Camp Life In The Woods And The Tricks Of TrappingEdward Dobson
This document is the title page and introduction to a book about camping, trapping, and trap making. It provides an overview of the contents of the book, which will include information on building shelters, boats, beds, and traps of various kinds for capturing fur-bearing animals. It aims to be a comprehensive guide for trappers, with detailed instructions and illustrations. The introduction explains that the book was written to fill a need for an American guide on this topic of interest to boys. It also stresses the book will promote trapping as a legitimate sport, not cruelty, and will present many original trap designs by the author.
11 Steps To Survival Canada Emergency Measurses OrganizationEdward Dobson
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Wilderness Survival Techniques And TipsEdward Dobson
The document provides wilderness survival techniques and tips. It lists essential items to include in a basic survival kit such as waterproof matches, a knife, compass, first aid supplies, emergency food and water purification tablets. It also gives advice on finding water, making fire and shelter, and signaling for help. Proper preparation is key to surviving in the wilderness.
The document provides guidance on preparing for emergencies and survival situations. It discusses preparing for potential disasters that could occur within the next five years by considering one's location and ranking threats. It also covers creating an evacuation plan, including determining whether to stay home or evacuate based on the situation, identifying a safe house 100-150 miles away, and caching supplies. The document emphasizes the importance of advance planning, having multiple options, and being able to reach a safe location on one tank of gas.
This document provides guidance for state and local governments to develop continuity of government (COG) capabilities to preserve essential functions during emergencies. It outlines seven elements for COG planning: succession, predelegation of emergency authorities, emergency operating centers, protection of vital records, and protection of personnel and facilities. The document is intended to help assess COG status and identify deficiencies to develop corrective plans. Addressing COG is important for maintaining civil government institutions and performing essential functions during emergencies.
Summaries Of Soviet Civil Defense Research Reports Fema Rr 27Edward Dobson
The document is intentionally blank except for text stating the page was left blank in the original document and providing a URL. It does not contain any meaningful information to summarize in 3 sentences or less.
Revised Petition To The House Of CommonsEdward Dobson
The petition requests that the House of Commons hold a national referendum on the legalization of cannabis. It states that for most recreational users, cannabis does not pose health risks. It asks that cannabis and its derivatives be removed from acts regulating food and drugs. Signatures of support are collected from citizens across Canada.
The document provides a reference list for medical marijuana organized by condition or topic. It includes over 100 citations for studies, news articles, and anecdotes related to the use of marijuana or cannabinoids for conditions such as ADD/ADHD, alcoholism, aging/seniors, allergies, ALS, and others. The references cover a wide range of years from 1969 to 2010.
Camp Life In The Woods And The Tricks Of TrappingEdward Dobson
This document is the title page and introduction to a book about camping, trapping, and trap making. It provides an overview of the contents of the book, which will include information on building shelters, boats, beds, and traps of various kinds for capturing fur-bearing animals. It aims to be a comprehensive guide for trappers, with detailed instructions and illustrations. The introduction explains that the book was written to fill a need for an American guide on this topic of interest to boys. It also stresses the book will promote trapping as a legitimate sport, not cruelty, and will present many original trap designs by the author.
11 Steps To Survival Canada Emergency Measurses OrganizationEdward Dobson
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Wilderness Survival Techniques And TipsEdward Dobson
The document provides wilderness survival techniques and tips. It lists essential items to include in a basic survival kit such as waterproof matches, a knife, compass, first aid supplies, emergency food and water purification tablets. It also gives advice on finding water, making fire and shelter, and signaling for help. Proper preparation is key to surviving in the wilderness.
The document provides guidance on preparing for emergencies and survival situations. It discusses preparing for potential disasters that could occur within the next five years by considering one's location and ranking threats. It also covers creating an evacuation plan, including determining whether to stay home or evacuate based on the situation, identifying a safe house 100-150 miles away, and caching supplies. The document emphasizes the importance of advance planning, having multiple options, and being able to reach a safe location on one tank of gas.
