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Computer Communications and Networks
Nick Antonopoulos
Lee Gillam Editors
Cloud
Computing
Principles, Systems and Applications
SecondEdition

Series editor
A.J. Sammes
Centre for Forensic Computing
Cranfield University, Shrivenham Campus
Swindon, UK

The Computer Communications and Networks series is a range of textbooks,
monographs and handbooks. It sets out to provide students, researchers, and non-
specialists alike with a sure grounding in current knowledge, together with com-
prehensible access to the latest developments in computer communications and
networking.
Emphasis is placed on clear and explanatory styles that support a tutorial
approach, so that even the most complex of topics is presented in a lucid and
intelligible manner.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4198

Nick Antonopoulos • Lee Gillam
Editors
Cloud Computing
Principles, Systems and Applications
Second Edition
123

Editors
Nick Antonopoulos
University of Derby
Derby, Derbyshire, UK
Lee Gillam
University of Surrey
Guildford, Surrey, UK
ISSN 1617-7975 ISSN 2197-8433 (electronic)
ISBN 978-3-319-54644-5 ISBN 978-3-319-54645-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54645-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017942811
1st edition: © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
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Foreword
Since the first version of this book was published in 2010, with a foreword by my
colleague Mark Baker (University of Reading), considerable developments have
taken place in Cloud computing. Today, Cloud computing is no longer a niche
research area but now closely embedded in our everyday computing environment.
This is the ultimate success of a technology, which initially starts out as a specialist
domain-specific interest, but becomes so successful that it becomes invisible to us as
users. Systems such as Dropbox, Apple iCloud, Microsoft Office 365 and Google
Drive (amongst many others) are now regularly made use of and considered very
much a core fabric of our computing infrastructure. Social media platforms such
as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram all make use of Cloud systems and make use
of novel concepts such as “eventual consistency” (amongst others) as part of their
implementation. A mobile app that does not make use of a Cloud-based back end is
now an anomaly rather than a norm, a considerable change that has taken place since
2010. Early scientific Cloud systems, such as Eucalyptus, Open Cirrus, etc., once
considered the domain of computer science research, are now regularly used within
a variety of other communities, from biological sciences to arts and humanities.
Figure 1 shows change in interest (via Google trends) for the three terms “Cloud
computing” (dashed line, descending), “Internet of Things” (dashed line, slowly
ascending) and “big data” (dotted line) since the first edition of this book was
published in 2010. These three trends are closely related, as many applications
that generate or process large data sizes make use of Cloud-based infrastructure.
Similarly, many IoT devices act as data generators or consumers. It is also
interesting to see that programming models such as MapReduce, featured in the
2010 book, also appear in this version of the book but with a specific focus
on a dynamic Cloud computing environment. This programming model has now
been implemented across a variety of systems, from Hadoop (Cloudera, Apache)
to in-memory systems such as Apache Spark and Mesos (amongst others). This
programming model demonstrates how Cloud computing mechanisms have also
transformed data analysis and processing and has found wide-scale adoption in
industry and academia.
v

vi Foreword
Fig. 1 Google trends for Cloud computing, Internet of Things and big data
With significant commercial interest in Cloud computing due to its transfor-
mative impact on industry, the most prominent example of which is Amazon
Web Services (AWS), understanding how academic research could complement
rather than compete has been difficult. Whereas Cloud computing infrastructure
developers (Google Cloud, AWS, Microsoft Azure, Salesforce, etc.) often make
use of large-scale data centres with a large pool of servers, specialist energy
infrastructure and scalable/configurable networks, the academic community often
has limited access to such resources. Better understanding on how academic
researchers could respond to specialist challenges that may be commercially risky
for commercial vendors has changed since 2010. This book demonstrates many
such challenges that have been chosen by the academic community, such as (1)
Cloud federation, (2) adaptive and elastic resource allocation and (3) reproducibility
supported through Cloud-based systems. Whereas a particular industry vendor
would prefer a user to always make use of a single Cloud system, purchasing
and acquisition of computational infrastructure may not conform to this model,
often requiring a multi-system/Cloud environment. Understanding how commercial
Cloud systems could be “bridged” with private in-house systems, how a sudden
increase in workload could support “bursting” across multiple Cloud systems
and how services which are specialised for deployment over particular types of
infrastructure (such as GPUs) need to be integrated with services hosted on other
platforms (e.g. analytics or database services only available on a given platform)
remains an important challenge. Managing resources and efficient allocation within
such a federation remain important academic research challenges, which often
complement work being carried out in industry.

Foreword vii
The significant growth and capability of edge devices, and how these can be
combined with Cloud-based data centres, has also seen considerable interest over
recent years. In 2010, edge devices generally comprising of sensors were primarily
used as mechanism for data capture. With increasing advances in semiconductor
technologies, edge devices today have significant processing capability (e.g. the use
of Arduino, Raspberry Pi 3, Intel Edison, etc.) enabling data to be preprocessed and
sampled at the network edge, prior to being transmitted to a centralised data centre.
Another significant trend since 2010 has been the wider adoption and availability of
programmable networks through software-defined networks and network function
virtualisation technologies. The availability of a more complex capability at the
network edge, along with in-network programmability, changes the role of a data
centre. This perspective requires researchers to better understand how edge devices
and data centres can be used collectively. Understanding what should be done
at the network edge vs. in the data centre becomes an important consideration.
In 2010, a key requirement was to understand how processing and data could
be “offloaded” from a mobile/edge device to a Cloud data centre (to conserve
battery power of the edge device and avoid the impact of intermittent network
connectivity). Today the focus has shifted to “reverse offloading”, i.e. understanding
how processing to be carried out within a Cloud data centre could be shifted to
edge devices – to limit large data transfer over a public network and avoid latency
due to such transfers. Better and more effective use of edge devices (alongside
the use of a data centre) also leads to useful ways of supporting data security
(i.e. a user can decide what should remain on the devices vs. what to shift to the
data centre). The programming models needed to support this collaborative and
opportunistic use of edge devices and data centres remain in short supply at present.
Recent availability of low-overhead (in terms of memory/storage requirements and
scheduling delay) “container” technologies (such as Docker, Kubernetes, Red Hat
OpenShift) also provides useful mechanisms for supporting edge device/Cloud data
centre integration, enabling services to be migrated (offloaded) from edge devices
to data centres (and vice versa) – Villari et al.1
refer to this as “osmotic computing”.
Virtualisation technologies have also seen a considerable improvement since
2010. The capability to virtualise various parts of our computing infrastructure
(from processors, networks, edge devices, storage, etc.) and services (such as a
firewall) has seen considerable growth. The “virtualised enterprise” vision now
dominates thinking in many resource management systems, aiming to make more
effective use of resources across different applications. Understanding how the
memory requirements and switching overhead of virtual machines (VMs) could be
1
M. Villari, M. Fazio, S. Dustdar, O. Rana and R. Ranjan, “Osmotic Computing: A New Paradigm
for Edge/Cloud Integration”, IEEE Cloud Computing, December 2016. IEEE Computer Society
Press.

viii Foreword
reduced has led to interest in container technologies. Some predict that the days
of VM-based deployments are limited, due to benefits observed with containers.
How such approaches can be made multiplatform and support federation remain
important challenges in this context.
The editors of this book have selected an excellent combination of chapters that
cover these emerging themes in Cloud computing – from autonomic resource man-
agement, energy efficiency within such systems and new application requirements
of such technologies. The book will provide valuable reference material for both
academic researchers and those in industry to better gauge current state of the art in
Cloud-based systems.
Professor of Performance Engineering Omer F. Rana
Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

