mere proširene reanimacije izvodi obučeni i opremljeni medicinski kadar i sastoje se iz obezbeđivanja puteva primene lekova, primene lekova i rastvora, ekg dijagnostike i lečenja malignih poremećaja ritma defibrilacijom.
mere proširene reanimacije izvodi obučeni i opremljeni medicinski kadar i sastoje se iz obezbeđivanja puteva primene lekova, primene lekova i rastvora, ekg dijagnostike i lečenja malignih poremećaja ritma defibrilacijom.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Clanak torba lijecnika-hitne
1. ZNANOST
3Medicinar
Pristup i liječenje bolesnika kod kojega se iznenada razvila neka bolest ili stanje koje može ugroziti ili već ugrožava njegov život, svakako je jedan od najtežih trenutaka u radu svakog liječnika, posebice ako pri tome sve odluke i postupke mora donositi sam. Susret s naglo oboljelom ili ozlijeđenom osobom često se dogodi izvan ambulante, u stanu ili na javnom mjestu što još više otežava rad liječnika jer je tada dodatno opterećen emotivno uznemirenom obitelji ili prijateljima oboljelog. Pored znanja, iskustva i potrebne opreme koji pomažu u brzoj orijentaciji o stanju bolesnika i odluci što treba napraviti, važno je imati i sve potrebne lijekove jer postupci i intervencije liječnika hitne medicinske pomoći često su od presudnog značenja u smislu spašavanja života i daljnjeg ishoda liječenja.
Stoga su u daljnjem tekstu abecednim redom navedeni svi neophodni lijekovi za najčešća hitna stanja prema Pravilniku o uvjetima, organizaciji i načinu rada izvanbolničke hitne medicinske pomoći (NN 146/ 2003) uz preporučenu jednokratnu dozu i napomenu da se pojedine doze titriraju do postizanja zadovoljavajućeg učinka. Također su navedene najvažnije kontraindikacije i nuspojave lijekova. Detaljnije informacije treba pročitati u farmakološkim priručnicima.
LIJEKOVI ZA PARENTERALNU PRIMJENU
U hitnim stanjima kada je potrebno brzo djelovanje lijeka, prednost ima njihova parenteralna primjena iako je većina lijekova jednako djelotvorna kada se primjene peroralno.
Adrenalin (Suprarenin – ampula 1 ml / 1 mg)
Indikacije: Anafilaktički šok: 0,5 mg im. (1:1000); u težim slučajevima 0,3 – 0,5 mg polagano iv. (1:10000). Može se ponoviti za 5 – 10 minuta;
Zastoj srca: 1 mg iv. svake 3 minute (endotrahealne doze 2 – 2,5 puta veće od iv.)
Kontraindikacije: tahiaritmije, koronarna bolest (ne odnose se na oživljavanje i liječenje anafilaktičkog šoka).
Nuspojave: tahiaritmije, hipertenzija, ventrikulska tahikardija, ventrikulska fibrilacija.
Aminofilin (Aminophyllin, Retafilin – ampula 10 ml / 250 mg)
Indikacije: Bronhospazam kod alergijske reakcije,
astma, kronična opstruktivna plućna bolest (KOPB): 5 mg/kg polagano iv. tijekom 20 minuta.
Kontraindikacije: aritmije (posebice supraventrikulske), akutni infarkt miokarda.
Nuspojave: aritmije, konvulzije, hipotenzija, mučnina, povraćanje, osjećaj straha.
Amiodaron (Cordarone – ampula 3 ml / 150 mg)
Indikacije: Zastoj srca (postojana ventrikulska fibrilacija (VF) i ventrikulska tahikardija (VT) bez bila): 300 mg iv. u bolusu razrijeđeno s 20 ml 5%-tne glukoze. Može se ponoviti za 10 – 15 minuta u dozi od 150 mg;
Hemodinamski stabilna ventrikulska tahikardija (VT): 150 mg razrijeđeno s 20 ml 5%- tne glukoze sporo iv. tijekom 10 minuta;
Medikamentozna konverzija akutne fibrilacije atrija s brzim odgovorom ventrikla, ukoliko postoji organska bolest srca: 5 mg/kg iv. tijekom 20 minuta do 2 sata. Amiodaron uvijek razrjeđivati s 5%-tnom otopinom glukoze.