This document provides guidance for state and local governments to develop continuity of government (COG) capabilities to preserve essential functions during emergencies. It outlines seven elements for COG planning: succession, predelegation of emergency authorities, emergency operating centers, protection of vital records, and protection of personnel and facilities. The document is intended to help assess COG status and identify deficiencies to develop corrective plans. Addressing COG is important for maintaining civil government institutions and performing essential functions during emergencies.
Summaries Of Soviet Civil Defense Research Reports Fema Rr 27Edward Dobson
The document is intentionally blank except for text stating the page was left blank in the original document and providing a URL. It does not contain any meaningful information to summarize in 3 sentences or less.
Revised Petition To The House Of CommonsEdward Dobson
The petition requests that the House of Commons hold a national referendum on the legalization of cannabis. It states that for most recreational users, cannabis does not pose health risks. It asks that cannabis and its derivatives be removed from acts regulating food and drugs. Signatures of support are collected from citizens across Canada.
The document provides a reference list for medical marijuana organized by condition or topic. It includes over 100 citations for studies, news articles, and anecdotes related to the use of marijuana or cannabinoids for conditions such as ADD/ADHD, alcoholism, aging/seniors, allergies, ALS, and others. The references cover a wide range of years from 1969 to 2010.
13784156 Drug Decriminalization In Portugal Lessons For Creating Fair A...Edward Dobson
Portugal decriminalized drug possession and usage for personal use in 2001. This removed drug offenses from criminal law and made them administrative violations handled by special commissions, not the criminal justice system. These commissions typically suspend penalties for personal use and encourage treatment. Since decriminalization, drug usage rates have remained stable while related health and social problems have declined significantly. The policy has been widely embraced in Portugal as successful.
Oak Composition And Maturation InfluenceEdward Dobson
The document discusses the composition of oak and its influence on wine and spirit maturation. It provides details on the main constituents of oak - cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, tannins, and lipids. During toasting, hemicellulose breaks down and produces compounds responsible for toasty flavors. Lignin breaks down into phenolic aldehydes and volatile phenols. Tannins enable oxidation during maturation. Oak lactones, highest in American white oak, contribute woody flavors especially in bourbon. Compounds are analyzed to understand the barrel influence on flavor.
The document discusses the history of chocolate, from its origins in Mesoamerica to its popularity in Europe. It details how the Maya and Aztecs cultivated the cocoa bean and used it in drinks. The Spanish conquest brought cocoa and chocolate drinks to Europe, where they became a trend among the elite before becoming more widely consumed as chocolate bars. The document provides background on the origins and spread of chocolate.
This document is the preface to "The Household Cyclopedia". It introduces the purpose and scope of the book, which is to provide practical knowledge and wisdom on domestic and social life through approved recipes and processes. The preface explains that the book aims to succinctly provide information on everything from manufacturing to health, using the best available authorities and sources. It also acknowledges several distinguished contributors who assisted in compiling the content.
This document provides an introduction to distillation, including:
1) Defining distillation and describing how it separates mixtures based on differences in boiling points.
2) Outlining the main components of distillation columns, including trays/plates, reboilers, condensers, and reflux drums.
3) Explaining the basic operation of distillation columns, including how vapors and liquids flow internally and how feeds, products, and reflux streams flow externally.
4) Describing common types of trays/plates used in distillation columns, including bubble cap, valve, and sieve trays, and how they enhance vapor-liquid contacting.
The Modern Survival Retreat A New And Vital Approach To Retreat Theory And ...Edward Dobson
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides a list of how to say "Cheers!" or toast to health in 66 different languages. It includes the phrase in each language's written form and pronunciation. The list was compiled in 1991 by Morten Larsen during research that involved sampling beers and wines from different cultures. Additions and corrections to the list are welcome through the comments form on the website.