Preface
1. Introduction
The first edition of this book, back in 2010, started by identifying the relatively
recent emergence of Cloud and the increasing demand for Cloud systems and
services that was apparent. We suggested, back then, that its meaning was hotly
debated and identified specific IT and e-commerce vendors – Amazon, Google,
IBM, Microsoft and Sun – who seemed to be leading the charge in making pay-per-
use access to a wide variety of third-party applications and computational resources
on a massive scale available widely. We also identified how the notion of Clouds
seems to blur the distinctions between grid services, web services and data centres.
In the time that has elapsed between the first edition and this second edition,
it would be fair to say that Cloud has not only emerged but has become a go-
to for both experimental and developmental uses and is variously at the core of
numerous businesses across the globe. For some, the use of Cloud in many of
their activities is either second nature or is otherwise unavoidable. The definitional
debates at a broad level have subsided, with a purportedly final perspective – at the
16th version – offered by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology
(The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing, NIST Special Publication 800–145).2
This is completed by the subsequent production in 2014 of ISO/IEC 17788, Cloud
computing – Overview and vocabulary, although these two are not perfectly aligned,
as well as ISO/IEC 17789, Cloud computing – Reference architecture. Of the
five vendors we had acknowledged before, four remain and would probably now
be considered the biggest Cloud players at this point in time, not least because
their reported Cloud revenues are now in the billions of dollars per quarter: Sun’s
Network.com which had originally appeared to be a well-timed foray is, for most
and perhaps unfortunately, a slightly distant memory following Sun’s acquisition by
2
http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-145.pdf – doi:10.6028/
NIST.SP.800–145.
ix

x Preface
Oracle, with the memory of Sun as a company becoming equally distant. And for
these big four, not only is the scale of their Cloud operations substantial, as it needs
to be, but the range of services now available is also substantial and growing. And in
terms of blurred distinctions, Cloud variously supports or subsumes these – running
in, and across, multiple data centres in a large number of geographical jurisdictions
and supporting grid, web and mobile services amongst others.
As the subject has grown, so topic coverage has extended. Many new Cloud-
based services are a commoditisation of decreasingly common computational needs,
albeit with a few with broad application. Given the inherent economies of scale
brought to such commoditisation, this is likely to put further pressure on companies
that are (still) trying to compete in Cloud. And, indeed, this has already led to
some companies who have tried to compete withdrawing their attempts to keep
pace and in one particular large company case closing down their public Cloud
entirely. Various reasons may be cited: one key reason will be the sheer scale of
investment needed to address the inherently high costs of building and running
large new data centres and of continuing to ensure these comprise the latest and
most capable hardware within a highly competitive pricing environment. The result,
of not being able to compete at this level, tends to be that the arena for competition
shifts up the stack, with consultancies and commentators of various hues espousing
the benefits to be gained using multiple, and potentially federated, Clouds (multi-
Cloud). This also adds opportunities in Cloud brokerage, in adding value or getting
the best performance per unit of cost, and also in Cloud orchestration, with the need
to simplify the complexities of using a multiplicity of services simultaneously. And
the continued focus on Cloud security shows no sign of abating at any time soon.
Cloud is also, arguably, the springboard for the emergence of various other
significant topics of interest. The scale of storage and computational capability
available supports the treatment of big data, not only of large static collections but
also of the kinds of streaming sensor data important in the Internet of Things and the
combination of big and streaming data. In turn, Cloud acts as an enabler for activities
in so-called smart cities and in supporting operation of connected and autonomous
vehicles. And although software, platform and infrastructure remain the mainstay of
service models, these also now address containers (e.g. with Docker in Amazon’s
Elastic Container Service, Microsoft Container Service, Google Container Engine
and IBM Containers) and microservices (AWS Lambda, Microsoft Azure Functions,
Google Cloud Functions and IBM OpenWhisk); the latter abstracts away from the
lower levels of the stack, as well as offering pricing based on compute time used
as multiples of milliseconds rather than hours. With the relative maturity of such
offerings, as well as the emergent next generations of mobile telecommunications
related to network function virtualisation and mobile edge Cloud computing,
increased focus on distributed computation and computational offloading may also
be anticipated.
Given the extent described above, any collection such as this can only ever offer
insights into select subsets of what exists – as, indeed, have the paragraphs above.
Research around these areas abounds and will continue to grow, with the growth

Preface xi
in number and diversity of Cloud conferences and workshops and special issues
of very many journals that are variously Cloud flavoured, as a crude but effective
measure of reach, coverage and scope. However, the four cornerstones of quality of
service, embodied in the first edition, remain consistent:
1. Efficiency: The need for execution and coordination of the services to be
optimised in terms of data traffic and latency remains, even with lower-latency
communications, in part due to growth of data and ability to process it. Data
traffic is typically one of the main cost factors in any distributed computing
framework, and thus its reduction is a standard long-term goal of such systems.
Latency is arguably one of the most important factors affecting customer
satisfaction, and therefore it should also be within specified acceptable limits.
And efficiencies in performance per unit cost are of particular importance.
2. Scalability: Cloud service offerings of various kinds continue to need to scale
well to support massive customer bases. They must continue to withstand
demand of a great many bursty applications during peak times and endure the
“flash crowd” phenomenon familiar in overly successful marketing strategies and
provisioning for popular websites at key times. There is evidence to suggest, also,
that great scale can dissipate distributed denial of service attacks, albeit at a price.
However, applications must also be architected to be able to operate at scale.
3. Robustness: Cloud services still need continuously high availability by design,
with effective use of redundancy and graceful failover. With users charged for
the expected successful use of computational facilities, it remains imperative
to understand and address the risk of failure, either to help to mitigate the
probability of failure or to use this information to offer appropriate compensation
schemes. Some high-profile Cloud users are known to make deliberate efforts to
disrupt their own systems in order to prove to themselves that any impact on the
services is minimised, which again relates to appropriate architecting.
4. Security: Appropriate security provisions are now, quite simply, a fundamental
expectation for both data and applications to protect both the providers and
consumers from malicious or fraudulent activities and must recognise the
responsibilities of each with respect to the other.
In respect to various Cloud topics, this edition carries the following key
objectives:
1. To present and explore the principles, techniques, protocols and algorithms that
are used to design, develop and manage Clouds
2. To present current Cloud applications and highlight the use of Cloud technologies
to manage data and scientific analysis
3. To present methods for linking Clouds and optimising their performance
All three objectives are firmly rooted in extant discourse of distributed computing
and a desire to understand the potential of all these technologies in constructing
purpose-specific Cloud solutions that successfully address commercial demand and
shape successful business.