Kontraindikacije: kardiogeni šok, sinus bradikardija, AV blok 20 i 30.
Nuspojave: hipotenzija, bradikardija, AV blok, alergijska reakcija, ventrikulska tahikardija, ventrikulska fibrilacija.
Atropin-sulfat (Atropini sulfas – ampule 1 ml / 0,5 mg i 1 ml / 1 mg)
Indikacije: Zastoj srca (asistolija i električna aktivnost bez palpabilnog bila <60/min): 3 mg iv. jednokratno (2 do 2,5 puta veće doze endotrahealno);
Simptomatska bradikardija (srčana frekvencija <40/min) uz sistolički tlak <90 mm Hg: 0,5 mg iv, može se po potrebi ponoviti svakih 5 minuta do ukupno 3 mg;
Otrovanje organofosfornim insekticidima: 2 – 5 mg iv. (dozu titrirati prema kliničkoj slici do znakova atropinizacije).
Kontraindikacije fibrilacija i undulacija atrija, glaukom (isključuju zastoj srca i otrovanja s organofosfornim insekticidima).
Nuspojave: midrijaza, tahikardija, glavobolja, suha usta (to su ujedno i znakovi atropinizacije), ventrikulska tahikardija i ventrikulska fibrilacija.
Biperiden (Akineton – ampula 1 ml / 5 mg)
Indikacije: Ekstrapiramidalni simptomi: 2,5 – 5,0 mg im. ili polako iv.
Kontraindikacije: glaukom uskog kuta, gastrointestinalne opstrukcije, neliječena retencija urina.
Nuspojave: tahikardija, vrtoglavica, slabost, uzbuđenost, nemir, strah, suha usta, smetnje vida, probavne smetnje.
LIJEKOVI
U TORBI LIJEČNIKA HITNE
MEDICINSKE POMOĆI
Autori: Vlasta Jasprica-Hrelec, dr. med.
dr. sc. Ingrid Bošan-Kilibarda, dr. med.
Ustanova za hitnu medicinsku pomoć Zagreb
2. ZNANOST
Medicinar 3Deksametazon
(Dexamethason – ampula 1 ml / 4 mg)
Indikacije: Antiedematozna terapija edema mozga: početna doza je do 10 mg iv;
Kronične i produljene alergijske reakcije: u početku liječenja 0,4 – 20 mg im. ili polako iv.
Kontraindikacije: peptički ulkus, tuberkuloza, teške i nekontrolirane infekcije.
Nuspojave: hipertenzija, gastrointestinalne smetnje, glavobolja, vertigo.
Diazepam (Diazepam, Normabel, Apaurin – ampula 2 ml / 10 mg)
Indikacije: Akutna psihoza, akutna psihoorganska reakcija ili akutna reakcija na organsku bolest: 10 mg im. ili vrlo polagano iv;
Konvulzije: 5 – 10 mg polako iv. Doza se može ponoviti nakon 10 – 15 minuta do maksimalno 30 mg.
Kontraindikacije: akutna alkoholna intoksikacija praćena depresijom vitalnih funkcija, ozljeda glave, hipotenzija, akutni glaukom uskog kuta.
Nuspojave: depresija disanja, hipotenzija, bradikardija, zastoj srca, pospanost.
Diklofenak (Voltaren, Naklofen – 3 ml / 75 mg)
Indikacije: Bol muskuloskeletne prirode, bubrežne odnosno žučne kolike: 75 mg duboko im.
Kontraindikacije: preosjetljivost na aspirin i druge nesteroidne antireumatike, aktivni ili krvareći ulkus.
Nuspojave: mučnina, gastrointestinalno krvarenje, periferni edemi.
Flumazenil (Anexate – ampula 1 ml / 0,5 mg)
Indikacije: Depresija disanja uzrokovana otrovanjem benzodijazepinima: inicijalna doza je 0,2 mg iv. kroz 15 sekundi. Ako je bolesnik i dalje bez svijesti nakon 45 sekundi, ponovno dati 0,2 mg kroz 15 sekundi. Ako i dalje nema kliničkog poboljšanja davati 0,2 mg iv. u intervalima od 1 minute do maksimalne ukupne doze 1 mg. Većina pacijenata reagira na dozu od 0,6 – 1 mg.
