The central nervous system and peripheral nervous system are described. The central nervous system is protected by meninges including the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the subarachnoid space providing protection and nutrients. The brain controls functions like sensory processing, movement, cognition, and homeostasis. It is made up of the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. The brainstem includes the medulla, pons, and midbrain which regulate vital functions and relay information between the brain and body. Other structures described include the thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and reticular formation.

1. Anatomy and Physiology
The Central Nervous System
And
The Peripheral Nervous System

2. 1. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
PROTECTION OF THE CNS
A.
1. THE MENINGES
a. DURA MATER
{i tlIJE1 'oU1 1Q~ l co~~~t'I~C
SSl~. l'ItJUlQ.U ~KOLl,
b. ARACHNOID MATER
l(S?OQ~ ~(,nWQQ H JI~Q'-lKQ
lQIQl ·fO« PCl5S(e IQ Or ~U)OO IQ5.S'Ql~
~SlOO~t1t'()O sVC(~-iNIQ.'OI~ t~f' l~t)LCnQ)
c. PIA MATER
(J SOF~01H~~" at--! 11'0 ~~a~
B. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID -- CSF
L DESCRIPTION OF CSF
JI (nQ~~ I 0,-l(OSiQ j 'Ql'QC~l)l1lQ~
( tJa"f t'rt "r I (0 t1. )
Arachnoidvillus
Skinof scalp
Subcutaneous
1~5$~~~~~~~~~tissueI(: Skull
~ur,~.meter
Arachnoid
Pia mater
.I:,:, """''l'<.;>-cT--Brain
Cerebral
bloodvesset
SUbarachnoid-,-,.- ",
space 01 brain Corpus
--m-+-..f-c~~~~~~f7;Cilllosum
Lateral Third
ventricle , .ventricle
2. FUNCTION OF THE CSF
l .lS;-0~ 1to ;0. Q ~ I~
)
r~l)()~ ~i.l~1Q ~~ TO
~Qj~()~~.
Choroid plexus ot
third ventricle
-EPiamater
Cranial Arachnoid
mefllnges
. . Oura mater
LOCA.TION OF TI:I.E:CSF
<;},?>Q~Qt1NO'0 S~a(~'J Cl~~11a(tn-::S()
I1Q.~1~tlIQS(S?o.CXlS) W1;ll-l llQ Q~QtJ
. ; , ,. ~
4. FORMATION'0F~:TBE CSF .
W"1 ~ ,or iQt-()~O U 'PLO't tJ'.}') B'f 1tl~
QJ~ tJ )'i ~Q (~'t~ ,
Cerebellum
Qhoroid plexus
tit fourth ventricle
Spinal cord--+!
Piama:ter3-
,trach~oid Spinal meninges
~ =l'*"?i~ Dura mater
Central canal ~--t---r'111
),; CIRCULATION OF THE CSF'
Q~~j~O '"10 (JJ(I't '~lti Q~OVr~.p~Oa~'8tvat-J JQ~~tlIQS_
.~a~SQ~fbqO@ U.~{S11"tI$at>f~',~tn~ Of PCOpt.t'(Ot-J.";: . ." -',' -, ..
': .: r
r

3. II. THE BRAIN
A. FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN
1.~Ol~SSQ& ~f()~~'(tO~ I~'Q'Q?~IQ,~C1
2.~~L~'4t!t "'tl~'Il' ~I~~~
3. (ON,~t)..~ l?>OD'( flt-'c..'l~
4. mtl(.t-'C'l IPLO""~ N~ roo-e..'! ~ ~O.J"'~
5. )-o~~{)~~' '
6.>~~~()~C.,"( [~}~J'4(ll ~{..SI(OJtIOt-l ~O~,,~
B.
.:"
.~., r -.I'.~-
"
""
Primitive Embryo ,", "'-SecoIl¢ary l)~¥eJ:B~A1eny' Region of the Brain. ~ .' .
,
~
"""'Y'" -',
'-Q .Q "" esI
Fa~~ ?~a'~
"
"",01. .
' / '
"(>o"QlQMl~ $
,.," ,
,', ' /
tQlQ~~ll"
"
,r
",.' " ~<.
',I
X
tJU~'CtQ~ /' '
11 D~~Q tJ; ,
/i <.,
/ -'.,.,.
/1 .'~
MQ,OOlU 09.()t"'("", Q
•1lH?>'G Q 'J !" '',
PO~, C.Q~~ l2>lQtl) '1./.. '<'
'"
Midbraln~o:;:::::::==;:::;q;~~ilf: '
". i
_--=:"",:,--_ Forebrain
Forebrain . ".', -". :. :
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebrum
Midbrain
<
, ',Bralnstem·......:,.......-i-
Meao!!aoblongai~ '. "
Pons'-' ,
Midbrain
--+,,,-=-,I;jindbrain
"'M~dulla oblongata
::,Pons
CeJebelium
(a)

4. C. MEDULLA OBLONGATA
1. DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION " ;
ON QNUl,(~ C1QJ (O'lNHl(H'~ Of 11Q SC
lQ'ilQ~OS, 'f~()t-J f(}~Q~Q~ ~Qt'Jl ~'1{) W'lS.
(O~'Ql~~x)Of ~ . ~ ~(~.~ Sl~~)U"() ~(1
a t{~~'l Of 0.~(h''(~(}Q,~.
2. FUNCTIONS
a. Cc.Xl)QC (Q~,~~ -1Qo,~';l{Ql~~'
b.'lo.so"~r'1~(1Q,~''t~ ,- eLC)Q~ V~QSSJ~~ ,
c. W'QS)~u~",( l'Q-.!Q~- ~1l W4l,'(!
d. C.Ol~ r N ~ OQ()'Irl
e. s.~~~:e~~ ~.'l'Ro-'S'
f s,No,...ow ~(.'
g, !O~nt-J(1 '.
h.VQS~~~~~)SIQ~ 10 Tii'4l 1;1,,"0. "".IS.
I.J(l~~Q& N'I..h~& 10 i-~ CXl~~~~.l)M
D. PONS
1. DESCRIPTION AND LOeA TION
C W~lN'O~~eAJ,-~~ ~ iQ j~{)'Q,~~)iQOf' it! 'i>~{~ SQN.
