This document summarizes a study of al-Qaeda's violence against Muslim victims from 2004-2008. It finds that the vast majority - around 85% - of al-Qaeda's victims during this period were Muslim, with Iraq suffering the most attacks. It uses exclusively Arabic media sources to avoid claims of bias from Western reports. The methodology section discusses challenges in terrorist incident data collection and the importance of primary Arabic sources for this study.
Air Power, Ethics and Civilian Immunity during the Great War and its Aftermat...Professor Joel Hayward
Little has been published on the ethical and legal basis of air attacks on non-combatants during the First World War. Existing works have focused mainly on the injustice of the German Zeppelin and Gotha raids on British towns. They present British air campaigns on German towns and the formation of the Royal Air Force as a reasoned self-defensive response. This article breaks new ground as it attempts to paint a richer picture by explaining the influence of retributive passions – vengeance – on British thinking about how best to respond to the villainy of German air raids. By using unpublished primary sources to uncover the moral and legal rationale used by British decision-makers, it shows that they (as their German counterparts had) exploited ambiguities or "loopholes" in the ethical and legal prohibitions on the bombardment of non-combatants and explained away their own air attacks on civilian towns and villages as legitimate acts of reprisal. It ends by demonstrating that, far from feeling grave concerns about the inhumanity of targeting civilians and their environs, the most influential air power thinkers after the war were relatively uninterested in moral concepts of proportionality and discrimination. They saw air power's ability to punish the strong and culpable by attacking the weak and vulnerable as a way of making wars shorter and therefore less expensive.
“War is Deceit”: An Analysis of a Contentious Hadith on the Morality of Milit...Professor Joel Hayward
Particularly since that dreadful day in September 2001, when nineteen Muslims hijacked commercial airliners and deliberately crashed them into buildings or the ground in history’s worst terrorist attack, killing almost three thousand people, Islam has become a much-discussed and distrusted religion. Despite the fact that over 1.6 billion Muslims live entirely peacefully alongside or amidst people of other faith and cultural communities, Islam has attracted more ideological opponents than other religions have. In terms of the antipathy towards Islam expressed by these people, only anti-Semites seem as antagonistic towards a world religion.
This monograph is not an attack on Islam’s critics. The author believes that people have the right to like or dislike any or all religions and, regardless of perceived taste, to express their views via peaceful discourse. Islam’s most bitter critics, on the other hand, should not be surprised when their views are challenged. Islam has extraordinarily positive features which its adherents, including this author, believe should be presented as a counterbalance to the claims of its critics.
This monograph is not intended as an all-encompassing critique of Islam-hatred, nor even of its worst aspects. It is merely an attempt to build on the author’s previous work ― which argues that the Qur’an is not inherently martial and has a clear ethical code governing and constraining the use of violence for political purposes ― by analyzing one particular associated claim seemingly endlessly made by Islam’s critics. They assert that, far from being a paragon of virtue, the Islamic prophet Muhammad was deceitful and, indeed, boasted of it in several sayings recalled by followers. “War,” they quote him saying, “is deceit.” They contextualize their criticism of Muhammad’s statement that “war is deceit” by arguing that his unashamed statement proves that he was personally dishonest whenever expedient and that Islam consequently tolerates dishonesty in a way that other religions do not.
This study rejects the view that, in the wars fought by Muhammad, he acted immorally through any acts of wanton personal dishonesty (“deceit”) that constitute severe character imperfections and stain his reputation as a holy man. It argues instead that, in his quest to defeat the forces within Arabia which sought to destroy his fledgling community, Muhammad used ruse and bluff and strategic and tactical deception as a reasonable, necessary and eminently legitimate means of gaining military advantage so as to minimize suffering on both sides. It argues that, if Muhammad is to be condemned for using ruses during warfare, then for consistency and fairness his critics must also consider earlier prophets including Moses, Joshua and David, and all of history’s greatest military leaders, to have been morally corrupt merely because they also esteemed the advantages obtained through ruse.
Revisiting the Past: The Value of Teaching Islamic Military History, by Pr...Professor Joel Hayward
This article will argue that Muslim scholars should not feel the slightest awkwardness or embarrassment about Islam’s past martial successes, and should indeed return to writing on Islamic military history, teaching it and ensuring its survival within the curricula of cadet and staff colleges. Far from damaging Islam’s reputation, an objective and fair-minded reading of Islam’s military history (according to the methodology and principles accepted within the discipline of history) will directly counter the current western misperception that Islam is somehow more aggressive and accepting of disproportionate or indiscriminate violence than the other great religions. It will in fact show that the Islamic laws and ethics of war have minimized violence and constrained misconduct and ensured that warfare was fought according to guiding principles which are very similar to those found within western “just war” teachings. And far from lending credence to Jihadist or Islamist assertions that warfare should be used by any Muslims who want to bring about political or social change, an honest and thorough recounting of Islamic military history will demonstrate clearly that recourse to violence had never been the prerogative of any individuals, however disgruntled they may be. It was always a right and responsibility bestowed only upon legitimate national leaders (caliphs, kings, emirs and presidents). The teaching of Islamic history is also replete with examples of strategic brilliance and leadership excellence that make wonderfully illuminating and inspiring case studies for today’s civil and military leaders. It goes without saying that studying the campaigns and commanders of the past will develop a Muslim’s civilizational self-respect and esprit de corps in the same way that any western reader would have their sense of civilizational or cultural pride enhanced by studying the World Wars or the strategies and lives of great commanders like Washington, Wellington, Nelson, Grant, Lee, Haig, Montgomery, and Patton.
This document provides an overview and analysis of the Quran's teachings on warfare. It notes that while the Quran contains some verses that seem more militant, the overwhelming majority of verses extol tolerance, forgiveness, peace, and compassion. It argues that a fair reading shows the Quran prohibits offensive violence and requires defensive warfare to be conducted ethically and in accordance with principles like proportionality, last resort, and discrimination. The document aims to dispel misperceptions that the Quran advocates violence against non-believers and to show its concepts of warfare are based on justice and sanctity of human life.
Today, the entire world views Islam as an aggressive and terrorist religion. Often, the killing of innocent people, suicidal bombings, and terrorist activities are carried out by people who claim to be Muslims, though in reality, the rebellious actions of these ignorant people have nothing to do with Islam. Rather, the real responsibility for these malicious and rebellious acts lies with the so-called scholars of Islam, who after the age of prophethood and Khilafat, were gravely mistaken in understanding the issue ofJihad, and considered the unjustified killing of human beings by sword a religious duty. These people, because of the distortion of their hearts, wrongly interpreting some of the Mutashabihat (complex and multifaceted) verses of the Holy Qur’an equated Islamic Jihad to rebellion, and associated self-concocted imprudent beliefs to Islam.