The document describes the principles of distillation. It explains that distillation uses vapour pressure to separate mixtures based on their boiling points. A distillation column works more efficiently than a simple pot still by providing a greater surface area for vapor condensation through the use of packing materials like Raschig rings inside the column. This allows for a more complete separation of alcohol from other congeners during repeated distillations.
The document describes the principles of distillation. It explains that distillation uses vapour pressure to separate mixtures based on their boiling points. A distillation column works more efficiently than a simple pot still by providing a greater surface area for vapor condensation through the use of packing materials like Raschig rings inside the column. This allows for a more complete separation of alcohol from other congeners during repeated distillations.
Home Distillation Handbook How To Distill Quality Alcohol At Home Inexpensi...Edward Dobson
The document provides instructions for home distillation, including equipment, ingredients, and processes. It discusses fermentation vessels, lids, syphons, and measuring tools like hydrometers and alcohol meters. For distillation, it recommends a stainless steel still with a column. The column filling provides contact surface area and resistance for distillation. Proper temperature control is emphasized for distillation, and the document provides guidance on purification, flavoring, and legal issues related to home distillation.
1. The document discusses a research project that aimed to connect fruit growers with surplus fruit to wineries interested in making fruit brandy. The goal was to provide an alternative market for excess crops and develop new products for wineries.
2. Researchers educated growers and vintners on distillery operations through demonstrations. One Missouri winery established a distillery and contracted with local growers for surplus fruit.
3. Researchers assessed distillery techniques by visiting operations in other places. They produced fruit brandies from apples and peaches grown at a state experiment station to develop a new value-added product for Missouri.
The document provides a description and calculation process for a correction table for an alcoholometer calibrated at 20°C. It involves:
1) Creating matrices to relate ethanol concentration and density at various temperatures based on polynomial fits of experimental data tables.
2) Using the relationships and a linearization of volume change with temperature to calculate density corrections for different concentrations and temperatures.
3) Converting the corrected densities back to ethanol concentrations to populate the correction table, which lists the actual concentration for a given measured concentration at various temperatures.
This document discusses different types of distillation stills that can be built at home, beginning with pot stills. Pot stills are the simplest type of still but are inefficient and produce impure distillate due to a lack of temperature and separation controls. They work best for separating compounds with a 100 degree Celsius boiling point difference. Repeated distillations are required in a pot still to achieve purity, resulting in significant product loss. More advanced still designs like reflux stills allow for better separation and purity in fewer distillation runs.
The document provides teachings from Church leaders about the importance of emergency preparedness and self-reliance. Some key points include:
- Church leaders have counseled Saints for over 100 years to store up grain and have a year's supply of food and necessities.
- Wheat and water are identified as high priorities. Other basics include honey, sugar, legumes, milk products, and salt.
- Proper storage allows Latter-day Saints to avoid being dependent on others during times of shortage.
- Individuals and families should take responsibility for their own welfare and preparedness.
Small Scale Preparation Of Dairy Products Probiotics Yogurts Cheese Butter Bu...Edward Dobson
This document provides an introduction to small-scale dairy processing using simple techniques. It discusses why processing milk into dairy products can be beneficial when there is a surplus of milk. Some key points:
- Processing milk allows for products with longer shelf lives to be created and sold when fresh milk is not needed or cannot reach markets. This can increase financial gains.
- Many populations cannot consume fresh milk due to lactose intolerance, but dairy products where the lactose is reduced can be digested.
- High temperatures and humidity in tropical climates present challenges for processing and storage, so choosing appropriate products is important. Thorough cleaning and hygiene is also essential to prevent contamination.
- The manual provides
This document discusses the process of cheese making. There are many types of cheese that are broadly categorized as soft, semi-hard, or hard based on their moisture content and texture. Cheese is made by coagulating the proteins in milk, which can be done through adding rennet, lactic acid bacteria, or acids. The specific process varies depending on the type of cheese but generally involves coagulation, separation of curds from whey, shaping, pressing, and aging. Quality control through hygiene, controlling temperatures and times, and using starter cultures properly is important to produce safe, high quality cheese.