Kontraindikacije: preosjetljivost na benzodijazepine ili flumazenil, otrovanje tricikličkim antidepresivima, povišeni intrakranijalni tlak, epilepsija pod dugotrajnom terapijom.
Nuspojave: mučnina, povraćanje, crvenilo lica, nemir, konfuzija, tranzitorni porast krvnoga tlaka, rijetko konvulzije.
Furosemid (Fursemid – ampula 2 ml / 20 mg)
Indikacije: Akutno popuštanje lijevog srca i razvoj plućnog edema: 20 – 100 mg iv.
Kontraindikacije: dehidratacija, hipokalijemija, hepatička koma.
Nuspojave: hipokalijemija, hipotenzija, dehidratacija.
Glukagon (GlucaGen – liobočica 1 mg + brizgalica s otapalom)
Indikacije: Hipoglikemija s poremećenim stanjem svijesti ili koma: 1 mg sc, im. ili iv.
Kontraindikacije: preosjetljivost na lijek, oprez kod feokromocitoma i inzulinoma.
Nuspojave: mučnina, povraćanje, reakcije preosjetljivosti, hipokalemija, prolazno ubrzano lupanje srca.
Glukoza (Glucosum 50% – ampule 10 ml)
Indikacije: Alternativa glukagonu u slučaju hipoglikemije, bolesnici s iscrpljenim rezervama glikogena: do 50ml >20%-tne iv. u bolusu. Nakon toga nastaviti infuzijom 10% ili 5%-tne otopine glukoze.
Kontraindikacije: apsolutne ne postoje.
Nuspojave: neravnoteža tekućine i elektrolita, hipokalijemija, hipomagnezijemija i hipofosfatemija. Kod primjene 50% glukoze može doći do obliteracije vene.
Haloperidol (Haldol – ampula 1 ml / 5 mg)
Indikacije: Jaka agitiranost, hiperaktivnost ili agresivnost kod akutne psihoze: 2 – 10 mg im;
Kontrola povraćanja vezanog uz maligne bolesti: 0,5 – 2,0 mg im.
Kontraindikacije: koma, akutna otrovanja uzrokovana depresorima SŽS-a (alkohol, antidepresivi, neuroleptici, sedativi), bolesti SŽS-a s piramidalnim i ekstrapiramidalnim simptomima.
Nuspojave: ekstrapiramidalni poremećaji, depresija, sedacija, glavobolja, vrtoglavica, konvulzije, tahikardija, hipotenzija.
Ketoprofen (Knavon, Ketonal – ampula 2 ml / 100 mg)
Indikacije: Bol srednjeg do umjereno jakog intenziteta muskuloskeletne prirode ili bubrežne odnosno žučne kolike: 100 mg im.
Kontraindikacije i nuspojave: vidjeti diklofenak.
Kloropiramin (Synopen – ampula 2 ml / 20 mg)
Indikacije: Akutna alergijska reakcija i anafilaktički šok: 20 mg im. ili polako iv.
Kontraindikacije: preosjetljivost na aktivnu supstanciju, epilepsija, trudnoća, dojenje, glaukom, ne davati dojenčadi i maloj djeci.
Nuspojave: pomanjkanje koordinacije, sedacija, umor, eventualno suha usta, gastrointestinalne tegobe.
Lidokain (Lidokain 2% – ampule 2 ml / 40 mg i 5 ml / 100 mg)
Indikacije: Zastoj srca (postojana ventrikulska fibrilacija ili ventrikulska tahikardija bez palpabilnog bila kao zamjena amiodaronu): 100 mg iv. u bolusu. Može se ponoviti za 3 – 5 minuta u dozi od 50 mg iv. Ukupna doza ne smije biti veća od 3 mg/kg tijekom prvoga sata;
Hemodinamski stabilna ventrikulska tahikardija (kao zamjena amiodaronu): 50 mg iv. Doza se može ponavljati svakih 5 minuta do ukupne doze od 200 mg.
Kontraindikacije: AV blok 2° i 3°, hipotenzija, Adam-Stokesov sindrom (ne odnose se na oživljavanje).
Nuspojave: u svezi sa SŽS-om: konvulzije, poremećaj svijesti, nejasan govor.