Hadhrat Aqdas, Promised Messiah (as) says:
“Islam is such a religion, which does not need the support of sword for its propagation. Rather, the inherent excellences of its teachings, its truth, enlightenment, reasoning, arguments, and the active assistance of God the Exalted, the signs, and His personal attention are such matters that always drive its progress and propagation…The message of Islam does not need any compulsion for its propagation… To mention that the Ghazis (Islamic veterans of wars) of the Frontier Region raise rebellion in the name of Jihad is an absurd thought, and it is nothing but foolishness and ignorance to call these rebellious people by the name of Ghazi. If an ignorant Muslim harbors even the least amount of sympathy for these people considering them performing Jihad, I tell the truth, that the one who calls a rebellious person ghazi, and praises those who bring a bad name to Islam is an enemy of Islam… In England, France and other European countries, Islam is very harshly criticized to have been spread by the use of force… The real truth is that this rebellion has been spread by the Maulvies (Islamic clerics), who are the unwise friends of Islam. They did not understand the reality of Islam, and provided an opportunity to others to raise objections because of their concocted beliefs. The beliefs concocted by them greatly aided the Christians. If they had not deceived others about jihad or
Islamic Principles of War for the Twenty-first Century, by Professor Joel Hay...Professor Joel Hayward
Almost all western and other developed states use Principles of War as guiding ideas for military practitioners (especially those who serve at the operational and tactical levels) on how best to use combat power in order to gain maximum advantage. These Principles of War are virtually ubiquitous in cadet and officer colleges and in doctrine manuals. Islamic law, on the other hand, has nothing comparable, and least nothing from the modern world. It has always seriously and proactively engaged with ideas about how to ensure that war is fought for morally just causes. Yet, since the medieval period, Islam has not updated its thoughts on what principles might best enhance combat effectiveness in order to win battles and wars with the maximum effectiveness, the minimum use of force and the minimum likelihood of harm to the innocent. This study investigates whether one can draw such principles from the Qur’an and the life of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad that might serve as guidelines for Islamic armed forces in the twenty-first century, an era dominated by careless disregard for human life and by what is euphemistically called Collateral Damage. Within the earliest extant Arabic sources, this study identifies nine principles—these being Virtuous Objective, Legitimacy, Unity of Command and Effort, Consultative Decision-Making, Offensive Action, Defensive Security, Morale, Restraint, and Deception—that were integral in the warfighting of the Prophet. The author hopes that the analysis might, if widely read in the right circles, prompt further thought and research within Islamic states and their militaries so that something like an agreed set of Islamic Principles of War could eventually emerge and be of utility.
Justice, Jihad and Duty: The Qur’anic Concept of Armed Conflict, by Professo...Professor Joel Hayward
The Qur’an is among the most widely read books on earth, yet it is also commonly misunderstood and misquoted. Islam’s critics say that it contains exhortations of violence against non-Muslims and a concept of war that is far more unbridled and indiscriminate than the western Just War theory. This study is not a general overview or critique of the Islamic laws of war, which are the varied and sometimes contradictory opinions of medieval Islamic jurists ― mainly from the ninth to thirteenth centuries CE. Instead, this study analyses only the Qur’anic text itself and, by putting its verses into historical context, attempts to explain its codes of conduct in order to determine what it actually requires or permits Muslims to do in terms of the use of military force. It concludes that the Qur’an is clear: Muslims must not undertake offensive violence and are instructed, if defensive warfare should become unavoidable, always to act within a code of ethical behavior that is closely similar to the western Just War tradition. This study attempts to dispel any misperceptions that Islam’s holy book advocates the subjugation or killing of non-Muslims and reveals that, on the contrary, its key and unequivocal concepts governing warfare are based on justice and a profound belief in the sanctity of human life.
Air Power, Ethics and Civilian Immunity during the Great War and its Aftermat...Professor Joel Hayward
Little has been published on the ethical and legal basis of air attacks on non-combatants during the First World War. Existing works have focused mainly on the injustice of the German Zeppelin and Gotha raids on British towns. They present British air campaigns on German towns and the formation of the Royal Air Force as a reasoned self-defensive response. This article breaks new ground as it attempts to paint a richer picture by explaining the influence of retributive passions – vengeance – on British thinking about how best to respond to the villainy of German air raids. By using unpublished primary sources to uncover the moral and legal rationale used by British decision-makers, it shows that they (as their German counterparts had) exploited ambiguities or "loopholes" in the ethical and legal prohibitions on the bombardment of non-combatants and explained away their own air attacks on civilian towns and villages as legitimate acts of reprisal. It ends by demonstrating that, far from feeling grave concerns about the inhumanity of targeting civilians and their environs, the most influential air power thinkers after the war were relatively uninterested in moral concepts of proportionality and discrimination. They saw air power's ability to punish the strong and culpable by attacking the weak and vulnerable as a way of making wars shorter and therefore less expensive.
“War is Deceit”: An Analysis of a Contentious Hadith on the Morality of Milit...Professor Joel Hayward
Particularly since that dreadful day in September 2001, when nineteen Muslims hijacked commercial airliners and deliberately crashed them into buildings or the ground in history’s worst terrorist attack, killing almost three thousand people, Islam has become a much-discussed and distrusted religion. Despite the fact that over 1.6 billion Muslims live entirely peacefully alongside or amidst people of other faith and cultural communities, Islam has attracted more ideological opponents than other religions have. In terms of the antipathy towards Islam expressed by these people, only anti-Semites seem as antagonistic towards a world religion.
This monograph is not an attack on Islam’s critics. The author believes that people have the right to like or dislike any or all religions and, regardless of perceived taste, to express their views via peaceful discourse. Islam’s most bitter critics, on the other hand, should not be surprised when their views are challenged. Islam has extraordinarily positive features which its adherents, including this author, believe should be presented as a counterbalance to the claims of its critics.
This monograph is not intended as an all-encompassing critique of Islam-hatred, nor even of its worst aspects. It is merely an attempt to build on the author’s previous work ― which argues that the Qur’an is not inherently martial and has a clear ethical code governing and constraining the use of violence for political purposes ― by analyzing one particular associated claim seemingly endlessly made by Islam’s critics. They assert that, far from being a paragon of virtue, the Islamic prophet Muhammad was deceitful and, indeed, boasted of it in several sayings recalled by followers. “War,” they quote him saying, “is deceit.” They contextualize their criticism of Muhammad’s statement that “war is deceit” by arguing that his unashamed statement proves that he was personally dishonest whenever expedient and that Islam consequently tolerates dishonesty in a way that other religions do not.
This study rejects the view that, in the wars fought by Muhammad, he acted immorally through any acts of wanton personal dishonesty (“deceit”) that constitute severe character imperfections and stain his reputation as a holy man. It argues instead that, in his quest to defeat the forces within Arabia which sought to destroy his fledgling community, Muhammad used ruse and bluff and strategic and tactical deception as a reasonable, necessary and eminently legitimate means of gaining military advantage so as to minimize suffering on both sides. It argues that, if Muhammad is to be condemned for using ruses during warfare, then for consistency and fairness his critics must also consider earlier prophets including Moses, Joshua and David, and all of history’s greatest military leaders, to have been morally corrupt merely because they also esteemed the advantages obtained through ruse.