Understanding of Self - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
13784156 Drug Decriminalization In Portugal Lessons For Creating Fair A...Edward Dobson
Portugal decriminalized drug possession and usage for personal use in 2001. This removed drug offenses from criminal law and made them administrative violations handled by special commissions, not the criminal justice system. These commissions typically suspend penalties for personal use and encourage treatment. Since decriminalization, drug usage rates have remained stable while related health and social problems have declined significantly. The policy has been widely embraced in Portugal as successful.
Oak Composition And Maturation InfluenceEdward Dobson
The document discusses the composition of oak and its influence on wine and spirit maturation. It provides details on the main constituents of oak - cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, tannins, and lipids. During toasting, hemicellulose breaks down and produces compounds responsible for toasty flavors. Lignin breaks down into phenolic aldehydes and volatile phenols. Tannins enable oxidation during maturation. Oak lactones, highest in American white oak, contribute woody flavors especially in bourbon. Compounds are analyzed to understand the barrel influence on flavor.
The document discusses the history of chocolate, from its origins in Mesoamerica to its popularity in Europe. It details how the Maya and Aztecs cultivated the cocoa bean and used it in drinks. The Spanish conquest brought cocoa and chocolate drinks to Europe, where they became a trend among the elite before becoming more widely consumed as chocolate bars. The document provides background on the origins and spread of chocolate.
This document is the preface to "The Household Cyclopedia". It introduces the purpose and scope of the book, which is to provide practical knowledge and wisdom on domestic and social life through approved recipes and processes. The preface explains that the book aims to succinctly provide information on everything from manufacturing to health, using the best available authorities and sources. It also acknowledges several distinguished contributors who assisted in compiling the content.
This document provides an introduction to distillation, including:
1) Defining distillation and describing how it separates mixtures based on differences in boiling points.
2) Outlining the main components of distillation columns, including trays/plates, reboilers, condensers, and reflux drums.
3) Explaining the basic operation of distillation columns, including how vapors and liquids flow internally and how feeds, products, and reflux streams flow externally.
4) Describing common types of trays/plates used in distillation columns, including bubble cap, valve, and sieve trays, and how they enhance vapor-liquid contacting.
The Modern Survival Retreat A New And Vital Approach To Retreat Theory And ...Edward Dobson
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides a list of how to say "Cheers!" or toast to health in 66 different languages. It includes the phrase in each language's written form and pronunciation. The list was compiled in 1991 by Morten Larsen during research that involved sampling beers and wines from different cultures. Additions and corrections to the list are welcome through the comments form on the website.
The document describes the principles of distillation. It explains that distillation uses vapour pressure to separate mixtures based on their boiling points. A distillation column works more efficiently than a simple pot still by providing a greater surface area for vapor condensation through the use of packing materials like Raschig rings inside the column. This allows for a more complete separation of alcohol from other congeners during repeated distillations.
The document describes the principles of distillation. It explains that distillation uses vapour pressure to separate mixtures based on their boiling points. A distillation column works more efficiently than a simple pot still by providing a greater surface area for vapor condensation through the use of packing materials like Raschig rings inside the column. This allows for a more complete separation of alcohol from other congeners during repeated distillations.
Home Distillation Handbook How To Distill Quality Alcohol At Home Inexpensi...Edward Dobson
The document provides instructions for home distillation, including equipment, ingredients, and processes. It discusses fermentation vessels, lids, syphons, and measuring tools like hydrometers and alcohol meters. For distillation, it recommends a stainless steel still with a column. The column filling provides contact surface area and resistance for distillation. Proper temperature control is emphasized for distillation, and the document provides guidance on purification, flavoring, and legal issues related to home distillation.
1. The document discusses a research project that aimed to connect fruit growers with surplus fruit to wineries interested in making fruit brandy. The goal was to provide an alternative market for excess crops and develop new products for wineries.