xii Preface
2. Expected Audience
This book should be of particular interest for the following audiences:
• Researchers and doctoral students working on certain aspects of Cloud com-
puting research, implementation and deployment, primarily as a reference
publication. Similarly, this book should be useful to researchers in related or
more general fields, such as distributed computing, software engineering, web
services, modelling of business processes and so on.
• Academics and students engaging in research-informed teaching in the above
fields. This book can serve as a good collection of articles to facilitate a good
understanding of this subject and as such may be useful as a key reference text in
such teaching.
• Professional system architects and developers who could decide to adapt and
apply in practice a number of techniques and processes presented in the book.
• Technical managers and IT consultants who would consider this as a book that
demonstrates the potential applicability of certain methods for delivering efficient
and secure commercial services to customers globally.
These audiences will find this publication appealing as it combines three distinct
scholarly contributions: firstly, it identifies and highlights current techniques and
methods for designing Cloud systems and optimising their performance; secondly,
it presents mechanisms and schemes for developing Clouds to manage data and
produce scientific analysis and economic activities; and thirdly, it provides a
coverage of approaches and technologies used to link Clouds together and manage
heterogeneity.
3. Book Overview
The book contains 14 chapters that were carefully selected based on peer review
by at least two expert and independent reviewers. The chapters are split into five
parts:
Part I: General Principles
This part aims to cover the essential technical characteristics and concepts behind
the new developments in Cloud computing. The chapters included in this part
collectively introduce the reader to essential architectural principles behind the
new developments and how these advances are influencing the applications, how

Preface xiii
to measure the performance of new Cloud architectures and how to do effective
resource management in the emerging Clouds for improved quality of service and
performance.
Chapter 1 provides a taxonomy and survey to highlight the rapid technological
advancements in Cloud computing and how it will transform silos into to the so-
called Internet of Things (IoT). This chapter discusses the principles and taxonomy
behind emerging trends in Cloud computing such as edge computing (Cloudlets and
fog computing), IoT (smart grids, smart cities) and big data.
Chapter 2 describes the resource estimation problem that, if not addressed, will
either overestimate or underestimate the resources, leading to wasted resources or
poor performance. This chapter addresses the problem of dimensioning the amount
of virtual machines (VMs) in Clouds and presents approaches that estimate in a
static or dynamic way the amount of VMs for several types of applications.
Chapter 3 reviews the important approaches for resource monitoring in virtual
machines. Taxonomy is presented that, when applied to different solutions that
use or augment virtual machines, can help in determining their similarities and
differences. The process of classification and comparing systems is detailed, and
several representative state-of-the-art systems are evaluated.
Part II: Science Cloud
This part builds on the principles and approaches of Part I and provides an in-
depth coverage of how Clouds can be designed to produce scientific insights and
analysis. This part describes important aspects of scientific applications such as
agility, reproducibility, consistency and scalability. It includes chapters that propose
novel techniques and systems for making Clouds reproducible, agile and consistent.
Chapter 4 introduces elasticity, which helps in determining the most appropriate
set of resources for running scientific applications whose requirements cannot be
determined in advance. It describes elasticity taxonomy and how this can be used
in running scientific applications. A discussion about good practices as well as an
analysis of the state of the art is described.
Chapter 5 characterises terms and requirements related to scientific repro-
ducibility. Clouds can play a key role by offering the infrastructure for long-term
preservation of programmes and data. This chapter describes how Clouds can aid
the development and selection of reproducibility approaches in science.
Chapter 6 describes the challenges in integrating clinical and genomic data
and producing insights from it. Integration complexity, data inconsistency and
scalability of the underlying data infrastructures have been highlighted as the main
challenges. Cloud approaches to storing huge amounts of clinical and genomic data
and producing value from it are also described.

xiv Preface
Part III: Data Cloud
This part provides an overview of novel approaches in producing scalable, high-
performance and decentralised Cloud systems. This provides an overview of how
emerging technologies such as P2P and graph systems fit with Cloud computing to
enable fault-tolerant, scalable and high-performance data-intensive Clouds.
Chapter 7 describes the challenges of implementing graph-based systems and
frameworks. The focus is on the problem of creating scalable systems for storing
and processing large-scale graph data on HPC Clouds. It highlights a graph
database benchmarking framework and its use in analysing the performance of
graph database servers.
Chapter 8 describes a framework that exploits a peer-to-peer (P2P) model to
manage systems failures of MapReduce and their recovery in a decentralised but
effective way. It describes the architecture and performance results of the proposed
model, which shows a higher level of fault tolerance compared to a centralised
implementation of MapReduce.
Part IV: Multi-clouds
This part presents ideas on achieving federation and interoperability across Clouds
and using autonomic computing and other intelligent approaches to self-manage the
federated Clouds. It includes chapters that propose novel techniques and systems
for making Cloud data and application interoperable as well as achieving data and
compute interoperability through automated means.
Chapter 9 presents an architecture to facilitate federated Clouds for achieving
interoperability between Clouds, especially application and data-level interoperabil-
ity. It describes the design of the architecture, implementation choices and some
practical evaluations for monitoring multiple Cloud deployments to make informed
decisions.
Chapter 10 provides an overview of the concepts that are being used in practice
and theory in order to advance the field of self-managing and self-healing Clouds.
It describes approaches to providing self-managed data- and compute-intensive
services to the users by overcoming heterogeneity in terms of computing resources.
Part V: Performance and Efficiency
This part covers a range of challenging issues associated to Cloud data centres
that, if not addressed properly, may limit its adoption. It includes chapters on

Preface xv
Cloud operations and Cloud economy offering approaches that can bring down
Cloud operation costs. It also includes chapters on resource management approaches
leading to energy efficiency and predictive workload management.
Chapter 11 presents a Cloud brokering model, which can reduce Cloud cus-
tomers’ costs when compared to traditional on-demand renting costs. It proposes
a number of online and offline heuristics to efficiently manage the resources of
the broker in order to optimise its revenue, as well as the QoS level offered to the
customers.
Chapter 12 proposes a resource management model with the aim of improv-
ing energy efficiency and reliability. The model manages the problem of over-
provisioning of resources and to an underutilisation of the active servers. Using
an evolutionary optimisation algorithm, the model can efficiently map user requests
with the available hardware resources.
Chapter 13 describes an approach to manage Cloud data centres by observing
workload behaviours and server usage patterns in the past. The analysis presented
in this chapter can support Cloud providers for achieving efficient data centre
management and prediction analytics in Cloud data centres.
Chapter 14 presents energy-efficient browsing approach that ranks URL and
web domains based on web page-induced energy consumption. The approach can
achieve substantial resource reduction for CPU and memory usage. It is also able to
reduce bandwidth usage without any degradation to user experience.

Acknowledgements
The editors are grateful to the peer review panel for supporting this book including
Miyuru Dayarathna, Daniel de Oliveira, Vincent C. Emeakaroha, Teodor-Florin
Fortiş, Imen Ben Fradj, Luiz Manoel Rocha Gadelha Júnior, Guilherme Galante,
Santiago Iturriaga, Sara Kadry, Somnath Mazumdar, Bhaskar Prasad Rimal, José
Simão and Domenico Talia.
The editors are also grateful to their respective families for continuing to afford
them the time to produce works such as this.
The editors wish to thank Springer’s team for their strong and continuous support
throughout the development of this book.
The editors are also deeply apologetic to anyone that they may have forgotten.
Derby, UK Nick Antonopoulos
Guildford, UK Lee Gillam
Winter 2016
xvii