Revisiting the Past: The Value of Teaching Islamic Military History, by Pr...Professor Joel Hayward
This article will argue that Muslim scholars should not feel the slightest awkwardness or embarrassment about Islam’s past martial successes, and should indeed return to writing on Islamic military history, teaching it and ensuring its survival within the curricula of cadet and staff colleges. Far from damaging Islam’s reputation, an objective and fair-minded reading of Islam’s military history (according to the methodology and principles accepted within the discipline of history) will directly counter the current western misperception that Islam is somehow more aggressive and accepting of disproportionate or indiscriminate violence than the other great religions. It will in fact show that the Islamic laws and ethics of war have minimized violence and constrained misconduct and ensured that warfare was fought according to guiding principles which are very similar to those found within western “just war” teachings. And far from lending credence to Jihadist or Islamist assertions that warfare should be used by any Muslims who want to bring about political or social change, an honest and thorough recounting of Islamic military history will demonstrate clearly that recourse to violence had never been the prerogative of any individuals, however disgruntled they may be. It was always a right and responsibility bestowed only upon legitimate national leaders (caliphs, kings, emirs and presidents). The teaching of Islamic history is also replete with examples of strategic brilliance and leadership excellence that make wonderfully illuminating and inspiring case studies for today’s civil and military leaders. It goes without saying that studying the campaigns and commanders of the past will develop a Muslim’s civilizational self-respect and esprit de corps in the same way that any western reader would have their sense of civilizational or cultural pride enhanced by studying the World Wars or the strategies and lives of great commanders like Washington, Wellington, Nelson, Grant, Lee, Haig, Montgomery, and Patton.
This document provides an overview and analysis of the Quran's teachings on warfare. It notes that while the Quran contains some verses that seem more militant, the overwhelming majority of verses extol tolerance, forgiveness, peace, and compassion. It argues that a fair reading shows the Quran prohibits offensive violence and requires defensive warfare to be conducted ethically and in accordance with principles like proportionality, last resort, and discrimination. The document aims to dispel misperceptions that the Quran advocates violence against non-believers and to show its concepts of warfare are based on justice and sanctity of human life.
Today, the entire world views Islam as an aggressive and terrorist religion. Often, the killing of innocent people, suicidal bombings, and terrorist activities are carried out by people who claim to be Muslims, though in reality, the rebellious actions of these ignorant people have nothing to do with Islam. Rather, the real responsibility for these malicious and rebellious acts lies with the so-called scholars of Islam, who after the age of prophethood and Khilafat, were gravely mistaken in understanding the issue ofJihad, and considered the unjustified killing of human beings by sword a religious duty. These people, because of the distortion of their hearts, wrongly interpreting some of the Mutashabihat (complex and multifaceted) verses of the Holy Qur’an equated Islamic Jihad to rebellion, and associated self-concocted imprudent beliefs to Islam.
Hadhrat Aqdas, Promised Messiah (as) says:
“Islam is such a religion, which does not need the support of sword for its propagation. Rather, the inherent excellences of its teachings, its truth, enlightenment, reasoning, arguments, and the active assistance of God the Exalted, the signs, and His personal attention are such matters that always drive its progress and propagation…The message of Islam does not need any compulsion for its propagation… To mention that the Ghazis (Islamic veterans of wars) of the Frontier Region raise rebellion in the name of Jihad is an absurd thought, and it is nothing but foolishness and ignorance to call these rebellious people by the name of Ghazi. If an ignorant Muslim harbors even the least amount of sympathy for these people considering them performing Jihad, I tell the truth, that the one who calls a rebellious person ghazi, and praises those who bring a bad name to Islam is an enemy of Islam… In England, France and other European countries, Islam is very harshly criticized to have been spread by the use of force… The real truth is that this rebellion has been spread by the Maulvies (Islamic clerics), who are the unwise friends of Islam. They did not understand the reality of Islam, and provided an opportunity to others to raise objections because of their concocted beliefs. The beliefs concocted by them greatly aided the Christians. If they had not deceived others about jihad or
Islamic Principles of War for the Twenty-first Century, by Professor Joel Hay...Professor Joel Hayward
Almost all western and other developed states use Principles of War as guiding ideas for military practitioners (especially those who serve at the operational and tactical levels) on how best to use combat power in order to gain maximum advantage. These Principles of War are virtually ubiquitous in cadet and officer colleges and in doctrine manuals. Islamic law, on the other hand, has nothing comparable, and least nothing from the modern world. It has always seriously and proactively engaged with ideas about how to ensure that war is fought for morally just causes. Yet, since the medieval period, Islam has not updated its thoughts on what principles might best enhance combat effectiveness in order to win battles and wars with the maximum effectiveness, the minimum use of force and the minimum likelihood of harm to the innocent. This study investigates whether one can draw such principles from the Qur’an and the life of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad that might serve as guidelines for Islamic armed forces in the twenty-first century, an era dominated by careless disregard for human life and by what is euphemistically called Collateral Damage. Within the earliest extant Arabic sources, this study identifies nine principles—these being Virtuous Objective, Legitimacy, Unity of Command and Effort, Consultative Decision-Making, Offensive Action, Defensive Security, Morale, Restraint, and Deception—that were integral in the warfighting of the Prophet. The author hopes that the analysis might, if widely read in the right circles, prompt further thought and research within Islamic states and their militaries so that something like an agreed set of Islamic Principles of War could eventually emerge and be of utility.
Justice, Jihad and Duty: The Qur’anic Concept of Armed Conflict, by Professo...Professor Joel Hayward
The Qur’an is among the most widely read books on earth, yet it is also commonly misunderstood and misquoted. Islam’s critics say that it contains exhortations of violence against non-Muslims and a concept of war that is far more unbridled and indiscriminate than the western Just War theory. This study is not a general overview or critique of the Islamic laws of war, which are the varied and sometimes contradictory opinions of medieval Islamic jurists ― mainly from the ninth to thirteenth centuries CE. Instead, this study analyses only the Qur’anic text itself and, by putting its verses into historical context, attempts to explain its codes of conduct in order to determine what it actually requires or permits Muslims to do in terms of the use of military force. It concludes that the Qur’an is clear: Muslims must not undertake offensive violence and are instructed, if defensive warfare should become unavoidable, always to act within a code of ethical behavior that is closely similar to the western Just War tradition. This study attempts to dispel any misperceptions that Islam’s holy book advocates the subjugation or killing of non-Muslims and reveals that, on the contrary, its key and unequivocal concepts governing warfare are based on justice and a profound belief in the sanctity of human life.
The document discusses the causes and remedies for religious terrorism. It summarizes that some misguided Islamic scholars wrongly interpreted the concept of jihad in Islam to mean using force and violence to spread the religion. This led some ignorant Muslims to carry out terrorist acts. The document outlines how Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (as) refuted this wrong concept of jihad through his teachings and writings, explaining the true peaceful nature of jihad in Islam. He blamed the misguided scholars for sowing confusion and enabling criticism of Islam. The document urges following the true teachings of Islam and the peaceful message of the Promised Messiah (as) to counter religious extremism.
This document discusses several quotes from prominent historical figures praising Prophet Muhammad. It begins by mentioning he was honored by the US Supreme Court in 1935 for being a great lawgiver. It then shares quotes from figures like Lamartine, Gandhi, Michael Hart, George Bernard Shaw, and others praising Muhammad's influence, character, and the rapid spread of Islam not by force but by Muhammad's teachings and example. The document emphasizes Muhammad's integrity, wisdom, kindness, humility, generosity, and leadership based on quotes from historians like Montgomery Watt, Sir William Muir, and Edward Gibbon.
The document discusses the concept of Jihad according to the founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim community, Hadrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. It summarizes his teachings on Jihad in three key points:
1) He taught that according to the Quran and teachings of Muhammad, the use of force is forbidden in matters of faith and Islam should only be propagated through its inherent qualities, not by the sword.