Sep~(Q1QS ,WQ "" )'i?J~Q'-S f~O~ 1iQ ~,. )
{l,1' 'i"1·f'-'.l'.'i~1>Ii.'"
0, L C 4.'
~.1,'IU II."
2. FUNCTIONS
.:.
a. ~Q'-IO ~j~~~ r~(~ r~ (~~'Q'¢~j~ {l ~Q (Q.~Q9QLl~'J .
b. ~!L~S~t-1S.U~,<tl{Jt1.'~ r~{)1'l"~ )Q~~Q1i,Q~~l 'JQrstl~~ 10 "'(""~()t
c. flt'lt ()~ 'N'1 ,i1Q ~O. ' lJ ~~t)LQ1~ 0'(~G('J(lQN'~
~(n~~)~~'niOf ~~~(rHHt'lC1 ' "i
..... '.. :.

5. -_.----------------------------------
2. SUBSTRUCTURES OF THE MIDBRAIN
. E. MIDBRAIN
1. DESCRIPTION AND LQCATI0N
a ~"{H~ S~llON Of el(N~'~' ltH11
S ljt(XlO ~~T'N~~t-J -'l.Vt~N(.Q()1QLO~
a~to 1~ '()t~~
a. CRANIALNERYES m AND IV (Discussed later)
OC,JlQ ~Q'()'f.~ ~ t lr~OlilQa~
b. CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES
W~S~ f~'(!n~ UWir 't~.~V("-l JCf,M~ "l',"'N(}',,( ~IQ'N'Q'Q~ .~"'~
(~W(l~~)'l <tt jj~'<i~ ~,~, ()f ~ 'J'Q,~lOl~ b.~''Q'J
c. CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA
"'N"(~~ (f ~(J)~'O~O ~()%~ OJ m~ l>QlQ ~ij~~PO,c.~ Of 1W
~)~~a t-J . OIU~) -.il() 'Q SUV~~()~ U-.lV tJf~~fl~
C.). lU L .
d. RED NUCLEUS
C()~ ~C.~ ?()S.)~~ ~(~~~o.~tlQ '1 C.<lW~CC.H~.L,'t',_
"("~ tttl ~. ~ ~ . . "" ~""'() s..t . .
e. COLLICULI
SV'Q~(} U- ~SlQ.~"4!t.~'/.~St)1 ~"N (}b~LS:. "'1'~,~O,) ~
,)~W tJ t _
~~r~~Ol - CONl~()l"~ C1~~(~' (~~tl~~Q~1U ¥('~ ~QQ SO
S{)l "l,) (( 'oJ Q)Q *' Q~ '6.'0 ~ ~n~~.
F. RETICULAR FORMATION
1. DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION
S'SlJ(,) (~~ ,"(1 r Sl(rn~~~O
- ~ l)J ~ 1()l 1t~ ~'.(l'4~" i f
ltl~lllu..<l. >~J.I Thalamus--f>--+-~~~..,...,,,~
M~i'aaN)
--t'<---'~- Cerebrum
2. FUNCTIONS Pons---'r
~.>~ Slt~j Jll~ t~ t~O.(1.0· (.. Reticularformation-T1lt~llliL-_Cerebelium
CGXJ.'~'t ~) a ~Cl'~ ('f' iwtO,Js tU)~~~~e?UllaObIOngala
w OO~Ue,~oI l)J 'N.. ~~. ~ a ()"4( ~ Spinel cord---
1(j~S~..'~ G QQ,,: ~a."·(!~1 lQ.(l~-(X~'Q. ~1a~.
~~~:"'tt- Cerebral
aqueduct
~~:::::::.-- Fourth
venlricle
I

6. G. THE THALAMUS
1. DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION
lGCQi Q.'O <1, W~ j OIQ~ r(( (~~ ?QQ~ SQ~ CA~(JQ
l~ ~'O'6~Q~. (O""~<lb~J) ..(~(IQ...'i Ot' Ql'{,t(I1 "'(j;,~~,
2. FUNCTIONS
~Q.~'l~~cvo t(JJ~Ul w~.o.t'Q,~·r,~v<~1~{N f(~ !l... SQNS.()~"i'
t-J{)J~IJJ~ Q~O.Q,Y ~'NI.!~~t'U ~1(.~Nl.l-'~~ "to m~(1Q~l~~a...
«.'(l~X f{)~ N~~'){~}aGt-J,
H.' THE HYPOTHALAMUS
1. DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION
lClC.GlQO ~~,{,Y'NQ~~) aNQ~()'(l. "CJ -(2 -;QU1Jj~.
---------<
OL~O .')~OO~~) Of C1~o."( ~'<l'Ml~G,.~
r"
2~ FUNCTIONS
,~~~:<;---~, C.'.b'~
Pineal
gland
",
~--L.,.~f---rHypo~,:
,.,~
N fMidb,aln
. . era,in Pons
':stem '.
. .: '. '. . '.. . Medulla
" r. . oOlongata
Spinale9lc!
.•.---- ".. __ .. _ ._4 . _.

7. 1. THE PITUITARY GLAND
j-::
r02. FUNCTIONS /.
11 ~~G'IJ"~(})Il'Q& ~~~"'IQ~ ,,,,0 l)N1lUl (L
cnWJ~ c'.('-I~I~)t1uq~C1~1.~i,IQNo.t,'1
~(l)Ut1~tJ, h(N (U'o"""({ll SQQ~~ ~ ~e-tCl
P"())}(;Hu~ a~o t-Jf'.i~"'LQ "~)Qbl)Jl1J~
Qr1)~..O~' .
1. DESCRIPTION AND LOCA;TIQN
lGCQ~O t~IQ~C)~a~D ~~X~()Xl ~ ~
-Q()1~.n~~~ ,lG~&~~ Qf 2.RA~~ .•Qt-J
C~~~~1. (l~O OO~1~~ un .()Q~.