Contents
Part I General Principles
1 The Rise of Cloud Computing in the Era of Emerging
Networked Society .......................................................... 3
Bhaskar Prasad Rimal and Ian Lumb
2 Mirror Mirror on the Wall, How Do I Dimension My Cloud
After All? .................................................................... 27
Rafaelli Coutinho, Yuri Frota, Kary Ocaña, Daniel de Oliveira,
and Lúcia M.A. Drummond
3 A Taxonomy of Adaptive Resource Management Mechanisms
in Virtual Machines: Recent Progress and Challenges ................. 59
José Simão and Luís Veiga
Part II Science Cloud
4 Exploring Cloud Elasticity in Scientific Applications .................. 101
Guilherme Galante and Rodrigo da Rosa Righi
5 Clouds and Reproducibility: A Way to Go to Scientific
Experiments?................................................................ 127
Ary H. M. de Oliveira, Daniel de Oliveira, and Marta Mattoso
6 Big Data Analytics in Healthcare: A Cloud-Based Framework
for Generating Insights .................................................... 153
Ashiq Anjum, Sanna Aizad, Bilal Arshad, Moeez Subhani,
Dominic Davies-Tagg, Tariq Abdullah, and Nikolaos Antonopoulos
Part III Data Cloud
7 High-Performance Graph Data Management and Mining
in Cloud Environments with X10 ......................................... 173
Miyuru Dayarathna and Toyotaro Suzumura
xix

xx Contents
8 Implementing MapReduce Applications in Dynamic Cloud
Environments ............................................................... 211
Fabrizio Marozzo, Domenico Talia, and Paolo Trunfio
Part IV Multi-clouds
9 Facilitating Cloud Federation Management via Data
Interoperability ............................................................. 227
Vincent C. Emeakaroha, Phillip Healy, and John P. Morrison
10 Applying Self-* Principles in Heterogeneous Cloud Environments... 255
Ioan Drăgan, Teodor-Florin Fortiş, Gabriel Iuhasz, Marian Neagul,
and Dana Petcu
Part V Performance and Efficiency
11 Optimizing the Profit and QoS of Virtual Brokers in the Cloud ...... 277
Santiago Iturriaga, Sergio Nesmachnow, and Bernabé Dorronsoro
12 Adaptive Resource Allocation for Load Balancing in Cloud .......... 301
Somnath Mazumdar, Alberto Scionti, and Anoop S. Kumar
13 Datacentre Event Analysis for Knowledge Discovery
in Large-Scale Cloud Environments...................................... 329
John Panneerselvam, Lu Liu, and Yao Lu
14 Cloud-Supported Certification for Energy-Efficient Web
Browsing and Services ..................................................... 345
Gonçalo Avelar, José Simão, and Luís Veiga
Author Index...................................................................... 379
Subject Index ..................................................................... 381

Chapter 1
The Rise of Cloud Computing in the Era
of Emerging Networked Society
Bhaskar Prasad Rimal and Ian Lumb
1.1 Introduction
In 2009, Rimal et al. [1] published a very first taxonomy and survey that defined the
field, described many issues and opportunities, and summarized the developments of
cloud computing up to that point. We refer readers to our original paper [1] to better
understand the fundamentals of cloud computing and the descriptions of potential
applications. Since then, the role and scope of cloud computing has remarkably
changed. In this chapter, our aim is a complement to that taxonomy and survey,
denoting the rapid technological advancements since then. Cloud computing has
been widely deployed and become a major backbone of every other technology –
from cellular phones through to wearables, connected vehicles, and the future
networked society. The networked society is the networks of everything (NoE), that
is, beyond the upcoming 5G networks.
Our vision of networked society is not only about wired/wireless communica-
tions but creating an ecosystem of device vendors, application developers, network
operators, telecom operators, and cloud services/infrastructure providers to create
a foreseeable new business value chain that will not only accelerate every area
but also bring new innovative ideas and services. Those services are accessible
to anyone (e.g., devices, human, robots, automobiles) to connect each other and
share data from anywhere and anytime. However, there is still no well-defined
standard definition and requirements of the networked society. Therefore, there is
B.P. Rimal ()
University of Québec, INRS, Montŕeal, QC, Canada
e-mail: b.bprimal@gmail.com
I. Lumb
York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Univa Corporation, Hoffman Estates, IL, USA
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017
N. Antonopoulos, L. Gillam (eds.), Cloud Computing, Computer Communications
and Networks, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54645-2_1
3

4 B.P. Rimal and I. Lumb
a need for a taxonomy of enabling technologies of networked society to better
understand the concept and advance the state of the art. This chapter provides a
holistic understanding of networked society.
Furthermore, given the wide variety of communications (e.g., machine-to-
machine communications, human-to-machine communication, human-to-robot
communications) and applications in the networked society, a single communication
technology is likely not able to meet such heterogeneity. We may need a
convergence or integration of different wired/wireless communication technologies
to truly address the complexity of the networked society. Cloud computing
technologies are the major backbone for networked society, where billions of
devices will be connected anytime to each other and access a wide variety of
services anywhere. Toward this end, the focus and contributions of this chapter are
as follows:
• First, we revisit the scope and role of cloud computing and extend them in the
context of networked society, paying particular attention to scope and emerging
areas of cloud computing.
• Second, we propose a taxonomy of enabling technologies of networked society.
This will be an instrument to understand the vision, the overall concept, and
the enabling technologies of networked society. To the best of the authors’
knowledge, this is a first taxonomy of enabling technologies of the networked
society.
• Third, we describe each enabling technology of networked society based on the
proposed taxonomy and pay close attention to some of the particular challenges
and opportunities that may be used by other researchers as a baseline for future
research in the area of networked society.
The remainder of the chapter is structured as follows. Section 1.2 provides an
overview of cloud computing in a nutshell, including cloud service modes and
deployment modes. Section 1.3 introduces a networked society and presents a
proposed taxonomy of enabling technologies of networked society. Further, each
enabling technology is discussed, including issues and opportunities in great detail.
Finally, Sect. 1.4 concludes the chapter.
1.2 Cloud Computing in Nutshell
Cloud computing implements the idea of utility computing, which was first coined
by Professor John McCarthy in 1961, where computing was viewed as a public
utility just as the telephone system. Later, this idea resurfaced in new forms as
cloud computing. There is a plethora of definitions for cloud computing, from both
academia and industry. Among them, Rimal et al. [2] defined cloud computing as,
a model of service delivery and access where dynamically scalable and virtualized
resources are provided as a service over the Internet. Cloud computing provides
a paradigm shift of business and IT, where computing power, data storage, and

1 The Rise of Cloud Computing in the Era of Emerging Networked Society 5
services are outsourced to third parties and made available as commodities to
enterprises and customers. Cloud computing is a center point for the most highly
impactful technologies such as mobile Internet, automation of knowledge work, the
Internet of Things (IoT), and big data. Further, cloud offers tremendous economic
benefits. For example, the total economic impact of cloud technology could be $1.7–
$6.2 trillion annually in 2025, and the proliferation and sophistication of cloud
services could become a major driving force in making entrepreneurship more
feasible in the coming decade [3]. However, there are several challenges to be
addressed. The taxonomy, survey, challenges, and opportunities of cloud computing
are thoroughly studied in [4].
1.2.1 Service Models and Deployment Modes of Cloud
Computing
Cloud service models can be classified into three groups: Software-as-a-Service
(SaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS). The
deployment modes can be categorized into three groups: public cloud, private cloud,
and hybrid cloud. We discuss them briefly in the following subsections.
1.2.1.1 Cloud Service Models
(1) Software-as-a-Service (SaaS): SaaS, commonly referred to as the Application
Service Provider model, is heralded by many as the new wave in application
software delivery. Further, SaaS can be view as a multi-tenant cloud platform [5].
It shares common resources and a single instance of both the object code of an
application as well as the underlying database to support multiple customers simul-
taneously. Key examples of SaaS provider include SalesForce.com,1
NetSuite,2
Oracle,3
IBM,4
and Microsoft (e.g., Microsoft Office 3655
).
(2) Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS): It is the big idea to provide developers with
a platform including all the systems and environments comprising the end-to-
end life cycle of developing, testing, deploying, and hosting of sophisticated web
applications as a service delivered by a cloud. It provides an easier way to develop
business applications and various services over the Internet. Key examples of
1
SalesForce: https://www.salesforce.com/, Accessed Nov. 2016.
2
NetSuite: http://www.netsuite.com/, Accessed Nov. 2016.
3
Oracle: https://www.oracle.com/cloud/saas.html, Accessed Nov. 2016.
4
IBM: https://www.ibm.com/cloud-computing/solutions/, Accessed Nov. 2016.
5
Microsoft Office 365: https://products.office.com/en-us/office-online/documents-spreadsheets-
presentations-office-online, Accessed Nov. 2016.