2. Researchers educated growers and vintners on distillery operations through demonstrations. One Missouri winery established a distillery and contracted with local growers for surplus fruit.
3. Researchers assessed distillery techniques by visiting operations in other places. They produced fruit brandies from apples and peaches grown at a state experiment station to develop a new value-added product for Missouri.
The document provides a description and calculation process for a correction table for an alcoholometer calibrated at 20°C. It involves:
1) Creating matrices to relate ethanol concentration and density at various temperatures based on polynomial fits of experimental data tables.
2) Using the relationships and a linearization of volume change with temperature to calculate density corrections for different concentrations and temperatures.
3) Converting the corrected densities back to ethanol concentrations to populate the correction table, which lists the actual concentration for a given measured concentration at various temperatures.
This document discusses different types of distillation stills that can be built at home, beginning with pot stills. Pot stills are the simplest type of still but are inefficient and produce impure distillate due to a lack of temperature and separation controls. They work best for separating compounds with a 100 degree Celsius boiling point difference. Repeated distillations are required in a pot still to achieve purity, resulting in significant product loss. More advanced still designs like reflux stills allow for better separation and purity in fewer distillation runs.
The document provides teachings from Church leaders about the importance of emergency preparedness and self-reliance. Some key points include:
- Church leaders have counseled Saints for over 100 years to store up grain and have a year's supply of food and necessities.
- Wheat and water are identified as high priorities. Other basics include honey, sugar, legumes, milk products, and salt.
- Proper storage allows Latter-day Saints to avoid being dependent on others during times of shortage.
- Individuals and families should take responsibility for their own welfare and preparedness.
Small Scale Preparation Of Dairy Products Probiotics Yogurts Cheese Butter Bu...Edward Dobson
This document provides an introduction to small-scale dairy processing using simple techniques. It discusses why processing milk into dairy products can be beneficial when there is a surplus of milk. Some key points:
- Processing milk allows for products with longer shelf lives to be created and sold when fresh milk is not needed or cannot reach markets. This can increase financial gains.
- Many populations cannot consume fresh milk due to lactose intolerance, but dairy products where the lactose is reduced can be digested.
- High temperatures and humidity in tropical climates present challenges for processing and storage, so choosing appropriate products is important. Thorough cleaning and hygiene is also essential to prevent contamination.
- The manual provides
This document discusses the process of cheese making. There are many types of cheese that are broadly categorized as soft, semi-hard, or hard based on their moisture content and texture. Cheese is made by coagulating the proteins in milk, which can be done through adding rennet, lactic acid bacteria, or acids. The specific process varies depending on the type of cheese but generally involves coagulation, separation of curds from whey, shaping, pressing, and aging. Quality control through hygiene, controlling temperatures and times, and using starter cultures properly is important to produce safe, high quality cheese.
Understanding of Self - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Stealth attraction for mens gets her with your wordsichettrisagar95
My article gives a set of techniques used by men to subtly and effectively attract women without overtly displaying their intentions. It involves using non-verbal cues, body language, and subtle psychological tactics to create intrigue and build attraction. The goal is to appear confident, mysterious, and charismatic while maintaining an air of mystery that piques the interest of the person you are trying to attract. This approach emphasizes subtlety and finesse in communication and interaction to create a powerful and lasting impression.
Aggression - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This presentation delves into the core principles of personality development as taught by Tim Han. Understand the importance of self-awareness, goal setting, and maintaining a positive attitude. Gain valuable tips on improving communication skills and developing emotional intelligence. Tim Han’s practical advice and holistic approach will help you embark on a transformative journey towards becoming your best self.
ProSocial Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Covey says most people look for quick fixes. They see a big success and want to know how he did it, believing (and hoping) they can do the same following a quick bullet list.
But real change, the author says, comes not from the outside in, but from the inside out. And the most fundamental way of changing yourself is through a paradigm shift.
