Cancer treatment

1. Classification
of treatment
methods

2. The methods used in the treatment of cancer
patients can be divided into radical,
palliative and symptomatic. Radical
methods of treatment include surgery,
chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone
therapy, and immunotherapy. Radical
methods of treatment are aimed at the
complete cure of the patient from a
malignant neoplasm and can be used in
cases where a certain critical mass has not
been reached by the tumor.

3. • Palliative treatment is a complex of therapeutic
measures aimed at improving the quality of life of
an oncological patient, while the tumor, due to the
spread of the process or due to the presence of
contraindications, cannot be radically removed or
it is partially removed.

4. • Symptomatic treatment of cancer
patients is aimed at eliminating the
symptoms of malignant neoplasm. For
this purpose, patients are given therapy
aimed at eliminating pain, restoring acid-
base and electrolyte balance, eliminating
hypovolemia, as well as antibacterial,
anti-inflammatory, detoxification therapy.

5. Combined treatment is the use
of two methods of action, one
of which has a local effect on
the tumor, and the other has a
systemic effect on the body.
An example of a combination
treatment is surgery and
chemotherapy.

6. The principles of radical surgical treatment are
the principles of radicalism, ablastic and
antiblastic. The principle of radicalism is the
removal of the primary focus, deviating from the
visible borders of the tumor, that is, within
healthy tissues, and regional lymph nodes with
surrounding tissue.

7. One of the important conditions for performing radical
surgery is the observance of the principles of ablastic and
antiblastic. Ablasty is a set of measures aimed at
preventing tumor cells from entering the operating wound
and hematogenous dissemination. To implement this
principle, it is necessary to adhere to the careful tactics of
surgical manipulations, you cannot dissect the tumor, lump
it, but strive to remove it in a single block with the
surrounding tissues. The components of the ablastic
principle are the change of gloves and instruments, careful
hemostasis; it is preferable to carry out electrocoagulation
of small vessels, use laser, plasma scalpels.

8. Antiblasticity is a set of measures aimed at destroying and
removing tumor cells that could or have gotten into the
surgical wound. For this purpose, the wound is washed
with antiseptics. When performing surgical operations in
oncology, there are concepts of operability and
resectability. Operability - the ability to carry out radical
surgical treatment for a specific patient. This concept is
based both on the stage of the tumor and on the
functional state of organs and body systems of a
particular patient.

9. Resectability is the availability of technical
capabilities and conditions for surgical removal
of the tumor. The resectability of the tumor
depends primarily on the stage of the process.
There is a concept of palliative operations, which
are performed for unresectable tumors, in the
presence of contraindications to performing
radical surgery. The goal of palliative surgery is
to provide a comfortable living environment for
the patient by eliminating painful symptoms.
•

10. Radiation therapy is a local-regional method for the treatment of
malignant tumors. The main advantage is the possibility of a
broader local antitumor effect. Radiation therapy is indicated in
cases where the tumor cannot be radically removed by surgery or
if there are contraindications to surgery. Radiation therapy can be
used as an independent method of treatment, and in combination
with surgery, chemotherapy. As an independent type of treatment,
radiation therapy is used for cancers of the skin, oral cavity,
tumors of the pharynx and larynx, pituitary gland, esophagus,
breast, small cell lung cancer, cancer of the cervix and the body of
the uterus, bladder, rectum. Radiation therapy is indicated for
recurrent tumors and local metastases in the lymph nodes, bones,
and lungs.

11. Ionizing radiation - one of the types of antitumor
effects - must be delivered to the tumor in a
strictly metered dose, in certain fractions and time
intervals. The main task of radiation therapy is to
bring the total dose to the tumor - the optimal
dose at which more than 90% of patients with
tumors of this localization and histological
structure are cured, and damage to normal tissues
occurs in no more than 5% of patients.

12. Dose is the amount of energy absorbed per unit mass
of the irradiated substance. A single dose is the
amount of energy absorbed in one irradiation. The
total dose is the amount of radiation delivered during
the course of treatment.

13. Basic principles of radiation therapy for malignant tumors:
1. Bringing the optimal dose to the tumor to destroy it with minimal
damage to the healthy tissues surrounding the tumor.
2. 2. Timely application of radiation therapy in the earliest stages of
the malignant process.
3. 3. Simultaneous radiation exposure to the primary tumor and the
pathways of regional metastasis.
4. 4. The first course of radiation therapy should be, if possible,
radical and one-time.
5. 5. The complexity of the patient's treatment, that is, the use, along
with radiation therapy, of means aimed at improving the results
of treatment, as well as preventing radiation complications.

14. The indication for radiotherapy is a well-established
clinical diagnosis with morphological confirmation.
Radiation therapy is contraindicated in very severe
conditions of patients, cachexia, anemia and leukopenia,
acute septic conditions, with tumor decay. Radiation
therapy is accompanied by reactions and complications.
The severity of radiation reactions depends on single and
total doses, the amount of radiation, the time of summing
up the total focal dose and the individual characteristics
of the organism.

15. The goals of radiation therapy.
When using radiation therapy as an independent research
method, there are: radical, palliative, symptomatic treatment.
The goal of radical radiation therapy is the complete
destruction of tumor elements in the primary growth area and
areas of regional metastasis with the minimum possible
damage to normal tissues.
Palliative radiation therapy is aimed at stopping tumor growth,
as a result of which it is possible to achieve an improvement in
the general condition, improve the quality of life, prolong the
patient's life by reducing intoxication and pain syndrome.
Symptomatic radiation therapy - elimination of the severity of
clinical symptoms caused by the spread of a primary or
metastatic tumor (reduction of pain syndrome, elimination of
compression syndrome, stopping bleeding).

16. With the generalization of malignant tumors, the use of
palliative and symptomatic radiation therapy in
combination with other antitumor effects not only
improves the quality of life of patients, but can also
prolong life.