PaaS are Google AppEngine6
and Microsoft Azure,7
just to name two. PaaS can
slash development time and offer hundreds of readily available tools and services
compared to conventional application development.
(3) Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS): IaaS is the delivery of resources (e.g.,
processing, storage, networks) as a service over Internet. Aside from the higher
flexibility, a key benefit of IaaS is the usage-based payment scheme. This allows
customers to pay as you grow. Key examples are Amazon EC2,8
GoGrid,9
Flexis-
cale,10
Layered Technologies,11
AppNexus,12
Joyent,13
and Mosso/Rackspace.14
1.2.1.2 Cloud Deployment Modes
(1) Public Cloud: It describes the cloud computing in the traditional mainstream
sense, whereby resources are dynamically provisioned on a fine-grained, self-
service basis over the Internet, via web applications/web services, from an off-site
third-party provider who shares resources. Some examples are Zimory,15
Microsoft
Azure, Amazon EC2, GigaSpaces,16
Rackspace, and Flexiscale.17
(2) Private Cloud: Data and processes are managed within the organization
without the restrictions of network bandwidth, security exposures, and legal require-
ments that using public cloud services across open, public networks might entail.
Some examples are Amazon VPC,18
Eucalyptus,19
OpenStack,20
VMWare,21
and
Intalio.22
6
Google AppEngine: https://console.cloud.google.com/projectselector/appengine, Accessed Nov.
2016.
7
Microsoft Azure: https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/?b=16.26, Accessed Nov. 2016.
8
Amazon EC2: https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/, Accessed Nov. 2016.
9
GoGrid: https://www.datapipe.com/gogrid/, Accessed Nov. 2016.
10
Flexiscale: http://www.flexiscale.com/, Accessed Nov. 2016.
11
Layered Technologies: https://www.datapipe.com/layered_tech/, Accessed Nov. 2016.
12
AppNexus: https://www.appnexus.com/en/platform, Accessed Nov. 2016.
13
Joyent: https://www.joyent.com/, Accessed Nov. 2016.
14
Mosso/Rackspace: https://www.rackspace.com/cloud, Accessed Nov. 2016.
15
Zimory: http://www.zimory.com/, Accessed Nov. 2016.
16
GigaSpaces: http://www.gigaspaces.com/HP, Accessed Nov. 2016.
17
Flexiscale: http://www.flexiscale.com/, Accessed Nov. 2016.
18
Amazon VPC: https://aws.amazon.com/vpc/, Accessed Nov. 2016.
19
Eucalyptus: http://www8.hp.com/us/en/cloud/helion-eucalyptus.html, Accessed Nov. 2016.
20
OpenStack: https://www.openstack.org/, Accessed Nov. 2016.
21
VMWare: https://www.vmware.com/, Accessed Nov. 2016.
22
Intalio: http://www.intalio.com/, Accessed Nov. 2016.

1 The Rise of Cloud Computing in the Era of Emerging Networked Society 7
(3) Hybrid Cloud: The environment is consisting of multiple internal and/or exter-
nal providers. Some examples are RightScale,23
Asigra Hybrid Cloud Backup,24
QTS,25
and Skytap.26
1.3 Networked Society
A conventional definition of networked society states that a number of major social,
technological, economic, and cultural transformations came together to give rise
to a new form of society, the so-called networked society. A focal point of the
networked society is the transformation of the realm of communications [6, 7]. In a
broader perspective of information, communications and technologies (ICTs), and
beyond 5G networks (refer Sect. 1.3.1), networked society can be defined as a new
paradigm and is not only about technology, but it creates an ecosystem of device
vendors, application developers, network operators, telecom operators, and cloud
services/infrastructure providers to create a foreseeable new business value chain
that will not only accelerate every area but also brings new innovative ideas and
services. Cloud technologies became a major part of networked society.
Figure 1.1 presents a hypothetical scenario that is suggestive of the near future
we hope to create by leveraging the benefits of cloud computing in the networked
society. The networked society is beyond future 5G networks. It is more than more
data and massive end-to-end connectivity of the things. Networked society is not just
incremental research but game changers for the quality and experience of people’s
life that will be more intelligent, more immersive experience enriched by context-
aware services (e.g., mixed augmented and virtual reality) and automated, secure,
sustainable, green, and more knowledgeable society. Furthermore, that will also
create a new scientific concept toward industrial and social innovations.
Jony is 65 years old and medically paralyzed man. One day Jony feels sick and asks personal
assistant robot to call the hospital. The personal assistant robot then calls the hospital emer-
gency number and requests further assistance. The hospital authority then sends self-driving
car to Jony’s home. The personal assistant robot puts Jony into the self-driving car. Then the
self-driving car takes him to the hospital. On the way to hospital doctors were monitoring
Jony’s health status remotely. At the hospital, a specialist doctor performs remote surgery
with actuating robots to save his life.
Fig. 1.1 Hypothetical scenario of the next generation of cloud computing: connecting everything
from everywhere via cloud in the networked society
23
http://www.rightscale.com/, Accessed Nov. 2016.
24
Asigra: http://www.asigra.com/cloud-backup-software, Accessed Nov. 2016.
25
http://www.qtsdatacenters.com/, Accessed Nov. 2016.
26
https://www.skytap.com/, Accessed Nov. 2016.

Network Function
Virtualization (NFV)
Network Slicing
Software-Defined
Networking (SDN)
Tactile Internet
Cloud Computing
Edge Computing
(Cloudlet, MEC,
Fog Coputing)
4G LTE/LTE-Advanced,
5G networks
Internet of Things (IoT)
(Smart Grids, Smart Cities)
Enabling Technologies
for
Networked Society
Augmented,Virtual,
and Mixed Reality
Containerization
Big Data
Fig. 1.2 Proposed taxonomy of enabling technologies of the networked society
1.3.1 Taxonomy of Enabling Technologies of
Networked Society
Pervasiveness and emerging technological trend of cloud computing disrupts indus-
tries across the world, and companies look forward to maximize and implement
cloud as a strategic and integral technology to create value chain and business
agility. This will create a huge opportunity in the networked society era of disruptive
innovation. The proposed taxonomy of enabling technologies of networked society
is shown in Fig. 1.2. In the next section, we provide a more detailed description of
each enabling technology.
1.3.1.1 Edge Computing: Cloudlet, Fog Computing,
and Mobile-Edge Computing
Cloudlet: A cloudlet (also known as edge cloud) is a powerful computer or
computer cluster that can be viewed as a data center in a box whose goal is to
bring the cloud one wireless hop away from the mobile devices, thereby maintaining
logical proximity (low latency, high bandwidth). Further, it can be viewed as a new
architectural element that represents the middle tier of a three-tier hierarchy: mobile
device, cloudlet, and cloud [8]. The cloudlet host runs a hypervisor (e.g., KVM) in
order to host multiple virtual machines (VMs). Those VMs publish information
(e.g., OS and other properties) to the network. The cloudlet client (e.g., smart
phones, PDAs, wearable devices) discovers the cloudlet server through information
(cloudlet server IP address and port) broadcasted by the discovery service residing