That paradigm shift is a new way of looking at the world. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People presents an approach to effectiveness based on character and principles.
The first three habits indeed deal with yourself because it all starts with you. The first three habits move you from dependence from the world to the independence of making your own world.
Habits 4, 5 and 6 are about people and relationships. The will move you from independence to interdependence. Such, cooperating to achieve more than you could have by yourself.
The last habit, habit number 7, focuses on continuous growth and improvement.
Common Sense Guide To Being Prepared Time Magazine
1. A Common Sense Guide to Being Prepared
Time Magazine, 8 October 2001
The shock of the September 11 airplane attacks has made the improbable and the catastrophic suddenly
seem possible. Crop dusters have been grounded for fears of a biological attack. Guards are posted at
many city reservoirs. Trucks are being inspected on their way into New York. But some scenarios are
more likely than others. That's why we've assembled this guide to help you sort out the threats for
yourself and see what precautions people are taking.
The possibility of any of these things happening is extremely remote. Even assembling the needed
biological or chemical agents would require far more organization, money and expertise than was
evident on September 11. But, in the interest of being prepared for the unlikely and also calming down
any unnecessary fears, here's what's being done, and what you can do.
From TIME Magazine, October 8, 2001
By David Bjerklie, Christine Gorman and Alice Park
In the three weeks since the Sept. 11 attacks, Americans have become increasingly concerned that the
next one might be even worse. In the Time/cnn poll taken last week, 53% of those surveyed feared a
chemical or biological attack; 23% a nuclear strike. Among terrorism experts, however, the focus has
shifted from a single large-scale assault - which would be difficult to pull off - to a series of smaller
attacks that could be just as damaging to the U.S. economy and public morale. How serious are these
threats? What form might they take? The best guesses of the experts consulted by Time offer both
reassurance and fresh cause for alarm.
Here's a look at what form a possible future attack could take...
DISEASE
Smallpox
It doesn't take an exotic virus like Ebola to transform the U.S. into a hot zone. A single case of smallpox
could put the entire nation at risk. The smallpox virus is highly contagious and would spread quickly
because Americans are not vaccinated. Routine inoculations were halted in 1972. People vaccinated
before 1972 lost most of their immunity within 10 years.
A terrorist who wanted to launch a smallpox attack, however, would probably have a very hard time
getting hold of the virus. Smallpox was eradicated in 1980. Officially, only two stores of the virus exist,
for research purposes, in secure locations in the U.S. and Russia. There may be covert stashes in Iraq,
North Korea and Russia, but these countries would be reluctant to release them, fearing a smallpox
epidemic among their own unvaccinated people. Even if a terrorist were successful in obtaining the
virus, his plans could backfire: smallpox is so contagious that the first victims are likely to be the
members of his own terrorist cell.
Anthrax
Many bacterial agents can be used as bioweapons, including Clostridium botulinum (botulism) and
Yersinia pestis (plague). But anthrax stands out because its spores are particularly hardy; they are
resistant to sunlight, heat and disinfectant, and can remain active in soil and water for years. Anthrax
occurs naturally in both wild and domestic animals‹including cattle, sheep and camels. Infection from
direct contact with affected animals is fatal in 20% of cases. If inhaled, however, anthrax spores cause
death in almost 90% of the time.
2. Yet manufacturing sufficient quantities of any bacteria in a stable form is a technical and scientific
challenge; plague bugs, for example, degrade within hours when exposed to the sun, and anthrax spores
tend to clump together in humid conditions. The Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo sprayed anthrax and
botulism eight times over parts of Tokyo without effect.
Despite all the attention being given crop dusters, using one to spread germs is not as easy as it sounds.
The planes are designed to spray pesticides in heavy, concentrated streams, whereas bioweapons are
ideally scattered in a fine mist over as large an area as possible. The nozzles in crop dusters are best
suited to discharging relatively large particles - 100 microns in diameter - not tiny one-micron specks of
bacteria.