2) He rejected the concept that the Promised Messiah would fight and kill disbelievers, stating this view is opposed to the Quran and invented by impostors.
3) He emphasized that the true concept of Jihad in Islam only permits defensive wars, wars to punish
This document discusses the author's perspective on being a Muslim in today's world. The author believes that while some expressions of Islamic revivalism receive attention, there is a growing movement of "new Muslims" who want a personally meaningful and socially relevant interpretation of Islam, beyond just rituals. The author aims to explore a moderate path between fundamentalism and traditionalism, focusing on social justice, individual liberty, and a relationship with God beyond institutions. By examining Islam through a personal lens, Muslims can make meaningful contributions to creating a world where it is safe to be human.
The document provides background information on the rise of Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden. It discusses key events that contributed to bin Laden's radicalization such as the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia. The document also examines how bin Laden used Islam to justify violence against the West and spread jihadist ideology. It summarizes bin Laden's impact post 9/11, though Al Qaeda continued attacks and new extremist groups like ISIS emerged who were influenced by bin Laden's message of anti-Western sentiment.
1) David Kilcullen is an Australian military strategist who helped plan counterinsurgency strategies for the US in Iraq and Afghanistan.
2) Like T.E. Lawrence, he was a relatively junior officer who was influential in military campaigns. He helped salvage the US invasion of Iraq and wrote influential texts on counterinsurgency.
3) Kilcullen believes that to counter extremism, Western societies need to promote freedom and debate controversial security issues publicly rather than trading liberty for protection without discussion. He thinks addressing grievances and offering opportunity can discourage people from joining groups like ISIS.
The document provides sources related to the theme of "Someone of extraordinary strength is often needed to step forward when others hesitate." The sources include a newspaper article about a man who donated bone marrow, the movie Hotel Rwanda about a hotel manager who protected refugees during the Rwandan genocide, song lyrics from "Hero" by Mariah Carey about finding inner strength, a photograph of protests for an Iranian woman sentenced to death, a cartoon about whistleblowers, and a discussion of how the theme relates to Atticus Finch and Boo Radley in To Kill a Mockingbird.
This document discusses the life and teachings of the prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) through quotes and perspectives from various historians, writers and political leaders. It highlights Muhammad's achievements in diverse fields such as religious thought, military leadership, social reform, moral guidance and administrative skills. Several quotes praise Muhammad for establishing a religion that promoted democracy, equality and brotherhood. The document argues that Muhammad should be recognized for uniting humanity to worship one God and for establishing a just social system based on moral excellence.
Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmadas was a 19th century religious leader and reformer from Qadian, India who claimed to be the promised Messiah and Mahdi. He founded the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. He had a keen interest in religion from a young age and deeply studied Islam and other faiths. Over time, he received divine revelations and his mission was to revive Islamic teachings and bring people of different faiths together. In 1889, under divine guidance, he established the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, which has since grown worldwide. He authored over 80 books defending and explaining Islam. Some of his major works included The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam and Jesus in India. He advocated peace, justice
David faces great opposition, but he is confident that God will be his protector and that all will be great in his future. In this verse we also deal with the humor and smiles of God.
This document calls Muslims to work towards establishing an Islamic state by focusing efforts in four areas: 1) increasing religious education, 2) delegitimizing current power structures, 3) advancing social movements, and 4) developing political and economic policies. It analyzes the current global situation and notes that Western imperialism is facing challenges similar to the Soviet Union in Afghanistan. It encourages supporting Revolution Muslim's work of countering deception and bringing about an Islamic victory, whether soon or in the long term.
La Unión Europea ha anunciado nuevas sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen prohibiciones de viaje y congelamiento de activos para más funcionarios rusos, así como restricciones a las importaciones de productos rusos de acero y tecnología. Los líderes de la UE esperan que estas medidas adicionales aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su guerra contra Ucrania.
2009 12 14 Sentencia Paquistanies Metro BarcelonaFACTUAL
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las importaciones de productos rusos de alta tecnología y a las exportaciones de bienes de lujo a Rusia. Además, se congelarán los activos de varios oligarcas rusos y se prohibirá el acceso de los bancos rusos a los mercados financieros de la UE.
La Unión Europea ha propuesto un nuevo paquete de sanciones contra Rusia que incluye un embargo al petróleo ruso. El embargo se aplicaría gradualmente durante seis meses para el petróleo crudo y ocho meses para los productos refinados. El objetivo es aumentar la presión económica sobre Rusia para que ponga fin a su invasión de Ucrania.
A empresa de tecnologia anunciou um novo smartphone com câmera avançada, tela grande e bateria de longa duração por um preço acessível. O aparelho tem como objetivo atrair mais consumidores para a marca com especificações de ponta a um custo menor que os principais concorrentes. Analistas esperam que o lançamento ajude a empresa a ganhar participação no competitivo mercado global de smartphones.
El Ministerio del Interior niega que los extranjeros sufran malos tratos en los centros de internamiento y afirma que siempre se investigan los casos denunciados. Reconocen un incidente en Madrid en 2009 pero niegan el resto de casos mencionados en un informe. También indican que han ordenado investigaciones internas y que trabajan en mejorar las condiciones de los centros a través de un plan de derechos humanos.
El Congreso de los Diputados insta al Gobierno a redoblar los esfuerzos diplomáticos para permitir el retorno de Aminetou Haidar a su hogar en el Sahara Occidental, solicitar la mediación de la ONU y respetar los derechos humanos de Haidar y el pueblo saharaui de acuerdo con la ley internacional.
1 LONE WOLF TERRORISM AND OPEN SOURCE JIHAD AN E.docxjeremylockett77
1
LONE WOLF TERRORISM AND OPEN SOURCE JIHAD:
AN EXPLANATION AND ASSESSMENT
Claire Wiskind, (Research Assistant, ICT)
Summer 2016
* The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International
Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT).
ABSTRACT
Al Qaeda and Daesh publish English language magazines to appeal to Western
supporters and encourage them to join their cause as a fighter or as a lone wolf
terrorist. A key feature of Al Qaeda’s magazine, Inspire, is a section titled Open
Source Jihad, which provides aspiring jihadists with step-by-step instructions to carry
out lone terror attacks in the West. By examining ten attack types that have been
published over the past six years, this paper explains Open Source Jihad, presents
cases where these types of attacks have been carried out, and assesses the threat
presented by the easy access to Open Source Jihad.
2
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 3
Lone Wolf Terrorism ......................................................................................... 3
English Language Literature: Dabiq and Inspire .............................................. 7
Open Source Jihad .......................................................................................... 9
OPEN SOURCE JIHAD ATTACK INSTRUCTIONS ..................................... 12
Attacks carried out ........................................................................................... 12
Make a bomb in the kitchen of your Mom: The AQ Chef ........................... 12
Assassinations ............................................................................................... 15
The Hidden Airplane Bomb ......................................................................... 23
Car Bombs Inside America ........................................................................... 26
Pickup Truck Mowing Machine ................................................................... 29
Attacks not yet carried out ............................................................................... 32
Destroying Buildings .................................................................................... 32
Parcel Bomb .................................................................................................. 34
Magnetic Car Bomb ...................................................................................... 35
The Door Trap Bomb .................................................................................... 36
Causing Road Accidents ............................................................................... 37
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ................................................................ 38
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................... ...
