types of claims

2. “If you talk to a man in a
language he understands, that
goes to his head. If you talk to
him in his own language, that
goes to his heart.”
-Nelson Mandela

3. Formulating
Claims of Fact,
Policy and
Value

4. 1. Identify the
differences between
and among the types of
claims; and
2. Formulate claims of
fact, policy and value.
OBJECTIVES:

5. What is an
argumentative
claim?

6. • an assertion of the
truth of something,
typically one that is
disputed or in doubt
Argumentative

7. What are the
different types of
argumentative claims?

8. FACT
POLICY
VALUE
CLAIMS

9. CLAIM OF FACT
(existence of
something/definition or
classification/facts -- inferences
about past, present, or future)
Types of factual claims (generally
"objective")
1.Factual / historical
2. Relational - causal connections
3. Predictive
proof requires:
sufficient and appropriate
grounds
reliable authority
recent data
accurate, typical data
clearly defined terms -
no loaded language
a clear distinction between fact
and inference

10. Examples:
Many people are using
social media to bully other
people.
Filipinos are very much
into smoking nowadays.

11. CLAIM OF VALUE
(taste & morals / good-bad) [make
value judgments/ resolve conflict
between values/ quasi policy
(rightness of it; relative merit)]
proof requires:
Establishing standards of
evaluation (i.e. a warrant that
defines what constitutes
instances of the relevant
value)
note the priority of the value
in this instance.
Establish the advantage
(practical or moral) of your
standards.
Use examples to clarify
abstract values
Use credible authorities for
support

12. Examples:
It is wrong to bully
other people.
It is not healthy to
smoke.

13. CLAIM OF POLICY
(action / should or ought) -
usually involves sub-claims
of fact and value
proof requires:
Making proposed action
clear
need (justification)
plan, (must be
workable)
benefit (advantages)
consider opposition /
counter arguments

14. Examples:
There should be criminal charges
brought against people who use
social media to bully others.
People must be oriented with
the bad effects of smoking to
their bodies.

15. EXAMPLES:
CLAIMS OF FACT CLAIMS OF VALUE CLAIMS OF POLICY
Many people
are using social
media to bully
other people.
It is wrong (immoral)
to bully people using
social media.
There should be
criminal charges
brought against
people who use social
media to bully others.
Filipinos are very
much into
smoking
nowadays.
It is not good to
smoke.
People should be
oriented with the bad
effects of smoking to
their bodies.

16. ACTIVITY 1: (By group)

17. Create one
example for the
specific type of
claim using the
following
topics.
Concentrate on
the aspect of
the education
of affected
learners.
1-Child abuse
(FACT)
2-Depression
(FACT)
3-Fighting a
Chronic Illness
(VALUE)
4-Child Labor
(POLICY)
5-War or
armed conflict
(POLICY)

18. ACTIVITY 2:

19. Step 1. Answer Activity 1 of Module 11 for 3 minutes.
Step 2. Check your answers
using the Answer Key.
Step 3. Post a picture of
your work on our
Facebook group.

20. SEAT
WORK:

21. Identify the type of claim:
_______________1. Patience is a virtue.
_______________2. Social media influences the
way teenagers think.
_______________3. Honesty is the best policy.
_______________4. For the Philippines to
progress, Filipinos must first learn discipline.
_______________5. Obesity can cause heart
disease.

22. Identify the type of claim:
_______________6. The government must review
its policies to prevent future problems.
_______________7. The best way to a man’s heart
is through his stomach.
_______________8. People should value
relationships within the family.
_______________9. Anything excessive is
dangerous.
______________10. It is always good to make a
stand and defend it.