Metildigoksin (Lanitop – ampula 2 ml / 0,2 mg)
Indikacije: Kronična fibrilacija atrija s brzim odgovorom ventrikla: 0,2 mg iv.
Kontraindikacije: nema apsolutne kontraindikacije, osim u slučajevima aritmija uzrokovanih intoksikacijom kardiotonicima.
Nuspojave: reakcija preosjetljivosti – rijetko, gastrointestinalni i neurološki i simptomi, poremećaji srčanoga ritma.
3. ZNANOST
4Medicinar
Metamizol (Analgin, Alkagin – 5 ml / 2,5 g)
Indikacije: Liječenje probijajuće boli kao dodatna analgetska terapija opioidnim analgeticima: 1,0 – 2,5 g polako iv. uz praćenje krvnog tlaka, frekvencije srca i disanja.
Kontraindikacije: preosjetljivost, porfirija, urođeni manjak glukoza- 6-fosfat dehidrogenaze.
Nuspojave: sniženje krvnoga tlaka osobito kod prebrze iv. primjene, mučnina, povraćanje, slabost, reakcija preosjetljivosti, agranulocitoza.
Metilprednizolon (Solu-Medrol – lioampule 1 ml / 40 mg,
2 ml / 125 mg, 4 ml / 250 mg + otapalo)
Indikacije: Anafilaktički šok i teži akutni napadaj astme: 1 – 2 mg/kg iv.
Kontraindikacije: u hitnim slučajevima (kratkotrajna primjena) bez apsolutne kontraindikacije.
Nuspojave: hipertenzija, hipokalemija, glavobolja, mučnina, povraćanje.
Metoklopramid (Reglan – ampula 2 ml / 10 mg)
Indikacije: Povraćanje vezano uz gastrointestinalne indikacije; mučnina i povraćanje nakon primjene opioida: 10 mg im. ili polagano iv. Po potrebi doza se može ponoviti.
Kontraindikacije: krvarenje iz gastrointestinalnog sustava, mehaničke opstrukcije ili perforacija, preosjetljivost, feokromocitom, oprez kod epilepsije.
Nuspojave: pospanost, umor, uznemirenost, zbunjenost, glavobolja, ekstrapiramidalni simptomi, distonija, suha usta.
Morfin-klorid (Morphine Merck, Morphin hidroklorid – ampule 1 ml / 10 mg i 1 ml / 20 mg)
Indikacije: Vrlo jaka, razdiruća bol (akutni infarkt miokarda, disekcija aorte, politrauma) i plućni edem: 5 – 10 mg polagano iv. (10 mg razrijediti s 9 ml fiziološke otopine i davati npr. 4 – 8 mg morfina uz dodatne doze od 2 mg u intervalu od 5 minuta). Može se primijeniti i 10 – 15 mg sc. ili im. (izbjegavati intramuskularnu primjenu).
Kontraindikacije: ozljeda glave, egzarcerbacija kronične opstruktivne plućne bolesti, hipotenzija, poremećaj stanja svijesti, akutni abdomen.
Nuspojave: depresija disanja, hipotenzija, bradikardija, poremećaj stanja svijesti, mučnina, povraćanje.
Natrij-hidrogenkarbonat (8,4% – ampula 20 ml)
Indikacije: Produženo trajanje oživljavanja uz djelotvornu ventilaciju, srčani zastoj udružen s hiperkalijemijom, prethodnom teškom acidozom ili predoziranjem tricikličkim antidepresivima: 50 mmol (50 ml) iv. Nakon primjene pacijenta je potrebno ventilirati. Doza se može ponavljati, ali uz prikladno praćenje (acidobazni status).
Kontraindikacije: metabolička i respiratorna alkaloza, hipokalijemija.
Nuspojave: prolazna metabolička alkaloza, hipokalijemija, tetanija.
Nalokson (Narcan, Nalone – ampula 1 ml / 0,4 mg)
Indikacije: Depresija disanja i poremećaj stanja svijesti kod otrovanja opioidima: 0,4 mg – 2 mg iv. u bolusu ili im. Može se ponavljati svake 2 – 3 minute do ukupno 10 mg. Obvezna hospitalizacija.
Kontraindikacije: nema.