J. THE CEREBELLUM
1.· DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION
~CU~~'Q~QS~ Or l~SJ} Jtfi'~O ~'OQt 1tO
CfJJ1(l' l~'@)tlSa~t) ~1~O ~ '0~« ~~(), j-::n (O"-'SS1& (j~ ~ .O.lQ,U~l(lW&'P1~l~b ~ y
C()~ro~'OOF~~l'i ~,,~ ~~-nlQ.Q ON 11IQ ( 0
2, FUNCTIONS S)~f{l (Q ' ~(L~'[~~~A
a. (~'{J~)~.n1)~~'~~~~(L1fJ'
b·~l~ 1()t-.I('l(lN 'Q(b'i~~
c. ,~ Q0O("' ~& g~",,~U'1~~() (~'-.(.'Q.$-4K.' 1't{)
{)S1(}~ Of ~O~ ~<1~, /
--------/ -------
K. THE.B!SALGANGLIA
1. DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION
~<lSSQ~ ()= G1~()''f M(l1,IQG .(C(nQO OQ,Q')
..,Vt,1'~ '11Q tQ~~lb~C. -TQ,lb'Ot1t~'QS
2. >'?~CTIONS
~~.Q~ S,GlC1tJ r()~ ~{)"..~~ ~J)..&lQs
(()~''-1(" r{}tJ '~Q. tQ3l~"'''~~)))t~b
)O} I-l~ 11. S'O~l't1laS(V."~'<ll~Q)SIQS
f(j~ (~tJl'tlQtl (J ~

8. 1. THE LIMBrC SYSTEM
;
: . ~ ~''-: ':;;.:~ i.:--'-;': .- ~:/-- ,".",
1. DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION
~(JlT't ~X) ,1X}t('"l 1 li~ t~l~Q,~'~
". '.
.. ~' .
. '.'. . ... ,
..: 2~::... ·Ei1NCTIONS ,.' .
.,: J?~(J~~~ (}J~ f~~..-J61~()ft)U~, UNC1~~I SO~1l0W'1~',:PLIQ(l~'J~ ~.
(ti"l~' ''"O Ill'll d~~tJi ()It Ut-Il1liGUSll. t·11 flQllllI'lC'ISQOOv i .
Qi.O~ftf~'lL~"~IO~ ~<lio.&(}~ m(t,.~~~ ~(~Qfis~'~,*~
t~"Ll! elF ~)Iin L. ", .'- " . . . .' . .: ..;:: ,. . ~. .' .. '.'
M. . TE,Ei~;rNEALBODY (GLAND).' -"'-'-'-'- , ". , '.
. . . . . . ..
.' 1.._UESCRIPTIONANDLOCATION.... .''."_._
... a S~(.. ()'1(h S'~jtl1(t.~(lndtt~1)T(.li~l?~~:l'~l("I<;
.. ;'N~~l1ttl llO{)fI Of ""~ 1,.~Q"'{lNl~tLQ," ,-.-,:•..
.-' .. ; -.:
" •••. ;.', ",Y
2. FUNCTIONS ., _ '.". .l'. ',.
·s~m~W~(1(1'GI~()tJQ ~tl 'I)~~Xlit4tJ.H~ t?&:tIi~~GlVAIIQ
Sl~~O ('~'Ol~{~ t,,(l.t~l~f1"ll{j,WtQS"~I~(;"t.(i'(J.~~), .
'~bl~W& ()iIl~)~~tu l .'Kl~~ll.Il' I~.n~I(lt'(t;, ~ (<1IH1'{)
1~1u'O ~ ~ .
1. S·~1{)(C;<;~aQ ~u..- S~(S)'t(j.<'f~lI~ "O~u'"'OO~-
.{fx~.(Q,U 1' {)(;.'1 I,,~ ~ U~~~.ib~ tJ '. ~~"())t'Q.OV'l"c.t
OOQ~~~~~ (J~~'~ "'{)O . ...." .,i;
l.<· .
1. . .. .. ::. ',."
1-

9. .'. ,"', •..
~.&.-, ..~.;..... ,.. ~- ' .....-, ..
N. THE CEREBRUM
'. .t.
a. LOBES
1-Q f{va F)"'tl,)"'~-.,-N 1~ Clf
.'1 ,tto.lQb~'" .
:~~
1. DESCRiPTION AND tOC~T.ION .: -.
1rW .Q~('1QS Q~)~f 1Q.~~Q~'I;Q
lQ~~Q~ Oo.U Of t~ ~(rllQ ~C w-.
(~'S~~·f.!2 ··!QlS~1~l~~·1WJ;1 (t~~Q~~~ti~ ~( ...
~<t,~~~.f ..~G.l~ (n"(>.~, . . "
·2. FEATURESOFTHECERBBRUM
. , ..;.
. " '
' ..:",...
;"':.;' ... ' .. , ....: .:
. '. .,. .....
. - .', ..... '
.< d. ....•..CONVOLUTIONS .
.. '.'j
.1"::', .,
·CORPUS CALLOSUM'
CClNNUlll<; ,it{! l'NO r·~~~J1~~!~'Of:"····
"~ ~~Q -'-1 .
f RlGHT AND LEFT HEMISPHERES
1"~l~O U,!~~()f 1Q ooa~
Corebtal
g. CEREBRAL CORTEX 00'1••
"'iQ 11~..Q~~l.Of 0a(}.'1V()'llQ(
ON ,W'i 0)1$.-0( Of 1~'0~U~ lJt'lt)~~
1Q )Utl~1'l~')l"~X'Q~u~"'>l()t~t-l(1
Of'~f() Oc.c.)XJ.~,1..tj ~~ Tt t{' I ~'tiCll~J 10 tG~1a'J
l~u'b Of It. ~ ~~jUO'l t~...t.>())Q~ ()~ 1tt~
~~Ql)h $~()"".
I

10. 3. THE FOUR LOBES OFTHE CERJ!BRUM
a. THE·FRONTAL tOBE~·
(1) DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION
Q~IQQ~~ ):)S,()'J Of Q(Kt Motolconex
(~rimarymotor.r •• )
Q~ II)'0XV .. 'TQN ~ ?t~(l Q J P,omotOr . . Central fiu •.•.a Sensorycortex
C x.. ~ Frontal eye area ~..1 • ? (primary "ntoCY Ilea)
La ~t1QS" 'Wa~. field area =::Pr,frontal . Irl •
••• celatlon
(2) FUNCTIONS .r.,.