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XXXIX.
To Mademoiselle de Chantal.
[The Saint tells her daughter of M. de Toulonjon's proposal of
marriage.]
Vive ✠ Jésus!
Paris, 1620.
My dearest Daughter,
Let us bless God who takes such care of His children who trust in
Him. His divine Providence is arranging for you something that I
think you will like: and for my part, it is altogether desirable to me.
Your brother is going to see you and he will tell you about the
gentleman,[A] whom you do not know but who has seen you. He is
our neighbour at Monthelon, a fine straightforward, brave
gentleman, rich too, and with a very well-appointed house. We are
extremely pleased at the honourable way in which he comes to
make his courtship. Tell me promptly and candidly, I beg of you, my
dear daughter, if your affections are free, for if so, and that you
continue as reasonable and submissive as you promised me to be in
your last letter, you will be happier than you or I could have dreamt
of. For the love of God, my darling, put your whole heart entirely
into the hands of God and don't let yourself be prejudiced by any
foolish talking, or taken up with silly thoughts and apprehensions.
Let us act, for your happiness is dearer to us than it is to yourself.
If it please the great God to bring this affair to a satisfactory
termination, verily you will be happy and well pleased, for this
gentleman is all that I could desire for you. All the rest I leave for
your brother to tell you. Do not speak about this matter to anyone,

but pray and send me your answer as soon as you can. Now don't
fail to do so. Write by two routes and promptly. In fifteen days I
shall send to the coach office for your answer, and I beg of you to
have it there for me. As regards other business, I have already
asked you to urge M. Coulon to sell Foretz. Be sure to see to this; for
we must have three thousand crowns in ready money, as I have
promised that sum. Arrange that M. Coulon pays you in full, at latest
within six months; urge him, and be careful to see that there is no
unnecessary expenditure. I write in the greatest haste. God bless
you, my child. Unite with me in praising and blessing Him always. I
shall settle things to your best advantage, so have no fear, dearest
daughter.
[A] M. de Toulonjon.

XL.
To Mother Jeanne Charlotte de
Bréchard, Superior at Moulins.
Vive ✠ Jésus!
Paris,
March 12th, 1620.
I know well, my dearest Sister, how deeply you felt the news of my
son's accident,[A] for your heart is so full of love for me that all my
sorrows are sorrows to you. I did not mention it when writing
because I did not think of it. God has given me the grace not to be
very much upset by this news, which was broken to me bluntly
enough. Indeed, it was an unlooked for happening, and one in which
a wiser man than he could not have refused to come to the
assistance of an injured friend. Such is the way of the world. All the
same he got into trouble about it, without, however, being too much
inconvenienced, and the affair is now all settled. The good
gentleman whom the sergeant tried to take away was badly
wounded and has not yet recovered; but thank God all the rest are
on their feet again.
Your prayers will be of use to my son and he needs them. We are
thinking of marrying my daughter[B] to M. de Toulonjon, the brother
of Mme. de la Poivrière. The matter has been proposed to us
through M. Dautesy. My nephew d'Effran and my son know him well,
and they consider it a very advantageous match for my daughter
and advise me not to refuse. The gentleman declared his intentions
most honourably and with all deference. He is a frank, honest man.

Do not speak of this for the present, my love, but pray about it, for I
fear my daughter's irresolution. She is a painful anxiety to me.
Our M. Lefevre has not come; if you can tell me where he is staying
I would invite him, or indeed beg of him to come here; however, the
chancellor is very likely to be with the King.
The girl I proposed to you as a lay sister lives near Moulins, but if
you have others whom you yourself know, do not trouble about her,
it does not signify. Your plan of treating with the Sisters for the
Nevers foundation is, I consider, admirable. They have done the
same at Orleans. But, my dear friend, see that everything is on a
very secure footing and only treat with good subjects, such as you
know they ought to be. For the rest visit and find out all about the
place they propose selling to you before you purchase it, and
arrange, if you can, as they have done at Orleans, to purchase in
case it proves suitable, and if not desirable as a permanent
residence, to rent it. What you tell me about the Carmelites wishing
to take it keeps me in a state of uncertainty, for they are extremely
prudent and have very competent people to help them. But the good
Father of our Sisters (Bonsidat) can do much with the advice of the
Jesuits. I think, or rather I fear, they may be very glad to put us off
now that the Carmelites are coming. Indeed, we must put the affair
into the hands of God and follow good counsel as you are doing. You
should make quite certain of the consent of the gentlemen of Nevers
and of the authorities of the town before taking the Sisters there; for
this reason we must obtain it, at latest, by Easter, as it is so far from
Nessy, and I think those for Orleans will be sent by Pentecost. By the
way, you have not told me if they have sent you a mistress of
novices; but as dear Sister Marie Hélène (de Chastellux) is doing so
well I think you might do with her. Certainly, my child, if the Superior
of Nevers is from Nessy that is enough. Don't urge Mgr. of Lyons,
but let him do as he likes. Your spiritual Father can give permission
for the departure of the Sisters.
You see I am writing in breathless haste. We are always
overwhelmed with work here; but to-day it is because I have a

heavy cold for which I was bled yesterday. You know how subject I
am to these colds, but you need not be in the very least anxious
about me. Would to God, my dearest friend, that you kept as well as
I do, and that they took as much care of you! It distresses me that
you have no one to look after you. May God in His goodness provide
you with someone! Take what care you can of yourself, I beseech
you.
I have had no news of his Lordship for a long time, but I know he is
quite well. Thank God, I think he will soon go to Piedmont. M. de
Boisy is coadjutor in the bishopric of Geneva. No more time. I salute
your dear family and your hostess. I cannot write more. Good-bye,
my dearest and best of daughters, for whom I have such a special
love. Urge on your daughters gently in the way of holy tranquillity
and recollection. Amen.
[A] The young Baron de Chantal had just been compromised, not
in a duel, but in one of those sudden assaults so common at that
period, in which he took part in order to defend a friend who had
been attacked.
[B] Françoise de Chantal.