Al Qaeda is an international terrorist organization founded in the late 1980s. It was originally formed to assist veterans of the Soviet-Afghan war but later became known for orchestrating devastating terrorist attacks against Western targets. Al Qaeda operates through a decentralized network of cells rather than a strict hierarchical structure. It is led by a shura council that advises the leader, currently Ayman al-Zawahiri following the death of Osama bin Laden. Al Qaeda promotes a radical Salafist ideology and seeks to defend and purify Islam through global jihad against those it deems enemies of the faith.
The document discusses the causes and remedies for religious terrorism. It summarizes that some misguided Islamic scholars wrongly interpreted the concept of jihad in Islam to mean using force and violence to spread the religion. This led some ignorant Muslims to carry out terrorist acts. The document outlines how Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (as) refuted this wrong concept of jihad through his teachings and writings, explaining the true peaceful nature of jihad in Islam. He blamed the misguided scholars for sowing confusion and enabling criticism of Islam. The document urges following the true teachings of Islam and the peaceful message of the Promised Messiah (as) to counter religious extremism.
This document discusses several quotes from prominent historical figures praising Prophet Muhammad. It begins by mentioning he was honored by the US Supreme Court in 1935 for being a great lawgiver. It then shares quotes from figures like Lamartine, Gandhi, Michael Hart, George Bernard Shaw, and others praising Muhammad's influence, character, and the rapid spread of Islam not by force but by Muhammad's teachings and example. The document emphasizes Muhammad's integrity, wisdom, kindness, humility, generosity, and leadership based on quotes from historians like Montgomery Watt, Sir William Muir, and Edward Gibbon.
The document discusses the concept of Jihad according to the founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim community, Hadrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. It summarizes his teachings on Jihad in three key points:
1) He taught that according to the Quran and teachings of Muhammad, the use of force is forbidden in matters of faith and Islam should only be propagated through its inherent qualities, not by the sword.
2) He rejected the concept that the Promised Messiah would fight and kill disbelievers, stating this view is opposed to the Quran and invented by impostors.
3) He emphasized that the true concept of Jihad in Islam only permits defensive wars, wars to punish
This document discusses the author's perspective on being a Muslim in today's world. The author believes that while some expressions of Islamic revivalism receive attention, there is a growing movement of "new Muslims" who want a personally meaningful and socially relevant interpretation of Islam, beyond just rituals. The author aims to explore a moderate path between fundamentalism and traditionalism, focusing on social justice, individual liberty, and a relationship with God beyond institutions. By examining Islam through a personal lens, Muslims can make meaningful contributions to creating a world where it is safe to be human.
The document provides background information on the rise of Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden. It discusses key events that contributed to bin Laden's radicalization such as the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia. The document also examines how bin Laden used Islam to justify violence against the West and spread jihadist ideology. It summarizes bin Laden's impact post 9/11, though Al Qaeda continued attacks and new extremist groups like ISIS emerged who were influenced by bin Laden's message of anti-Western sentiment.
1) David Kilcullen is an Australian military strategist who helped plan counterinsurgency strategies for the US in Iraq and Afghanistan.
2) Like T.E. Lawrence, he was a relatively junior officer who was influential in military campaigns. He helped salvage the US invasion of Iraq and wrote influential texts on counterinsurgency.
3) Kilcullen believes that to counter extremism, Western societies need to promote freedom and debate controversial security issues publicly rather than trading liberty for protection without discussion. He thinks addressing grievances and offering opportunity can discourage people from joining groups like ISIS.
The document provides sources related to the theme of "Someone of extraordinary strength is often needed to step forward when others hesitate." The sources include a newspaper article about a man who donated bone marrow, the movie Hotel Rwanda about a hotel manager who protected refugees during the Rwandan genocide, song lyrics from "Hero" by Mariah Carey about finding inner strength, a photograph of protests for an Iranian woman sentenced to death, a cartoon about whistleblowers, and a discussion of how the theme relates to Atticus Finch and Boo Radley in To Kill a Mockingbird.
This document discusses the life and teachings of the prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) through quotes and perspectives from various historians, writers and political leaders. It highlights Muhammad's achievements in diverse fields such as religious thought, military leadership, social reform, moral guidance and administrative skills. Several quotes praise Muhammad for establishing a religion that promoted democracy, equality and brotherhood. The document argues that Muhammad should be recognized for uniting humanity to worship one God and for establishing a just social system based on moral excellence.
Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmadas was a 19th century religious leader and reformer from Qadian, India who claimed to be the promised Messiah and Mahdi. He founded the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. He had a keen interest in religion from a young age and deeply studied Islam and other faiths. Over time, he received divine revelations and his mission was to revive Islamic teachings and bring people of different faiths together. In 1889, under divine guidance, he established the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, which has since grown worldwide. He authored over 80 books defending and explaining Islam. Some of his major works included The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam and Jesus in India. He advocated peace, justice
David faces great opposition, but he is confident that God will be his protector and that all will be great in his future. In this verse we also deal with the humor and smiles of God.
This document calls Muslims to work towards establishing an Islamic state by focusing efforts in four areas: 1) increasing religious education, 2) delegitimizing current power structures, 3) advancing social movements, and 4) developing political and economic policies. It analyzes the current global situation and notes that Western imperialism is facing challenges similar to the Soviet Union in Afghanistan. It encourages supporting Revolution Muslim's work of countering deception and bringing about an Islamic victory, whether soon or in the long term.
La Unión Europea ha anunciado nuevas sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen prohibiciones de viaje y congelamiento de activos para más funcionarios rusos, así como restricciones a las importaciones de productos rusos de acero y tecnología. Los líderes de la UE esperan que estas medidas adicionales aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su guerra contra Ucrania.
2009 12 14 Sentencia Paquistanies Metro BarcelonaFACTUAL
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las importaciones de productos rusos de alta tecnología y a las exportaciones de bienes de lujo a Rusia. Además, se congelarán los activos de varios oligarcas rusos y se prohibirá el acceso de los bancos rusos a los mercados financieros de la UE.
La Unión Europea ha propuesto un nuevo paquete de sanciones contra Rusia que incluye un embargo al petróleo ruso. El embargo se aplicaría gradualmente durante seis meses para el petróleo crudo y ocho meses para los productos refinados. El objetivo es aumentar la presión económica sobre Rusia para que ponga fin a su invasión de Ucrania.
A empresa de tecnologia anunciou um novo smartphone com câmera avançada, tela grande e bateria de longa duração por um preço acessível. O aparelho tem como objetivo atrair mais consumidores para a marca com especificações de ponta a um custo menor que os principais concorrentes. Analistas esperam que o lançamento ajude a empresa a ganhar participação no competitivo mercado global de smartphones.
El Ministerio del Interior niega que los extranjeros sufran malos tratos en los centros de internamiento y afirma que siempre se investigan los casos denunciados. Reconocen un incidente en Madrid en 2009 pero niegan el resto de casos mencionados en un informe. También indican que han ordenado investigaciones internas y que trabajan en mejorar las condiciones de los centros a través de un plan de derechos humanos.
El Congreso de los Diputados insta al Gobierno a redoblar los esfuerzos diplomáticos para permitir el retorno de Aminetou Haidar a su hogar en el Sahara Occidental, solicitar la mediación de la ONU y respetar los derechos humanos de Haidar y el pueblo saharaui de acuerdo con la ley internacional.