~t)lO:o.W<!tJ~-(Q~1~(l..lO')~ll~"(. Fr,~l~·--I.--J"H
S.(~..~1"~l~l!~., aS~()tU,(j~ QUQQ~ ,:;~~.'.
>lO.'l~'N(,) C()~l(!t'-l1}'lO:'()~l ()""Q.~'i.'~}~~ l'J .Primary
~O.~~{,'11~)'O~,'~' '"Qltt~~<l..)'Q~l~' at ~~tCll~.~:!·tOry
~~~"''€,~ ~~...~t()"'Hl ~~ b1Ct{la ~ (~'QQ roXl' ~iQ(i TemporallOoa Primary /'
~ ~ 8ud~ory"
b. THE TEMPORAL LOBE"" . ,,/'
...
.-.---.~-_.._---..-"'-~.~.--.--~.~- - -----
,--
.' Primary;" : .. j
vllUII,li~"':,
(1) DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION
?>~lt.~,,,t 'ftl)~1(' Q'J) ?a~~~ . ..l}~(J,
~~~~l(n~)~ l~ .G1Q~Q.~l.(.b
(2) FUNCTIONS
~~~~~~'t~'(~~nc.,(n~~ 'Q~'Q'.)~Wbl~FOa~~C~'Went-JQ ~~aN('<! .
~~()t(llt~ uCt~~ N't~)"~Q'J(1 t~'4~o.'1~~9'Q~'Q~t~S.l
~~~Q,.X0~lN~ J~jC. ~lGXlQ~) ~~L I 0.'10 ~n(l~ ,
C.()~Q..~"l.SQ~~l(l~ ffi1~~~
'c. TIlE PARIETAL LOBE
,,(1) DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION
?JS~Q~O~ 0 t1Q f~O~1a ..O~Q atJO ~ S~"~"U1QO
f111~ tQtJ ~Gl ~)lOJ~ f~GN ~-~ F~ONQL LO~IQ,.
,:~(2)' FUNCTIONS ' .'. f C' DC 't.Q'J ()
~'Q~btift,.,OQ)U~ QSro~eL'Q f(l'St SQN~Q J N~ .vv :
(.(- I-<Q~'QI 'n~~w~ lQ~) >o." ~l(j.JtJ(' -Q SUtJ
G~<;)lU,() ~ ~~~(l~. t-O'Q,~~UNO~(;1 S'()~lll.)S~e
'Nl.)~)~) ~1ro~~~11)C1lr~ ~ ~~LN(,"~· .
!
. .., .... .',-

11. d. THE OCPPITAL LOBE
(1) DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION
f()~t-I~ li1Q XXl~1~~O~ pOXl,Q~ Of ~nUi(J~~Q~lo..1'i""'~ru~l-
1-t~X~ ~ N~ x)~1~t ~~t)~'"{ '~Q'f~~t'J -tQ O(l~1aL
LQ~'Q QNX) li~ U ~al ~114l""(>)QQt .O~~.
(2) FUNCTIONS
.•• ': >. ~~~SOo."( Ct~U~'-'~S)t-.S:.~~ f{)~ JSlO,,", , ab'-Oc,Q G~
.:r~~Cc~N N t()~~,~~C' "~lUl VU~~~ 'N 'Q1tQ~ 8'Q'JSQ~'
Q"~~ .
4. THE FUNCTIONAL REGIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
. a. SENSORY .
l1Q S~~() "( ~~e"OJ.L'O~~Qt~Ol1Q tQ~'o..SU.Cl~01 11 ~
I~~ maN Of-TQ~a~Q1Ql ~~'Q. AU. S~NS.C11()tJ~O~(h.~(l1~'1
ON Q~~ SO~ ()r-1W ~n'1o.~Q '"'Qm~'t) O~ ltQ
(r()O(S1~ SO~ Or 1ttC! ~a~.
b. ASSOCIA TION·4i
OCDJQ'{ Cl. ..0'00$ Of 1iQ (,Q(lQ,~"uJ.-1Q~~ GUlUS ~1Q"Q~~
.~~~SQ1Q~a~u cn~~~~tlj~O 'J ~~J~~'i J 3l~(l~O,"'~)
'.JQ~MlcND J ~)~Q q}~l <X~) ,N01()",·
c. MOTOR
1-'Q ~cno( ~()~~~ ..'QS <l, 1r> OOC' Or 1tlQ ~)N(ll JS@J'Q I
~lSl C~~~" 1) ltt'Q t~Nl~~. bLtJS., '!Q$l& f~')"" OJQ ~)QOf
1~ t001~~ Qf~CllW Q,OD'1 )(lfi1 ON 1t~ OQrosn~ ~OQ Of 11()
'QOOi.
'," ;",",
'.' ",~, .
II)
........ -.- " .. '

12. . -------c'--~--------
,I
.'
. . I
.' '.' '_' i.
.. .' ,', '
wto
.•.•;c -; ..-••.-.....•. ' ,' ., ..•.• >!.•., ,.' ..-."'.-".,.,.- ..,r..•~
'.--:~::·,:·::r·····..
. -
.,' . '"
. ", . ~.
. .:' -, .; x·' .' .
. . ';" ....
. .~ : .: '. ': . .
.. ':.. ', .
'. ', ..
.-,
- (
---------- -
------

13. -- ----- ----- -- ----------------------;
Time to Review
Brain Part Color
1 Cerebellum
2 Corpus Callosum
3 Gray Matter
4 Ventricle
5 Frontal Lobe of
Cerebnun
6 Ventricle
7 Reticular Formation
8 Occipital Lobe of
Cerebrum
9 Pons
10 Ventricle
11 White Matter
12 Medulla Oblongata
13 Hypothalamus
14 Pituitary Gland
15 Olfactory Bulb/Nerve
16 Midbrain
17 Parietal Lobe of
Cerebrum
18 Optic Nerve
19 Thalamus
20 Pineal Gland
Checked Off With Instructor

14. i -
' .. i.