XLI.
To Mademoiselle de Chantal.
Vive ✠ Jésus!
Paris, 1620.
Listen to this, daughter dear. M. de Toulonjon finds himself free for
eight or ten days, and off he is going to know whether you consider
him too old to please you; for as regards everything else he is in
hopes of finding favour with you. As for me, to be candid with you I
see nothing to find fault within him, and even nothing more to wish
for. I never before remember feeling such satisfaction about a
temporal matter. Our Lord has given me this feeling. It is not so
much this gentleman's good nature and good birth that attracts me
as his mind, disposition, candour, his good sense, uprightness, and
reputation. In a word, my dear Françoise, we may well bless God
about this affair. In gratitude to Him, my child, you should try to love
and serve Him better than you have ever done and to let nothing
whatsoever prevent you from frequenting the sacraments and from
practising humility and gentleness. Take the Devout Life for your
guide and it will lead you safely. Do not lose your time over such
little vanities as jewels and clothes. You are about to possess them
in abundance, but, dear daughter, never forget that we should use
the good things God gives us without being attached to them, and
everything that the world esteems should be looked upon in this
light. Henceforth, let your ambition be to be adorned with honour
and modest discretion in the position into which you are about to
enter. Indeed I am gratified that your relatives and I have arranged
this marriage without you. It is thus that the wise act, and I should
like always to be your counsellor. Besides, your brother, who has a
good judgment, is charmed with this alliance. M. de Toulonjon it is

true is some fifteen years your senior, but, my child, you will be far
happier with him than if you married a foolish, inconsiderate young
scamp such as are the young men of to-day. You are marrying a
man who is nothing of all this, who never gambles, but who has
passed his life at court and in the battlefield with honour and who
has a high appointment from the King. You will not have the good
judgment with which I credit you if you do not receive him cordially
and frankly. Do so, my daughter, with a good grace, and be assured
that God has you in His mind and will not forget you if you throw
yourself tenderly into His arms, for He takes care of those who trust
in Him.

XLII.
To Sister Marie-Marthe Legros, at
Bourges.
Vive ✠ Jésus!
Paris, 1620.
My very dear Sister,
I understand perfectly, and have never doubted but that your
intention was upright. Don't be afraid to tell me what you think it
your duty to mention, but, my love, do not worry yourself about
such things, if they are not manifest faults. Leave them to the
coadjutrix, who ought to do her duty in all humility and cordiality.
Tell her from me that I will do all she asks me, but I cannot write to
her this time. For God's sake observe the rules punctually, and have
all of you but one heart and one soul, and so will your love be
perfect in Our Lord. Give my affectionate love to my poor fat Sister
M. M., and dear little M. Louise; both are in my heart. I wish all
happiness to the two dear daughters Marie-Françoise and Anne-
Marie; I pray God to give them and all of you the virtue of holy
obedience, the mother of all virtues.
Be sure to tell the dear professed that they have a bigger share of
my heart than they dream of. But as to the reception to the habit of
Sister —— this child has not the conditions marked, why then have
they given her their votes? They do not set sufficient value on
fidelity to the Rule. Votes should never be given in the hope of
amendment, you should see the improvement first before giving the
habit, and the same with regard to Sister C. M.: she should not
make her profession at the end of the year. Why! in truth she has

only really conducted herself as a novice for six months, so she
ought, I consider, to be kept back, and this will prove her
perseverance and bring home to her that she does not deserve to be
professed, and that with humility and submission, such matters
should be left in the hands of the Superior, and the Sisters. By this
prolongation of her trial, her virtue and her dispositions will be
tested.
May God in His goodness give you all His spirit, and the grace to
weigh well all our Rules, so that they may be observed and followed
even to the most insignificant point, for in this our happiness
consists.
Adieu to you, my dear Sister, and to all our dear professed. Let us
love God and accomplish His will, I beseech you, my dearly loved
daughter.

XLIII.
To Madame du Tertre.
Vive ✠ Jésus!
Paris,
11 August, 1620.
My very dear Daughter,
Having a little free time I make use of it to beg of you in the name
of God to accept the judgement of the Bishop of Geneva, to whom
you have referred this affair, and who considers that what was so
deliberately settled on the house of Nevers should remain with that
house. You, my dearest daughter, ought to be indifferent about such
matters so long as we give you all you desire. Why should you
trouble as to what use we make of your gift since quite sufficient is
provided for your maintenance? If you keep to your holy desire of
living amongst us and giving yourself entirely to God you must, if
you please, trust his Lordship and show that you are satisfied with
his decision. As for us, we desire neither law-suit nor contention,
and a hundred times would we prefer to return all you have given us
rather than retain it with the least accompanying unpleasantness: for
we value peace with holy poverty incomparably more than all the
goods this world can give us.
The Bishop of Geneva will not disclaim what I now say to you. I am
a little surprised that, since his letters have arrived, we have
received no news except that much pressure is being brought to
bear on our Sisters of Nevers to induce them to return the money
they have received. It is their Bishop tells me this. You understand,
my very dear daughter, that if you desire to persevere, as I believe

you do, you must please, now that you are acquainted with the
views of his Lordship of Geneva, cease to discuss this matter.
Our poor Sisters of both houses are sorely afflicted at having to give
ear to a style of conversation with which they are unacquainted—
peace is more to them than such things. Let them have it, then, I
pray you.
Believe me,
Always yours, etc.

XLIV.
To M. de Palierne, Treasurer of
France at Moulins.
Vive ✠ Jésus!
Paris,
August 15, 1620.
Sir,
Your regard for the Bishop of Geneva and for our little Institute,
together with the prudence with which you have always guided our
Convent of Moulins, gives me hope that you will find a means of
adjusting the opposing claims of the Bishop of Nevers and Madame
du Tertre. The pregnant arguments you put forward bear, I
acknowledge, great weight, but so do those of his Lordship of
Nevers. I see much to consider on both sides. Yet I tell you frankly,
and it seems to me that I am not unreasonable in my opinion, that,
in consideration of Madame du Tertre's resolve to live with us, what
she has so freely given ought to be left with the house of Nevers:
otherwise she would have to make a virtue of necessity, and this we
should be sorry to oblige her to do. But I am chiefly influenced by
the fact that the authorities of Nevers only gave permission for the
establishment of the Convent because Madame du Tertre
accompanied her petition by a promise of ten thousand crowns,
which promise was followed by the actual purchase in her name of a
property, and the payment of a third of the foundation money; and
on the strength of this the Sisters were received. Possession was
afterwards taken of the house. The Sisters were installed by the
Bishop, enclosure established, and the Blessed Sacrament reserved.
Since that day the Divine Office[A] has been continuously recited.

Thus, the foundation is, as you see, completely established. How,
then, can Madame du Tertre, having undertaken the financial
establishment of this house, now draw back without upsetting the
whole affair? For as his Lordship of Nevers has upon two occasions
plainly told me, the spiritual foundation cannot exist without the
temporal.
Do you not see, Sir, that to do what this young lady wishes would
mean ruining one of our houses to ensure abundance to the other
house.
My very dear brother, may I, Sir, so call you? When writing to you, I
have often thought of doing so because of my sisterly confidence in,
and affection for you, and because of the obligations under which
you have placed me. This I say simply and frankly, though perhaps
somewhat unconventionally. Allow me Sir, my very dear brother, to
tell you that the property is not ours to divide. As Madame du Tertre
no longer wishes to adhere to her first resolve, she may be at liberty
to take back what she has given, but I do not know what justice
would have to say on this point. Still, putting justice aside, the
Bishop of Geneva would surely not approve of our retaining one
teston[B] that was not freely given. Oh! of that there is no doubt.
But as she has entered amongst us, and as our house of Moulins is
satisfied with the twenty thousand francs she brings, acknowledging
that this sum is quite sufficient to provide the young lady with all she
requires, and as the affair concerns our own houses, is it not better
to follow the advice of his Lordship of Geneva and share the ten
thousand crowns between the two houses? or at least leave ten
thousand francs to Nevers, so that that house may not be ruined. It
was upon the assurance of this from our Moulins sisters that those
of Nevers decided to go to that town. Before God, how can we
possibly put into the power of the Bishop of Nevers such a
favourable pretext for sending the sisters away? Oh! can you not
see, my very dear brother, how shameful it would be, and how
prejudicial to the service of God? Although the houses are ours, and
we have the principal interest in them, the agreement has been