1 LONE WOLF TERRORISM AND OPEN SOURCE JIHAD AN E.docxjeremylockett77
1
LONE WOLF TERRORISM AND OPEN SOURCE JIHAD:
AN EXPLANATION AND ASSESSMENT
Claire Wiskind, (Research Assistant, ICT)
Summer 2016
* The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International
Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT).
ABSTRACT
Al Qaeda and Daesh publish English language magazines to appeal to Western
supporters and encourage them to join their cause as a fighter or as a lone wolf
terrorist. A key feature of Al Qaeda’s magazine, Inspire, is a section titled Open
Source Jihad, which provides aspiring jihadists with step-by-step instructions to carry
out lone terror attacks in the West. By examining ten attack types that have been
published over the past six years, this paper explains Open Source Jihad, presents
cases where these types of attacks have been carried out, and assesses the threat
presented by the easy access to Open Source Jihad.
2
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 3
Lone Wolf Terrorism ......................................................................................... 3
English Language Literature: Dabiq and Inspire .............................................. 7
Open Source Jihad .......................................................................................... 9
OPEN SOURCE JIHAD ATTACK INSTRUCTIONS ..................................... 12
Attacks carried out ........................................................................................... 12
Make a bomb in the kitchen of your Mom: The AQ Chef ........................... 12
Assassinations ............................................................................................... 15
The Hidden Airplane Bomb ......................................................................... 23
Car Bombs Inside America ........................................................................... 26
Pickup Truck Mowing Machine ................................................................... 29
Attacks not yet carried out ............................................................................... 32
Destroying Buildings .................................................................................... 32
Parcel Bomb .................................................................................................. 34
Magnetic Car Bomb ...................................................................................... 35
The Door Trap Bomb .................................................................................... 36
Causing Road Accidents ............................................................................... 37
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ................................................................ 38
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................... ...
Al Qaeda is an international terrorist organization founded in the late 1980s. It was originally formed to assist veterans of the Soviet-Afghan war but later became known for orchestrating devastating terrorist attacks against Western targets. Al Qaeda operates through a decentralized network of cells rather than a strict hierarchical structure. It is led by a shura council that advises the leader, currently Ayman al-Zawahiri following the death of Osama bin Laden. Al Qaeda promotes a radical Salafist ideology and seeks to defend and purify Islam through global jihad against those it deems enemies of the faith.
REPLIES FORTerrorism in the Middle East and Latin America2 days .docxhennela
REPLIES FOR
Terrorism in the Middle East and Latin America
2 days ago
Joshua Tulbert
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Many condemn the actions of the Israeli government in their tactics to defend themselves but few have anything to say about Palestinian, Hezbollah, and Hamas rocket attacks on populated areas and suicide bombings against unarmed civilians (White 2017). The 2009 incursion of the Israeli Defense Force into Gaza was aimed at destroying weapon caches and capturing or killing terrorist group leaders seeking to kill innocent Israelis (White 2017). Destroying the rockets and their launch sites as well as the leaders directing these attacks obviously would have a positive effect on dissuading further attacks.
The bulldozing the Israeli government mandated against the family homes of suicide bombers would help to discourage bombings (White 2017). If a bomber chose to carry out a suicide bombing because for one reason, terrorist organizations would compensate their families; if the bomber knew ahead of time that his or her family home would be demolished that would negate any financial reward their family would receive and hopefully end the act of suicide bombing (White 2017). White (2017) notes that the Israelis also chose to bulldoze some homes around Jerusalem and the West Bank in order to build a wall, and studies have shown that the wall has greatly reduced the number of suicide bombings in Israel (Klukowski 2015).
Another controversial Israeli policy are the assassinations the Israelis have carried out, not just in Gaza and the West Bank, but one recent notable assassination in Dubai (White, 2017). Mahmud al Mabbuh, a Palestinian military leader, was killed in his hotel in Dubai in 2010 by operatives of Mossad (White 2017). Similarly, the Obama administration authorized the killing of an American citizen in Yemen because he was part of a terrorist group (Ingram and Whiteside 2017). Anwar al-Awlaki and his American daughter were killed in a operation in Yemen with only the President’s approval, albeit al-Awlaki’s daughter was killed accidentally but his son was killed in a separate drone strike two weeks later (Ingram and Whiteside 2017). White (2017) writes that the Israeli policy has reduced terrorist attacks in Israel but the groups in the West Bank and Gaza have centralized leadership whereas other terrorist groups have a much more decentralized leadership, such as the Islamic State’s overseas operations. It is possible that Palestinian leadership thinks twice before directing attacks if they suspect they will be assassinated for authorizing the attacks. The action against al-Awlaki by President Obama may not have had the far reaching deterrent effect the Israeli assassinations did and there is no legal justification for issuing a kill order against an American citizen. It is possible the President had information that an attack was imminent or the raid may have not presented any safe option t ...
This document defines terrorism and explores sociological and psychological theories for how terrorists are formed. It discusses different types of terrorism, including domestic and international terrorism. Several theories are presented for how terrorists develop, such as social learning theory, frustration-aggression theory, relative deprivation theory, oppression theory, and national cultural theory from a sociological perspective, as well as identity theory, humiliation-revenge theory, narcissism theory, and novelty-seeking theory from a psychological perspective. The document concludes that terrorism is designed to inflict psychological fear and that terrorist mindsets can potentially be educated away over time through addressing the root causes that lead to radicalization.
The document provides background information on terrorism and al-Qaeda. It discusses various definitions of terrorism, the philosophical roots and early leaders of al-Qaeda including Osama bin Laden and Abdullah Yusuf Azzam. Profiles of typical al-Qaeda members are presented, showing most are well-educated young men from caring families who were radicalized through social bonds rather than mental illness or poverty. Al-Qaeda's goals are to remove Western influence from Muslim lands and establish sharia law globally, as outlined in bin Laden's 1998 fatwa declaring war on Americans.
This document summarizes and refutes common internet disinformation about the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR). It discusses four main claims: 1) that CAIR is a front for terrorist groups, 2) that it lays the groundwork for anti-American extremism, 3) that it criticized the conviction in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, and 4) that it receives foreign funding. The document provides detailed responses showing that CAIR strongly condemns all terrorist acts, advocates for American Muslims through legal and civic means, and is primarily funded by donations from American Muslims.
This document is a dissertation submitted for an MA in History that examines the parallels between 19th and 20th century anarchists and contemporary lone-wolf terrorists. The introduction provides context on the rise of lone-wolf terrorism and outlines how the dissertation will compare anarchist terrorists to modern lone wolf cases to identify similarities in tactics and motivations. It will analyze how individual terrorism emerged within anarchist movements and if there are common factors enabling increased lone wolf attacks today.
Similar to Combating Terrorism Center Al Qaeda Mata Musulmanes (9)
Proyecto De Ley OrgáNica Reforma CóDigo Penal 1FACTUAL
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La sentencia resuelve un caso sobre el conflicto entre el derecho a la información y el derecho a la intimidad personal y familiar. Determina que las imágenes emitidas en un programa de televisión sobre la vida privada de un político carecían de interés público, vulnerando así su derecho a la intimidad. Se ordena destruir el reportaje y se condena a los demandados a pagar una indemnización.