~
..
. .

15. 4. OOERESTlNG BRAlN FACTS
a. l3MIN WAYES
,.....,. "
/'
..--.-, I ,.
v-
(el,
PE)!ii awl spiloptic seizure
tast.wav« and ,spike.
(d)
"W' 1200",1'
.'~'.~~'-". ;,
.:;-
SLEEP AND::~S'
••••• ~:-:t-.' ~~ __ .; (~(QD(i~.'~it'tI ~()lOC'tQl (LGt.(-S~~~VINQW~
t'((l~.'s '''~'6~~&tJ i "," ." " "" ,":,/',' t" i'
WQN - WCAPH) 'Q.''Q ~(jjQN'QN ,,~l~~,Pl1:~;,NO&l.'. , .••• :,.:., .. ,) J
~,IQ) ~ll~ ~~'"'~} ~'XIQ,")S I 'A~",(,,jlG~ ~~Q(l1r'1(1
- ' ,'-. ', ..-.':",-,,'.- ,,'.,.,
;,';.'f
~~ - '(l{'Q N - ~CXc1~ :. ( lOr' a:, ,,",< " ",/
, ..
,SlQ(l~ 2 ~~<l,~NC~Nc: ~ O~)J.1'1 ,ti)S ~ u~~
"S,Qc,~""~,:"~,~'Q~ IO~'-lQ - S~~.~ "o,l,N )~'t;.~~ XJ.QlO.')( .'
~ Q ( 10 "', )Q,L" ~ - ~ ~ Q l ~ ~ (tXf~s 'Q'-l~~Q:'1.'
b.
Pltfasant drearlt8'i"~'. .,.,
A~YcfV,wiredat night when~l'lhovld be
'" , "', YT?r sleep? Try a pre-w~tim&,ritvcil'
~uch.~eadlng, or drinKinghet~1ea or writinio-o
In 0 JQ,urnol. s I '~
Iftou're a late-night snacke~;avoid heo ," .or
. ,gr,~,){foods, eolo, and other dd'h~s c.ontai,t;:j'
Cq",IPI." SF)Qckoncereol or a bog'ej.msteod.
. . ,. <.' .:~>!.~~::}"s~-"
c.MEMbRY "
SWj~ -'(}~, ~Q~~ - L""~ri,)S()~Q.e'~,tC~'S Q. ~N SQlONOb
,-aN~- 1Q.l~ ~~~CJ~'i- C(1~.~~ ')l~~~'s}~ 'f~ (~ ru~C~(}11Q.J·

16. , '
Kent M. Van De Graaff, Ph.D.
• Anid£te, ponder, and' apply - muse the mi~d (right cerebral hemisphere) to .',!"':"J
unde~tand infonnarion and the thoughts of others; generate your own profound
"
f~~~ ~hearing, seeing, and mechanically doin~ helps reinforce mental
";:.'. '::Useassociation tags - tap your memory data base to affix new information;
make mental associations with knowledge already set within your mind
• Mentally review - continuously mentally process new information until easily
retrievable to your consciousness
• Exercise mental skills - strengthen math skill by using the brain rather than a
calculator; memorize poems or quotes
• Obtain sumcient sleep - sleep depravation may diminish mental performance by
30%
• Maintain a regiment of daily exercise - exercise calms the body; de-agitates
the mind
• Man_ge stress - set realistic goals, priori~~.n;I;~il~~l1g s~hedulelregular
exercise, and proper diet
• Eat h~althy - enrich the brain with healthy diet, proteins and B vitamins are
essential; take only required medications; avoid hallucinogenic drugs, tobbacco,
alcohol, and excessive caffeine
• Avoid hypertension - prolonged hypertension (hyperteasion) can increase the
risk of stroke and senescent memory loss
:~.". .

17. BRAIN FACTS·
Kent M. Van De Graaff, Ph.D.
• Structural and regional distinctions are well established by the end of the eighth week of
prenatal development; brain waves emitted at this time.
• All of the brain's neurons are formed prenatally. During early fetal development, an
estimated 360 million new neurons are formed each day.
• Neurons are normally durable and dynamic. Baring disease or deleterious environmental
factors, there is relatively little senescent loss in the number of neurons during aging.
• Neurons improve their effectiveness with usage, and they readily establish cytoplasmic
extensions (axons and dendrites) with increased usage. The number of processes from
the cell body of a neuron determines the extent of nerve impulse conduction and the
associations that can be made to cerebral areas already containing stored information.
• It is calculated that one-fourth of the neurons within the brain depolarize each second,
accounting for brain-wave patterns.
• Although microscopic, some neurons may exceed lengths of three feet.
• Neurons are very sensitive to oxygen depravation and hallucinogenic drugs, including
alcohol. .
• The brain composed of an estimated 100 billion neurons connected by innumerable
synapses.
• Orie remarkable aspect of the structure of a neuron is that there are between 40,000 and
100,000 dendritic endings on each cell.
• The number of synapses and the neurophysiological activity occurring at these synapses.
is more important in the learning process than is the number of neurons.
• The brain has an unlimited capability for learning.
• Over 200 specific neurotransmitter and neurorepressor chemicals have been identified in
the brain.
• The axons of myelinated neurons are wrapped by neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells)
some 80 times.
• The speed of nerve impulse along a myelinated neuron is 370 feet per second. The time
required for repolarization in preparation to send another impulse is one-thousandth of a
second (one millisecond).
• The blood-brain-barrier effectively determines what molecules get to the brain, and is
instrumental in maintaining homeostasis.
• The adult brain weight is nearly 1.5 kg (3-3.5Ib).
• The brain accounts for approximately 2% of average adult body weight of 150 lb.
• Because of the buoyancy of cerebrospinal fluid, the effective (functional) weight of brain
is about 50 gm.
• A consistent 20% of cardiac output goes to the brain-amounts to about 750 ml of blood
per minute.
• A neuron deprived of oxygen will die within ten seconds or less ..
• Only mammals have a convoluted cerebrum, and the greatest degree of convolutions
occurs in primates. Cerebral convolutions increase the surface area of gray matter.