more to the advantage of this dear young lady than to us. For with
her twenty thousand francs she possesses at Moulins all the
privileges she could hope for were it fifty thousand, and besides,
when there is just reason, in virtue of her title of benefactress, she is
free to pass on to Nevers and there enjoy the same rights as are
conferred on her at Moulins. This, in my opinion, is a very just
arrangement and I most humbly beg of you to induce her to accept
it. Use your influence with her, I beseech of you, for the honour and
glory of God and of His Blessed Mother, and also for the love you
bear our little Institute. Madame du Tertre desired to know the
wishes of the Bishop of Geneva, and he has acceded to her request.
Let her then accommodate herself to his views and live in peace. I
appeal to you in the name of God, for I see no other way of settling
this affair, and I own candidly that I can obtain nothing more from
his Lordship of Nevers, who holds out for the full sum and writes
about it in a very matter-of-fact way. I answer as God directs me,
resolved through His grace to place all in His hands and to remain in
peace and submission to whatever divine Providence ordains.
I beg of our Sisters of Moulins to do whatever justice demands. Oh!
what a shame it would be to see our houses sueing one another! A
thousand times rather would I prefer to see them overwhelmed with
reproaches and poverty than that this should ever happen. If,
dearest brother, after all these humble petitions and arguments,
Madame du Tertre and our Sisters of Moulins wish to act against
those of Nevers she must do as she pleases; but we shall neither
blame them nor defend ourselves, for to do so would not be the will
of God, and under these circumstances I am persuaded it would be
better for one or other entirely to surrender its claim. Such, too, is
the opinion of his Lordship of Geneva.
Oblige me by telling our Sister, the Superior of Moulins, that I have
already written to her, as by accident she may not have yet received
my letter. This, that I now write to you, will also serve for good
Madame du Tertre, it being all I am able for, as I have a slight
indisposition which is becoming habitual with me. I have no other

wish than that she should be treated sweetly and cordially with all
affection as she certainly merits. But, I assure you, Nevers was
entirely her own free choice: I have ample evidence of this in her
letters. God only knows all that has passed on this subject. Our poor
Sister Superior may have appeared somewhat inflexible and shown
how much she felt this rupture. But, dearest brother, in consideration
for her position we must throw over this fault of weakness or
surprise, the mantle of holy charity, that mantle which bears with all,
excuses all, and hides all the defects of her children. These last lines
are in confidence for your own ear only, your goodness and piety
encouraging me to confide in you. I beseech of you in conclusion to
use all the influence at your command in favour of peace and
charity. Believe me, I am truly indifferent to everything except the
glory of God.
I remain, Sir, very dear brother, with much affection,
Your humble and obliged
Sister and servant in Our Lord.
[A] The Little Office of Our Lady.
[B] An old French coin.

XLV.
To St. Francis de Sales.
Vive ✠ Jésus!
Paris,
August, 1621.
Pray much, my incomparable Father, for the Archbishop of Bourges,
[A] and ask our Sisters to pray for him. What is this storm after all in
comparison with the sufferings of Our Lord in His Passion? I beseech
His divine Majesty, to which I have consecrated myself, to let my
brother's part in this affair serve entirely for His glory, and I doubt
not but that it will be so. The doctor was thunderstruck when they
told him that Mgr. of Bourges had been removed and M. N. given the
Archbishopric. He speaks of nothing but the universal affection of
the people of Bourges for our good Archbishop, who feels this blow
though he has taken it in his usual good-natured way. You who know
him can understand how detrimental the change will be to the poor
and to the religious Houses, to both of whom he has been such a
benefactor. Our Sisters will not be the least sufferers, for he loved
them much and was extremely good to them. A word from you
would be an immense consolation to him.
May the sweet Jesus fill your heart with His most pure love, and may
we eternally repose in Him. Amen.
[A] The Archbishop of Bourges, being one of those who
discovered the ambitious conspiracy hatched by Condé, Governor
of Berry, for which he was arrested in September, 1616, became,
upon that Prince's release several years later, the object of his
special vengeance. He obliged Mgr. Frémyot to resign his

Archiepiscopal See, assigning him in compensation the abbeys of
Ferrières, and Breteuil, and also the priory of Nogent-le-Rotrou.

XLVI.
To Madame de la Fléchère.
Vive ✠ Jésus!
Paris, 1621.
Madame, I pray that God may always be your strength, your love,
and your hope, for in my littleness I have an incomparable affection
for you. Eh! but your letters, dear, best of sisters, console me, and
yet I truly feel with you who bear the burden of sharp and hidden
sorrows. But after all, how happy we should be to suffer such things
with only the eye of God to look upon them. Truly our crosses ought
greatly to raise our courage, seeing that by them we attain to a
union all secret with our sweet Master, the greatness of whose
sufferings nor men nor angels can ever conceive. Take comfort in
this thought when pain is at its height. Still, you ought not to
conceal your pain from our Blessed Father (but I think you do not).
We can, it seems to me, so name him, as there is a worthy
ecclesiastic here who calls him the true Father. I am sure, dearest
sister, that each day he strives after a higher perfection. Happy they
who have the example of his rare virtues before them, but far
happier they who imitate them! God grant us the grace to be of this
number, and may my weakness not hold me back. I shall be satisfied
if I follow him a hundred steps behind. I am very glad that your
sister has the comfort of staying with you and that your son is good.
May God give him the grace to persevere, and may he root all vanity
out of your daughter's heart. Mine is very extravagant. It is well that
she has found such a good and prudent husband. When I see her I
do my best to make her sensible and to show her her mistake. I
recommend her to your prayers. My son is also most extravagant,

but otherwise he is brave, loveable, and esteemed at court, where
the King has given him a very honourable post for one so young. But
all this is vanity. I value more your remembrance of him before God
than all these dignities. He is always here, I mean with the court, or
in his garrison. I trust to the prayers of our Blessed Father to save
these children's souls, and that is all I care about.
Adieu, dearest Sister.

XLVII.
To the Countess de Toulonjon.
Vive ✠ Jésus!
Paris, 1621.
My dearest Daughter,
The dress I am sending you is really quite perfect and is the most
beautiful that can be procured. If your brother were very rich it
would be a pleasure to him to pay the bill for you, but as it is he
begs of you to be satisfied with his good-will, for he has not
wherewith to pay it. Be content with this dress, for it is handsome
and quite sufficiently stylish, and because you so long for it I want to
satisfy you. M. de Toulonjon writes that you have not a single gown
except the one you are wearing. I cannot understand this, as during
the last seventeen months you have had four silk dresses and the
brocade costume about which you told me. What then am I to think,
I pray you, dear Françoise? Oh! God bless you, my daughter; do be
content and let it be seen that you are the child of parents who were
altogether reasonable, peaceful, and constant in their perfect
affection, and this it is that I desire for you.
I write in haste. A thousand salutations to all your dear relatives. Do
not expect your brother: he cannot go to you, and I do not wish him
to. You have my nephew. Courage, my child, be not a silly, frivolous
girl, troubling over trifles, and letting them take up your thoughts.
Urge M. de Toulonjon to send me the money for the dress. The
amount of the bill is, I understand, 500 livres, and I have not got the
money to pay it, so let me have it by the first opportunity, as I do
not wish to remain in debt here.

God bless you, dearest Françon. I am in a great hurry.

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