Sarin
Unlike biological agents, which are living organisms that require proper conditions to survive, chemical
weapons such as the nerve gases sarin and VX are relatively easy to acquire and stockpile. Chemicals
are difficult to manufacture in sufficient quantities for a large-scale attack, however; more likely are
isolated assaults such as the 1995 sarin attack on a Tokyo subway that injured thousands and killed 12.
WATER
By David Bjerklie, Christine Gorman and Alice Park
Reservoirs
Poisoning your enemy's well is an ancient tradition, but would-be terrorists would find it extremely hard
to inflict widespread casualties through our water supply. Chlorine in treated water kills most microbes,
and huge quantities of chemical toxins would have to be dumped into a reservoir to make many people
sick, let alone kill them. (A U.N. study estimated that it would take 10 tons of potassium cyanide.)
Drinking water might be threatened locally, however, if someone managed to tap the pipe going into a
building or neighborhood or infiltrate a water-treatment facility. With this threat in mind, municipal
water authorities have stepped up security.
Dams
If poisoning the water supply doesn't work, terrorists might try to cut it off or disrupt it. On an even
grander scale, they might blow up a dam, causing widespread flooding damage downstream.
Compounding the impact would be the loss of hydroelectric-power generation. With security beefed up
at major dams across the country, however, especially at landmark behemoths such as Hoover and
Grand Coulee dams, it would take a very determined effort to carry out such an attack.
HAZ-MATS
By David Bjerklie, Christine Gorman and Alice Park
Chemical plants
some 850,000 facilities in the U.S. handle hazardous chemicals. Many substances that have benign
industrial uses, such as metal cleaning or photo developing, can in theory be turned into dangerous
weapons. But gaining access to plants, either for sabotage or to get raw materials, is difficult. Employees
handling hazardous materials undergo security background checks, and chemical manufacturers across
the country last week were double-checking their employee rolls. Since Sept. 11, most facilities have
barred outside visitors and allowed only authorized personnel to enter.
Trucking companies
dangerous chemicals are most vulnerable to interception while they are being transported. Today 2.5
3. million Americans have commercial driver's licenses to carry fuels and other hazardous materials.
Truckers must pass two tests: the federally mandated 30-question multiple-choice test (states can add
more questions) to obtain a commercial vehicle license and a separate test on the procedures for safely
handling hazardous substances. After the arrest of about 20 people suspected of fraudulently obtaining
haz-mat licenses, chemical companies tightened their transport policies, assigning two drivers to every
vehicle and using satellite tracking systems to monitor haulers from pickup to drop-off.
FOOD POISONING
By David Bjerklie, Christine Gorman and Alice Park
Salmonella
as oregon's rajneeshee cult demonstrated in 1984, it is not difficult to set off a wave of food poisonings.
Indeed, gastroenteritis caused by natural contamination and careless food handling afflicts millions and
results in 5,000 deaths each year. The Rajneeshees considered a number of different viruses and
bacteria, including those that cause hepatitis and typhus, but decided for their purposes (disrupting the
outcome of a local election) on a strain of salmonella that would be debilitating but not fatal. Salmonella
poisonings tend to be localized. With proper hygiene, the bacterium is not particularly contagious.
E. coli
an even easier bug to obtain is the familiar intestinal parasite E. coli. Naturally occurring outbreaks of E.
coli, typically the result of fecal contamination in everything from hamburgers to swimming pools,
sicken hundreds of thousands of Americans each year. In New York City this spring, a man was arrested
after he was spotted spraying what turned out to be feces-laden water over the contents of a midtown
salad bar (fortunately, no one got sick). A far more virulent strain of the bacterium called O157:H7 is
sometimes fatal, but identifying and isolating the right strain is beyond the technical capabilities of most
terrorists.