• Accounting for 80% of the human brain weight, the cerebrum is composed of right and
left cerebral hemispheres and five paired lobes.
Cerebral Hemispheres
Right Hemisphere
creativity, intuitive, analytical,
emotional
Left Hemisphere
rational, language, basic skills,
just the facts

18. '.
Tips for
improving
.rnernory
By SANDRA FISH
t<night-Flidder Newspapers.
There .are things you can
do to improve your memory.
Like the rest of the body .
. exercise will keep it healthy.
Dr.. Dennis Jannigen. direc-
tor of the Center on Aging at
the Universirv of Colorado
Health Sciences Center in'
Denver. says "constantly
using and taxingand stretch-
ing" the brain through chal- .
lenges such as crossword
puzzles will keep the mi nd
sharp.
"People engaged in real
creative activity tend to pre-
serve their cognitive struc-
ture." he says.
At the Bavlor College oC
Medicine Post-Concussion
Clinic in Houston. co-direc-
tor and psychologist Tara L.
Brawley works on helping
people improve their memo-.
ries after head injuries. Most .
.effective. she says. is .slaying
relaxed and performing one
· task at a time instead of sev-
eral.
"I realize that in the real
world. that's not always an
option." she says.
Following are some of the
tips Brawley gives patients.
but they'll work for anyone:
• Write ·thines down In a
journal. calendar or note-
book and make it a habit. "A
· dav-tirner isn't 20in2 to do
you any good if you leave it
at home or don' t use it," she
says. Ask employees or your
boss to put things In wnnng,
too, so you can record it.
• Use reminder notes on
the refrigerator. telephone or
bathroom mirror.' .
• Make a dailv list of what
needs to be done, scratch
thinus ..off as they are com-
·pie ted, ..
• Develop cues to help
you remember. Make
rhymes, sentences or wO:ds
. out of the items on your Iist.
Or group things in CJt~-
gories -·at the grocery. tor
instance. you might want to
remember 19 buy three
fruits. three dairy products
and three toi lerries.
. • Repeat things. such as
names when you're iruro-
duced.. .. .
• Stay organized. with a
consistent place for thing s
·Iik~ hills. "':,
o Establish a routine.
using the tips above. .
· For memory problems
with a medical route, Braw-
ley suggests consulting pro-
fessionals. "Ideally. we like
ro get patients in and evalu-
ate them so we can tailor a
memory srimularion pro--
gram.".
"OK. Mr. Dlttmars. remember: ThaI brain is cnlv a
lemporary. socon'rtnrnk 100 hard wllh 11."
By John MCPhBmlp
Then ·q~ai0.if
I ,f7J OJ or m
Spprfs histor]!,
nlt/ave TO
-raKe only of'}!-
el[1hT O'ClOCK
Class over the
next- -tl7r,ee
.years.
How most college students deci?,e on 0 major.
Cl.Dst TO BOME.
"I realize it mokes you uneasy,but until
you snap out of Ihissteep-wal~iflgphos~:
Dr. Shod~.cksaysit's for your own good ..
. IIDta PeIeieBy .-.
":...
Cil Ways exercise
Ubenefits your
BRAIN
f-G-~M{§t5-;; ~ a StaJr-C1""blng
"(; .,I),,' _ D S""'=llng
~
~~1~~ ~~_:..roblCD~~
.. ~~.~~ ~Im~i ~- {}id-
J.: :=J~,"-=-'_ --- w~ [fI"0Excrctse has been found to '=: 1.1. ~
have n posttrve effect on adult and 'Z
child self-esteem ~~~' __
& Exercise can holp promote ~ /1 !11/;,
clear ttllnkmc and creanvuy , ¢ _@); ,-'r:. @~/
®Stud.es on modcrn t cly do- ~(!~,:y" ....~
pressed nnric nts hnve found that a' ,
aerobic exercise is as effective ~ ~Exercisc cu n help decrease
psycholherapy; and that exc.rcl,sc has pre-menstrunl tension and its 8YTnP.
an antidepresaivc t!rre~t 01) patterns toms, '
withmild-tc-rnoderate depression. .e-,' ,
'.:. J.:. 'c:..JModerot.c.to~hi~h'ir.tcnsity
C!J.Ant"cr. fOltigue, and confusion aerobic: exer-cise rcduce~'ari..xletY.
bnve br.{';n shown to decrease muscle tension, and blood preu~ (or
(ailowin, brisk exercise, two to five hours after the activity -
,&:JExercise has been shown 1'0 ends. ";,,:
incr-ease the sense ot well- being of So~~; T~ Ill~ti(lno.J Sot:~/yCfSptJf'/
the elderly: and {nere ase the Lest P;:yr:hology: TIlL Physician and Sporu.
scores of students in primary g+cdes. mt'dir:iTl~. Vol, 20. No, 10 ,
011111

19. AHC - 277-D
~'1~.-
. OLFACTORY (I)
L. ,q~S,
The Cranial Nerves PIQl()-IilQUl N~ ..
lOCo.IQ.O o~ j~)Q,~ 0'0 Of
~ Q~),
. f
.
OCULOMOTOR (III)
'.IQ,(! ~)1~~ ~ ' .
!1SDUCENS (VI)
L . Ophthalmic Div.
TROCH LEAR (IV)
., .
tr~'N~q l~~t
TRIGEMINALM ~Q,N<;'(X~J~)
8~N&o. (JN~ f(('Q ISl(.l...fJ
YMasticator N.
~~l-~~:'---- Maxillary Div.
~~~"'------;";" Mandibular Div .:
II~_ Glossopalatine N.
~~;r:=====~~=~~~AUDITORY (VIII)
/ .
~r.A)
HYPOGLOSSAL
(XII)
C,IQJ1 N('1 I
~V1o..;.()'l ~C~
Vestibular N.
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
~~ (IX)
VAGUS (X)
Motor N.
(SPINAL)ACCESSORY (XI) -
.} ~NN~ -~o.0 -
8"'")(1(:) N 0 &mJ.'()I,~x1l~
Sensory N.