La sentencia resuelve un caso sobre el conflicto entre el derecho a la información y el derecho a la intimidad personal y familiar. Determina que las imágenes emitidas en un programa de televisión sobre la vida privada de un político carecían de interés público, vulnerando así su derecho a la intimidad. El tribunal ordena destruir el reportaje y las imágenes, y condena a los demandados a pagar una indemnización.
La sentencia resuelve un caso sobre el conflicto entre el derecho a la libertad de información y el derecho a la intimidad personal y familiar. Determina que las imágenes emitidas en un programa de televisión sobre la vida privada de un político carecían de interés público, por lo que vulneraron su derecho a la intimidad. Se ordena destruir el reportaje y se condena a los demandados a pagar una indemnización.
El documento presenta el programa electoral del PSOE para las elecciones de 2008. Se divide en tres secciones principales: empleo y bienestar social, innovación y progreso sostenible, y libertad, convivencia y derechos. Detalla las políticas y objetivos en áreas como empleo, pensiones, sanidad, educación, investigación, medio ambiente, igualdad y política exterior.
El documento propone una serie de medidas para mejorar el empleo, las familias, las pensiones, los jóvenes, la vivienda, la fiscalidad, la innovación, el conocimiento, la discapacidad, el medio ambiente y la democracia en España. Se crearán nuevos empleos, se aumentarán las pensiones mínimas, se ampliarán los permisos parentales y la educación infantil, y se fomentará la investigación y el desarrollo tecnológico para impulsar la economía. Además, se mejorará la particip
Este documento resume los gastos mensuales típicos de una persona, incluyendo servicios como transporte y telefonía, artículos de higiene personal, limpieza del hogar, comida, medicamentos y entretenimiento. Los gastos totales ascienden a aproximadamente 564 euros al mes. Los mayores gastos son la comida con un total de 240 euros y los servicios con 201 euros. También se incluyen detalles sobre los artículos comprados regularmente para cada categoría.
On September 28, 2009, security forces in Guinea opened fire on tens of thousands of opposition supporters peacefully gathered at the September 28 Stadium in Conakry. Over 150 people were killed and dozens of women were raped. In the following days, security forces engaged in covering up the killings, conducting additional violent attacks, rapes, and arbitrary detentions of opposition supporters. To date, the Guinean government has failed to investigate or hold anyone accountable for the serious human rights violations.
Este documento es la sentencia de un tribunal superior de justicia de Baleares en un caso penal por malversación de fondos públicos y prevaricación administrativa. Se juzga a tres individuos: Bartolomé Vicens Mir, Damián Nicolau Ferrá y Tomás Martín San Juan. El fiscal solicita penas de prisión e inhabilitación para los tres acusados.
El documento resume el discurso de Mariano Rajoy en el Congreso de los Diputados sobre la Presidencia Española de la Unión Europea y la reunión del Consejo Europeo. Rajoy expresa su apoyo para el éxito de la Presidencia Española y hace referencia a temas clave discutidos en el Consejo Europeo como el cambio climático, el espacio de libertad, seguridad y justicia, y la situación económica de España.
Este documento presenta las perspectivas de inversión global para 2010 de UBS. Predice una recuperación económica continuada pero incierta, con un fuerte crecimiento en los mercados emergentes. Recomienda invertir en renta variable de mercados emergentes y bonos corporativos, mientras que advierte sobre riesgos en la deuda pública. Pronostica que las tendencias divisa que favorecieron divisas emergentes y de materias primas en 2009 pueden moderarse en 2010.
1) La economía española saldrá más tarde de la recesión que el resto de Europa, con una recuperación débil y frágil marcada por el ajuste inmobiliario, el alto desempleo, y el deterioro de las finanzas públicas. 2) El desempleo alcanzará casi el 20% en 2010 y la crisis inmobiliaria continuará pesando en la economía. 3) El déficit público superará el 10% del PIB en 2009-2010 debido a la fuerte caída de los ingresos y el aumento del gasto, amenazando con
09.12.16 Rajoy Debate Sobre Presidencia EuropeaFACTUAL
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El documento presenta los resultados de un estudio realizado por el Observatorio de la Nutrición Infantil sobre los hábitos alimenticios de los niños malcomedores desde la perspectiva de los padres. El estudio encontró que alrededor del 45% de los niños comen mal habitualmente o a temporadas, tomando poco tiempo o poca variedad de alimentos. Los padres perciben que los niños tardan unos 40 minutos en las comidas, aunque lo ideal serían 25 minutos. Las verduras y hortalizas son los alimentos que más rechazo generan. Los pad
El documento describe la situación humanitaria crítica en Monrovia, Liberia, mientras continúa el conflicto entre las fuerzas del gobierno y los rebeldes. Miles de personas se han desplazado a la capital buscando refugio, abarrotando hospitales y campamentos. Las agencias humanitarias han suspendido sus operaciones debido a la inseguridad y el riesgo para su personal. La población sufre escasez de alimentos, agua y servicios básicos. Expertos advierten que sin una solución pacífica pronto, el país se enf
El Fiscal solicita que se traslade a las acusaciones populares una copia de su escrito para que presenten su calificación. El Fiscal había solicitado previamente el sobreseimiento del caso, al considerar que no había pruebas suficientes de que el periódico Egunkaria o los acusados apoyaran a ETA o blanquearan capital de la organización terrorista. Sin embargo, el juicio oral se abrió a instancias de las acusaciones populares y no del Fiscal.
The three detainees - Yassar Talal Al Zahrani, Mani Shaman Turki Al Tabi, and Ali Abdullah Ahmed - were found dead by hanging in their cells in Camp 1 of the Guantanamo Bay detention facility on the night of June 9, 2006. Initial investigations by the military were unable to determine how the coordinated suicides could have occurred given the high security and constant supervision of the camp. Over the next two years, multiple investigations were conducted but many questions remained unanswered around how the detainees managed to hang for over two hours without being discovered and the lack of disciplinary action against guards despite violations of standard operating procedures. The cause of the coordinated deaths under such heavy supervision remains unclear
Este documento presenta un informe técnico realizado por la Comisión Española de Ayuda al Refugiado sobre la situación de los centros de internamiento para extranjeros en España. El informe describe la metodología de investigación, el marco legal de los centros de internamiento y antecedentes sobre la situación en tres centros específicos. Además, presenta hallazgos sobre los perfiles de las personas detenidas, aspectos legales y condiciones dentro de los centros, incluyendo atención médica.
Broadband internet access expanded to over half of EU households by 2009. Regular internet use increased over 10 percentage points for all age groups between 2006 and 2009. Nearly 90% of young people in the EU used the internet daily by 2009. About half of individuals in the EU used the internet to find information about goods and services, and nearly 40% shopped online, with over 20% purchasing from other EU countries. Security and privacy concerns were cited as the top reasons for not engaging in online shopping.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
13062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
Combating Terrorism Center Al Qaeda Mata Musulmanes
1. Combating Terrorism Center
at West Point
Occasional Paper Series
Deadly Vanguards:
A Study of al‐Qa’ida’s Violence Against Muslims
December 2009
Scott Helfstein, Ph.D.
Nassir Abdullah
Muhammad al‐Obaidi
The views expressed in this report are the authors’ and do not reflect those of the U.S.
Military Academy, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.
2.