Foot-and-mouth disease
a terrorist attack aimed at crops and livestock would be less dramatic but might cause more disruption in
the long run. Such attempts are not unheard of. In World War II, Britain accused Germany of dropping
small, cardboard bombs filled with beetle pests on English potato fields, and in the 1980s Tamil
militants threatened to target Sri Lankan tea and rubber plantations with plant pathogens. Perhaps the
most worrisome threat to U.S. agriculture is foot-and-mouth disease, which can spread with astonishing
speed in sheep, cattle and swine. Not seen in this country since 1929, the disease is harmless to humans
but renders farm animals economically worthless. The U.S. could be forced to destroy much of its own
livestock, as Great Britain had to do earlier this year.
EXPLOSIVES
By David Bjerklie, Christine Gorman and Alice Park
Car, truck and backpack bombs
exotic weapons get a lot of attention, but conventional explosives and suicide bombers in pizza parlors,
discothèques and shopping malls can spread terror with stunning effectiveness. Fertilizer bombs like the
one that destroyed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Okla., in 1995 could wreak
havoc with bridges, tunnels and buildings. Nuclear-power and chemical-manufacturing plants make
even more horrifying targets. The 1984 leak at the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India, may have
killed 3,000. Estimates of the final death toll from the 1986 explosion in the Chernobyl nuclear plant run
as high as 30,000.
4. Nuclear weapons
the ultimate nightmare would be terrorists in the U.S. wielding nuclear weapons. For this reason, the
ability to create - or worse, steal or buy - weapons-grade plutonium has long been an issue of great
concern and international intrigue. Fortunately, the practical difficulties in acquiring precisely the right
materials, not to mention the engineering know-how to jerry-build a nuclear device successfully, makes
this type of threat highly unlikely.
BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
Excerpted from "The Next Threat", Time Magazine, 1 October 2001
Germ warfare has been around since at least the Middle Ages, when armies besieging a city would
catapult corpses infected with the black plague over the walls. Today the bugs authorities most fear are
anthrax (a bacterium) and smallpox (a virus). Both are highly lethal: the former kills nearly 90% of its
victims, the latter some 30%. Anthrax is not communicable; smallpox, on the other hand, can be
transmitted with horrifying ease from one person to another. "The feelings of uncertainty, of who is
infected, of who will get infected, are the main advantages of biowarfare," says Stephen Morse of the
Columbia University School of Public Health.
During the cold war, both the U.S. and the Soviet Union began developing anthrax as a biological
weapon. Today 17 nations are believed to have biological weapons programs, many of which involve
anthrax. Officially, the only sources of smallpox are small quantities in the labs of the Centers for
Disease Control in Atlanta and at Vector in Koltsovo, Russia. But experts believe that Russia, Iraq and
North Korea have all experimented with the virus and that significant secret stashes remain. Even more
worrisome are reports that Russia used genetic engineering to try to make anthrax and smallpox more
lethal and resistant to antibiotics and vaccines. (The U.S. put a similar program on hold.)
Why not just vaccinate every American against every possible germ-warfare agent? That would be
impractical, if not impossible, and the side effects of the inoculations would pose a significant health
risk. Instead, says Michael Osterholm, director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy
at the University of Minnesota, we should strengthen the country's public health system. After Sept. 11,
hospitals in New York City were asked to report any outbreaks of unusual symptoms. Health experts
know that in the event of biological attack, the earlier an epidemic is detected, the easier it is to contain.
Experts in antiterrorism share their concern. At the turn of the past century, says Brian Jenkins of the
Rand Corp., epidemics of diseases like yellow fever and cholera kept health workers on their toes. Now,
after a decade of cutbacks, "our ability to treat large numbers of casualties has been reduced," he says.
"The notion of reinvesting to create a muscular public health system is not a bad idea, even if there is no
terrorism."
General Safeguards
All cropdusters have been temporarily grounded.
The CDC maintains and can expand a national pharmaceutical stockpile with antibiotics, vaccines
and antidotes for many biological attacks.
You can stock up on a few emergency items, including bottled water, storable food, batteries,
flashlight, antibiotics, a portable radio and face mask.