888
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The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844,by Frederick Engels. Translated by Florence K.
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The Civil War in France; Address of the General Council of the International Working - men's Association.
London, True love, 1871, p. 15
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Manifesto of the Communist Party, by Kari Marx and Frederick Engels. Authorized English Translation,
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