Nuspojave: apstinencijski sindrom kod ovisnika.
Oksitocin (Syntocinon – ampula 1 ml / 5 i.j.)
Indikacije: Obilnije krvarenje nakon poroda uzrokovano atonijom uterusa: 5 i.j. iv. sporo ili 5 – 10 i.j. im. nakon izlaska placente.
Kontraindikacije: preosjetljivost na lijek, multipla trudnoća.
Nuspojave: akutna tranzitorna hipotenzija, srčane aritmije, mučnina, povraćanje, alergijska reakcija.
Petidin (Dolantin – ampula 1 ml / 50 mg)
Indikacije: Analgezija pri porodu: 50 – 150 mg sc, im. ili 10 mg iv.
Kontraindikacije: koma, depresija disanja, intrakranijalne lezije koje povećavaju intrakranijalni tlak, predispozicija za konvulzije.
Nuspojave: hiper ili hipotenzija, bradikardija ili tahikardija, sedacija, depresija disanja, mučnina, povraćanje.
Promazin (Prazine – ampule 1 ml / 50 mg i 2 ml / 100 mg)
Indikacije: Zamjena haloperidolu: 50 – 100 mg im. Ako se pacijent ne smiri 5 minuta nakon prve primjene lijeka, doza se može ponavljati do ukupno 300 mg.
Kontraindikacije: trudnoća, dojenje, koma, preosjetljivost na lijek.
Nuspojave: suha usta, slabost, vrtoglavica, opstipacija, ekstrapiramidalni simptomi.
Propafenon (Rytmonorm – ampula 20 ml / 70 mg)
Indikacije: Medikamentozna konverzija akutne fibrilacije atrija s brzim odgovorom ventrikla, kada ne postoji značajnije organsko oboljenje srca: 1 – 2 mg/kg iv.
Kontraindikacije: teška srčana insuficijencija, kardiogeni šok osim ako nije uzrokovan aritmijom, teške smetnje provođenja, teška opstruktivna plućna bolest, hipotenzija, simptomatska bradikardija, srčani blokovi.
Nuspojave: mučnina, povraćanje, aritmije, pogoršanje zatajenja srca, slabost, gorak okus u ustima, smetnje vida, vrtoglavica.
Ranitidin (Peptoran – ampula 2 ml / 50 mg)
Indikacije: Anafilaktički šok, u kombinaciji s kloropiraminom: 50 – 100 mg iv;
Ulkusna bolest udružena s pretjeranim lučenjem želučanog soka, refluksni ezofagitis: 50 mg u 20 ml kompatibilne iv. otopine tijekom 5 minuta ili 50 mg im.
Kontraindikacije: preosjetljivost na bilo koji sastojak lijeka.
Nuspojave: nespecifični simptomi sa strane SŽS, rijetko agitiranost.
Tietilperazin (Torecan – ampula 1 ml / 6,5 mg)
Indikacije: Povraćanje vezano uz vestibularne podražaje, vrtoglavica, mučnina i povraćanje nakon primjene opioida: 6,5 mg (jedna ampula) najčešće duboko im, moguće polagano iv. ili sc.
Kontraindikacije: depresija, poremećaji stanja svijesti, preosjetljivost na bilo koji sastojak lijeka.
Nuspojave: suha usta, pospanost, hipotenzija, ekstrapiramidne reakcije, osobito u djece (ne davati djeci mlađoj od 15 godina).
4. ZNANOST
Medicinar 4Ææ–
Tramadol (Lumidol, Tramadol, Tramal – ampule 1 ml / 50 mg i 2 ml / 100 mg)
Indikacije: Jaka visceralna ili maligna bol: 50 – 100 mg iv, im. ili sc.
Kontraindikacije i nuspojave: vidjeti morfin.
Trospij (Spasmex – ampula 5 ml / 0,2 mg)
Indikacije: Čiste kolike bilo koje geneze: 0,2 mg polagano iv. ili duboko im.
Kontraindikacije i nuspojave: vidjeti atropin.
Hioscin butilbromid (Buscol – ampula 1ml / 20 mg)
Indikacije: Čiste kolike bilo koje geneze: 20 – 40 mg iv. polako.
Kontraindikacije i nuspojave: vidjeti atropin.