." ......>TMr
I

20. Mnemonic for Cranial Nerves
I
II
1lI
IV
V
VI
VII
Vili
IX
X
XI
XII
Olfactory S~ 'Q.." ·l)n
Optic J s0 N Vld
Oculomotor IQ'( iQ ()lympus
Trochlear )W(J)'1-JWJi T«)werine
Trigeminal T«)ps ,
A·bd . IQ'{IQ A
.' uccns ~Ol'<!"'~ll~ Q
Facial ~~ ,as,{) I ~NC....()'1 N(1) fCH,,Ul 1Q~?0<QS~O~S
~~'L~O .
Vestibulocochlear ~ -'Q(H'l ~C' )3UlU NtlQ
Glossopharyngeal 6ennan lcblXZ, s,N(....CNNC,
Vagus .Viewed ,QS,lQ ;(()NllGL~ .)e-~~Q".JOQe(~~1 "j~t. f
Accessory A ~{~l
Hypoglossal liawk . '
*vest rbulocochlear cranial nerve used to be referred to as auditory
Cranial Nerve Story
One day 1 w~nyQ an old factory (()lfa(;wO'). I could not see very well, so I put on my. opticals (Optic). 1n th
factory, I saw the coolest Vcul«)m«)k>r, so I had the workersinstall it in my truck (Trochlear), As I werit fora test
drive. I turned the corner and there he was - the Tri~mimd,monster., He.beat.me up so baa, I was sick to my
Abducens. I had to dosomething to feel better, so l.went to get a.fadal. While at the salon, a man spilled Coke Of
my new vest (Vestibul«)(;«)cblear). I was so upset, I had 'to throw up in the glossy shiny object (f.I()ss()pha011Qedi
Then I felt so much better that I decided to go to Vaeus. ~had to buy some newaccessoriesj accesserv) for my trip
and then I grabbed my hypospastic significant other (tiyp()el()ssal) and we were off to Vagus.
, "
',' " • 1=;
..:
14
... "

21. DISEASES AND DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
A. This is the most common cause of crippling in children and results form prenatal, preinatal,
or postnatal CNS damage due to anoxia. Motor impairment may me minimal or severely
disabling. Associated defects, such as seizures, speech impairment, and mental retardation
are common. This disorder cannot be cured but proper treatment can help the child reach
his/her full potent~
The disorder is: V rQ~'Q B'O.Q ~ 9ClU,'1:..•. .." "
B. This disorder is an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid with the ventricles of the
brain. it occurs most often in newborns. The head is enlarged and the brain may be
compressed causing brain damage. Early detection and surgical intervention improves the
prognosis. Complications of the surgeI)' include infection of the shunt.
The disorder is: -1 Q~ () C~21Q 'L)~
C. In this disorder there is defective closure of the spinal cord (neural tube) during the first
trimester of pregnancy that results in malformation of the spine. These defects generally
occur in the lumbosacral area. There may be protrusion of the spinal contents in a sac.
Prognosis varies with the degree of neurological deficit, The children may have paralysis,
difficulty walking, and experience incontinence of bladder and bowel. Women in
childbearing years S ould take folic acid to decrease the risk of this defect in children.
The disorder is: pt-1 Q Bf )Q
D. This disorder most commonly begins as a patient complaint, but is usually a symptom of an
underlying disorder. Ninety percent are caused by vascular problems or muscle
contractions. Most chronic disorders are cau ed by muscle contractions and are known as
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~77------~~~~-=' Itssym~oms
include a persistent dull ache, and a feeling of tightness around the head. This disorder may
be treated with aspirin, Tylenol, Motrin, and possibly narcotics. The other conunon
disorder is caused by constriction and dilation of the intracranial and extracranial arteries.
Its symptoms include unilateral, pulsating pain and may be accompanied by vomiting,
photophobia, nausea and irri ility. This disorder is known as
-----'--'-"-""'-"-"..1!!-+J!.....::..-""'-""-----------. It is treated with
E. This is a condition of the brain that is marked by susceptibility to recurrent seizures that are
associated with abnormal electrical discharges in the neurons of the brain. The causes are
unknown, but may include birth trauma, infection, anoxia, and brain tumors. Treatment
includes medication sue ..,filantjn, Phenobarbital, and tegretol to control seizures.
The disorder is: l'tl{! PS "t
F. This is a sudden impairment of the cerebral circulation in one or more of the blood vessels
that supply the brain. The blood vessels may rupture or be blocked by fat or a blood clot.
This disrupts the supply of oxygen to the brain and causes necrosis in the brain tissue. It is
the third most common cause of death in the United States. Factors that increase your risk
of this disorder are atherosclerosis, lack of exercise, diabetes mellitus, use of oral
contraceptives, cigarette smoking, high triglyceride levels and a family history, Symptoms
include weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, aphasia, dysphasia, personality
changes, headache, and mental confusion. Treatment includes improving circulation to the
G.
brain by the use of anticoagulants, maintaining an open airway, ensuring adequate nutrition,
and rehabilitation.
The disorder is: (10 C~UQ~aO!a~t)lC"~QCCptQN1
- ~l~O(~
In this disease, the covering{s) ofthe brain and spinal cord (usually the pia mater) become
inflamed, usually the result of bacterial infection. Treatment includes early recognition and
antibiotic therapy. Symptoms include a sore neck when the patient is lying down and the
practitioner pulls the head forward and the patient flexes his hips and knees in response,
fever, chills, malaise, i!?reXia, and changes in the cerebrospinal fluid.