1
3. “We haven’t killed the innocents; not in Baghdad, nor in Morocco, nor in
Algeria, nor anywhere else. And if there is any innocent who was killed in
the Mujahideen’s operations, then it was either an unintentional error, or
out of necessity as in cases of al‐Tatarrus.”
‐Ayman al‐Zawahiri
The Power of Truth, 2007
In a 2007 online forum, al‐Qa’ida’s second in command Ayman al‐Zawahiri, confronted
questions about the organization’s use of violence and especially violence against
Muslims. Zawahiri and other leaders have defended al‐Qa’ida’s use of violence,
arguing that their operations do not kill Muslims, and on the rare occasions they do,
such individuals are apostates or martyrs. Since the inception of al‐Qa’ida, the
organization has claimed to represent Muslim interests around the world declaring
itself the vanguard of true Islam, and the defender of Muslim people. Unfortunately for
al‐Qa’ida, their actions speak louder than their words. The fact is that the vast majority
of al‐Qa’ida’s victims are Muslims: the analysis here shows that only 15% of the
fatalities resulting from al‐Qa’ida attacks between 2004 and 2008 were Westerners.1
This report used Arabic media sources to study the victim’s of al‐Qa’ida’s violence
through a non‐Western prism. This allows researchers to avoid accusations of bias
associated with Western news outlets or U.S.‐based datasets. Almost all of the major
terrorism incident databases utilize Western and English language reporting as primary
source material. Al‐Qa’ida and sympathizers consistently argue that Western media
outlets are no more than propaganda machines, and therefore, any reports or data they
release distort facts or lack accuracy. English language sources lack credibility in certain
parts of the world. In order to ensure both the accuracy and credibility of the analysis
and conclusions, the report relied exclusively on Arabic language media sources when
coding fatalities. All of the sources used in this exercise are available as an appendix to
this report to ensure that other researchers can reproduce these results.
The results show that non‐Westerners are much more likely to be killed in an al‐Qa’ida
attack. From 2004 to 2008, only 15% percent of the 3,010 victims were Western. During
the most recent period studied the numbers skew even further. From 2006 to 2008, only
2% (12 of 661 victims) are from the West, and the remaining 98% are inhabitants of
countries with Muslim majorities. During this period, a person of non‐Western origin
was 54 times more likely to die in an al‐Qa’ida attack than an individual from the West.
The overwhelming majority of al‐Qa’ida victims are Muslims living in Muslim
1 This time period is a product of the open source database on terrorist incidents, running from 2004 to
the current, and is discussed in the section below. The report also examines some additional major al‐
Qa’ida attacks in prior periods.
2
9.
Figure 2: Casualty Percentage, Annual
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Western
0.4
Non‐Western
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
(727 Killed) (1624 Killed) (92 Killed) (361 Killed) (210 Killed)
Monthly causalities for the period 2004 to 2008 are found in Figure 3. They show two
clear trends: 1) there is high variance in the number of people killed each month, and 2)
the number of Western casualties is far below the non‐Western casualties in every
month except March 2004 (the first month recorded in the study). The variation in
casualties from month to month reflects the opportunistic nature of al‐Qa’ida and
terrorism. Terror groups attack when they have the will and capability, and the
variation suggests that their capability to attack waxes and wanes with time. Given al‐
Qa’ida’s need to strike in order to maintain relevance, it is not surprising that it is not
discerning in its targeting. This argument gains further support when one looks at the
distribution of casualties by country, shown in Figure 4. Since al‐Qa’ida has limited
capability to strike against its Western enemies, the group maintains its relevance by
attacking countries with Muslim majorities.
8
10.
Figure 3: Casualties, Monthly
800
700
600
500
400 Total
300 Non‐Western
Western
200
100
0
Jul‐04
Jul‐05
Jul‐06
Jul‐07
Jul‐08
Mar‐04
Nov‐04
Mar‐05
Nov‐05
Mar‐06
Nov‐06
Mar‐07
Nov‐07
Mar‐08
Nov‐08
Figure 4: Casualties, By Country (Excluding Iraq)
300
250
200
150
100 Total
Non‐Western
50
Western
0
Afghanistan
Mauritania
Bangladesh
Jordan
Pakistan
Spain
Algeria
Israel
Tunisia
Egypt
United Kingdom
Lebanon
Yemen
Niger
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Gaza Strip
Note: Iraq is excluded from this figure because the number of casualties is disproportionately high when compared
to the other countries targeted in al‐Qa’ida attacks.
9
12.
Figure 6: Number of Attacks by Fatality
80
70
60
Casulaties per Attack
50
40
30
20
10
0
Number of Casulaties
It is possible that the trends observed from 2004 to 2008 are an aberration, and evidence
from prior periods reflects that al‐Qa’ida is more selective in its targeting. To confirm
that the results presented above are robust across the life of the organization,
researchers used the same analytical method to generate casualties on a list of major al‐
Qa’ida attacks from 1995 to 2003. The results and sources are also found in the
appendix. In that period, there were 23 al‐Qa’ida attacks and 20 of 23 took place in
countries with Muslim majorities, the remaining three took place on 9/11. In that period
there 3,454 casualties, 3,021 of which were produced in the 9/11 attacks. Excluding that
attack, Arabic sources report 433 casualties for the period and only 19% (82) of those
were Westerners. This is displayed in Figure 7, which shows the total casualties during
the period, and the casualties excluding the 9/11 attacks. Compared to the more recent
period, al‐Qa’ida was marginally better at targeting Westerners, but if one excludes the
9/11 attacks, the majority of the victims were still non‐Western. Hence, the trends
reflected from 1995 to 2003 do not differ significantly from those in 2004 to 2008,
excluding 9/11, and the comparison shows that al‐Qa’ida is growing more violent and
less discriminate.
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13.
Figure 7: Casualties 1995‐2003, Including and Excluding the 9/11 Attack
3500 250
3000
200
2500
150
2000
Western
1500 100
Non‐Western
1000
50
500
0 0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Conclusions
Irrespective of the ongoing public debates about takfir and violence against Muslims
amongst al‐Qa’ida associates, deeds speak louder than words. Al‐Qa’ida represents
itself as the vanguard of the Muslim community, committed to upholding Islamic
values and defending Muslim people against Western forces, but its behavior
represents a callous attitude toward the lives of those the group claims to protect. Al‐
Qa’ida absolves responsibility for the deaths of Muslims by claiming that they are either
martyrs or apostates. The definition of apostate, however, varies considerably. Al‐
Qa’ida considers any Muslim that impedes their struggle by working with the West or
an unfriendly regime as an apostate, and therefore a legitimate target. This includes
Muslims serving in the armed forces, serving as police officers, and even those
occupying civilian jobs. Al‐Qa’ida makes convenient use of this designation to justify its
indiscriminate use of violence.
To justify the killing of innocent Muslims, or martyrs, al‐Qa’ida references a shari’a rule
called al‐tatarrus. Al‐tatarrus refers to the use of human shields, the practice of avoiding
hostility by hiding behind others. Muslims are not supposed to kill other Muslims, and
historically, enemies used this prohibition against Muslim military forces by
surrounding themselves with other Muslims. Muslims found the al‐tatarrus rule was a
strategic liability and looked for ways to circumvent the ban. The notion that it is okay
to kill Muslims being used as human shields, is not widely invoked or discussed in
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