Urapidil (Ebrantil – ampula 5 ml / 25 mg)
Indikacije: Hipertenzivna kriza: bolus 12,5 – 25 – 50 mg iv.
Kontraindikacije: aortna i mitralna stenoza.
Nuspojave: glavobolja, vrtoglavica, znojenje, nemir, malaksalost, palpitacije, retrosternalna bol, dispneja.
Verapamil (Verapamil, Isoptin – ampula 2 ml / 5 mg)
Indikacije: Paroksizmalna supraventrikulska tahikardija: 5 – 10 mg iv. u bolusu tijekom 2 minute. Ako nije došlo do adekvatnog usporenja može se ponoviti u dozi 10 – 15 mg nakon 15 – 30 minuta (maksimalna kumulativna doza ne bi smjela biti veća od 20 mg).
Kontraindikacije: WPW, AV blok 20 i 30 , bolest sinus čvora, kongestivno zatajenje srca, hipotenzija, šok, ventrikulska tahikardija.
Nuspojave: hipotenzija, AV blok, bradikardija, asistolija.
OSTALI LIJEKOVI
Acetilsalicilna kiselina - tablete
(Andol, Aspirin, Baludon)
Indikacije: Akutni infarkt miokarda: 300 mg sažvakati ili otopiti u ustima.
Kontraindikacije: gastrointestinalna krvarenja, preosjetljivost.
Nuspojave: gastrointestinalno krvarenje.
Diazepam mikroklizme (Diazepam Desitin – mikroklizme
2,5 ml / 5 mg i 2,5 ml / 10 mg)
Indikacije: Epileptički status u djece, protrahirane febrilne konvulzije: 0,5 mg/kg (djeca do mjesec dana 1,25 – 2,5 mg). Doza se može ponoviti za 5 – 10 minuta.
Kontraindikacije i nuspojave: vidjeti diazepam
Isosorbid dinitrat tablete (Tinidil – lingvaleta 5 mg)
Indikacije: Hipertenzivna kriza: 1 tableta sublingvalno. Ako nema zadovoljavajućeg sniženja tlaka doza se može ponoviti nakon 10 – 15 minuta.
Kontraindikacije: hipovolemija, intrakranijalno krvarenje, povišeni intrakranijalni tlak.
Nuspojave: glavobolja, hipotenzija, sinkopa, tahikardija, crvenilo kože.
Gliceriltrinitrat aerosol (Nitrolingual-1 doza = 0,4 mg)
Indikacije: Anginozni bolovi: sublingvalno 0,4 mg – 0,8 mg;
Edem pluća: 0,8 mg – 2,4 mg u razmacima od 5 – 10 minuta.
Kontraindikacije: hipotenzija (sistolički tlak < 100 mm Hg)
Ostale kontraindikacije i nuspojave: vidjeti isosorbid dinitrat.
Medicinski ugljen (Carbo medicinalis – granule 50 g)
Indikacije: Predoziranje supstancijama koje se adsorbiraju na aktivni ugljen unutar 1 sata (4 sata) od ingestije: pojedinačna doza 20 – 30 g (1 – 2 g/kg) otopljeno u 2 dl vode per os.
Kontraindikacije: ingestija koroziva, krvarenje u gastrointestinalnom sustavu, besvjesno stanje (ako nije zaštićen dišni put), intestinalna opstrukcija, oštećenje gastrointestinalnog sustava, opasnost od aspiracije (otapala).
Nuspojave: mučnina, opstipacija.
Salbutamol aerosol (Ventolin – 1 doza = 0,1 mg)
Indikacije: Dokazano reverzibilni bronhospazam: 0,2 mg (2 udaha).
Kontraindikacije: tahiaritmije, nepravilnost srčanoga ritma, hipertrofična opstruktivna kardiomiopatija.
Nuspojave: tahikardija, blagi tremor skeletne muskulature.
Uz navedene lijekove za nadoknadu volumena potrebno je imati infuzijske otopine kristaloida (najbolje 0,9%-tna otopina natrijevog klorida) i plazmaeskpander (primjerice HAES) najbolje u plastičnoj ambalaži kao i ampule fiziološke otopine, destrilirane vode i 5%-tne glukoze za razrjeđivanje lijekova.
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