The disease is: QN N6 "'(t
H. This disease is sometimes referred to as the shaking palsy as involuntary tremors are one of
the cardinal signs. It is one of the most crippling diseases in the United States, striking 1 in
every 100 people. There is a dopamine (neurotransmitter) deficiency, which prevents brain
cells from performing their normal inhibition or stopping of nerve impulses within the
CNS. Muscle rigidity may occur. The cause is unknown. Death usually occurs 10 years
after the disease is diagnosed. There is no cure for this disease. The primary aim of
treatment is to relieve symptoms and keep the patient functional for as long as possible with
the use of drugs and physical therapy. Stem cell research may he a promising venue for
future medical care. Michael J. Fox, Janet Reno, Pope John Paul and Mohammed Ali both
are afflicted with this.Aisorder. .....,<'0•...e-c (OC Il.Or-!I '
The disorder is: yQgth ..•~ ,.•.•~ .ly ~v,-J
I. The cause of this disorder is unknown. There are progressive changes in the neurons of the
brain due to a lack of neurotransmitters in the brain, trauma, and genetics. The onset is
slow. In the beginning, the patient will have very mild changes such as memory loss,
forgetfulness, and difficulty learning new information, deterioration in personal hygiene
and.appearance, and an inability to concentrate. As the disorder progresses, personality
cbanges may be seen. Physical disability progresses and death usually results from
infection. Stem cell research may be promising. Former President Ronal Reagan was
affJictedwiththisdisorder. 1l•.Itt':.( ( " c £1'1$2)The disorder is: Q.::z- ~ " 'l. U!~ .J' 0;) V
.."
J. This is an acute childhood illness that causes fatty infiltration of the liver and brain,
encephalopathy, and increased intracranial pressure. It almost always follows within I to 3
days of an acute viral infection, flu, or chicken pox. It is common in infants and children.
The incidence often arises during flu outbreaks and may be linked to aspirin use.
Symptoms include vomiting, mood changes, confusion, tachycardia, and tachypnea.
Trea~entin:olvestt~lWL~the.~1! ms. O~IM
The disease IS: P<'J,'" 'Q ~ ., '" -'( I r ,
K. This disease is the most common motor neuron disease of muscular atrophy. Onset occurs
between the ages of 40 and 70. The causes of this disease include autoimmune disorders,
disturbance in motor neuron enzyme metabolism, difficulty producing nucleic acids, severe
stress, trauma, and physical exhaustion. The symptoms include muscle weakness, muscle
atrophy, dysphasia, dysphagia, and dyspnea. Mental deterioration usually does not occur,
but depression is a common response to the disease process. Death usually occurs within 2
to 5 years after diagnosis as there is no eff~tive ~r~crail ble.
The disease is: Ol 6"1 ,;'Xl ~ S u S

22. L. This is the most common head injury resulting from a blow to the head - a blow hard
enough to jostle the brain and make it hit against the skull causing temporary neural
dysfunction. Precipitating causes include a fall to the ground, a punch to the head,
automobile accidents and child abuse. Most victims recover within 24 to 48 hours after the
injury. Symptoms of this disorder include a loss of consciousness, vomiting, possible
amnesia, dizziness, headache, and lethargy. Treatment includes monitoring the vital signs,
mental status, level of consciousness
S
and pupil size.
The disorder is: CO~ OJ s,a~
M. This disorder results from a sharp hyperextension and flexion of the neck that damages the
muscles, ligaments, disks and nerve tissue. It is common after rear-end automobile
accidents. Padded headrests and shoulder harnesses reduce the risk of this type of injury.
Symptoms include pain in the interior and posterior neck. It may also cause vomiting,
dizziness, headache, neck rigidity, and numbness in the arms. Treatment includes
immobilizing the neck at the scene of the accident, ruling out spinal cord injury, analgesics,
warm compresses, a cervical COl1ar~d~SSible physical therapy.
The disorder is: 'N 19 QJ'
N. This is commonly referred to as a broken neck and involves injury to the spinal cord. The
more superior the injury, the more permanent damage results to the patient. Causes of the
injury include motor vehicle accidents, falls, sporting injuries (football, skiing), diving into
shallow water, and gunshot wounds. Paralysis of the body may occur. If the lower half of
the body is paralyzed, the patient is considered to be a paraplegic. If the body from the
neck down if paralyzed, the patient is considered to be a quadriplegic. Treatment involves
maintaining vital fiutctions andjff!abilitation to maintain the usfofmuscles.
The disorder is: ':::::.t - s.~~Q. (Go. () ~..JV ~"1
C, - (, ~ C1QQif (~-C"l ~QlOO c..~-Cl·_ X.lr9aOi,:<l<AQ
This is a sad mood, which may be a primary disorder, a response to a disease process or a
drug reaction. Causes may include genetic, familial, biochemical, physical, and
physiological processes. The person may have feelings of helplessness, anger,
hopelessness, low self-esteem, and pessimism. Other symptoms include weight loss or
weight gain, sleep disturbance, depressed mood most of the day, energy loss, fatigue,
difficulty thinking or concentrating. Treatment may involve psychotherapy, drug therapy,
counseling an~ light th~RY(} VI 11'('(' ~ 1 •• ,
The disorder IS: __ ...l~LS.wX.IC-!Ho::!· ,-,I"-""-";)·:;''--l-.;U>.L~'' _
o.
THE DEPRESSION TEST
All of us feel a little blue now and again. And that is normal. But some of us feel sad or depressed
most of the time. That is not normal. The 20 questions below were developed by Dr. William Zang of
Duke University to be used by people for self-diagnosis. Make copies for each member of your
family. Score the answers. The results just might unmask depression and help you or a loved one take
the first step toward getting better.
If your answer is: Score
None or little of the time .
Some of the time .
A good part of the time .
Most or all ofthe time
I
2
3
4......
Score 1-4
I. I feel downhearted, blue and sad. 1-.
2. Morning is when I feel the worst. ,
3. I have crying spells, or feei like it. I
4. I have trouble sleeninz through the night.
5. I don't eat as much as I used to. 1
6. I don't eniov looking at, talking to and being with attractive men or women.
7. I notice that I am losing weight t
8. I have trouble with my companion.
9. Mv heart beats faster than usual.
10. I get tired for no reason. /..
ll. My mind.is not as clear as it used to be. L
12. I don't find it easy to do things I used to do.
13. I am restless and can't keen still.
14. I do not feel hopeful about the future. ?J
15. I am more irritable than usual.
16. l-do not find it easy to make decisions.
17. I feel that I am not useful and needed. ~
18. My life is not verv full. ~.
19. I feel that others would be better off if! were dead. 1-
20. I do not eniov the things I used to. I
TOTAL: 'il)Q
Total the numbers in the right hand column. A score below 40 is in the normal range. A score
between 40 and 47 indicates a mild depression. If you scored 48 or above, a professional evaluation
should be considered. And if you scored above 56 you should seek help.