CHAPTER 14.pdf

BANKS AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ISBN:978-93-94676-00-8 Page 240
CHAPTER-14
EFFICIENCY IN INDIAN BANKING SECTOR USING A TOBIT REGRESSION
ANALYSIS
1.Bhadrappa Haralayya
Post Doctoral Fellowship Research Scholar,
Srinivas University, Mangalore, India.
bhadrappabhavimani@gmail.com
Orcid id-0000-0003-3214-7261
2.P. S. Aithal,
Professor, College of Management and Commerce,
Srinivas University, Mangalore, India.
psaithal@gmail.com
Orcid id-0000-0002-4691-8736
ABSTRACT
The point of this sub area is to distinguish potential determinants of the dimension of cost efficiency in
the managing an account segment of India. The discoveries of such examination give pointers which
will help in expanding the dimension of efficiency. In the accompanying advance in the wake of
evaluating bank level efficiency, the present examination utilized an econometric model so as to inspect
impact of different bank-explicit elements with inefficiency scores (1-efficiency scores) as the reliant
variable. Most of the past investigations have utilized normal slightest square (OLS) to assess the effect
of different determinants on the dimension of efficiency for basic leadership units in various economies
of the world. In any case, this strategy has certain impediments as if there should be an occurrence of
OLS, the anticipated efficiency scores are in the scope of zero to one and henceforth, embrace change
for the DMUs (for example banks) with the efficiency scores equivalent to one and subtract a little
steady from the efficiency scores. Also, another methodology To bit relapse is generally used to
ascertain the effect of different exogenous factors on the reliant factors.
Keywords: TOBIT, Indian Banking, Regression.
14.1 INTRODUCTION
This proportion of net-premium edge to add up to resources encourages keeping money part to pick up a
knowledge into the productive and powerful organization of assets by various possessions crosswise
over different sources to create salary over the timeframe. Lower the proportion, better will be the

general efficiency of the keeping money framework. It has additionally discovered that in the saving
money segment, dimension of NIM was on higher side before the changes yet after the budgetary
deregulation, nearness of rivalry has had a successful effect of the net premium edge for banks,
subsequently, applied descending weight for NIM or spreads. To decide the connection among NIM and
dimension of inefficiency, negative and measurably noteworthy connection among NIM and the
dimension of cost inefficiency and its related segments has been experienced. These outcomes reason
that there has been steady decrease in the NIM over the timeframe and with the decrease in the spread,
dimension of cost inefficiency additionally declined and keeping money framework in India has pushed
toward the cost productive wilderness. The explanation for the decrease in the measure is the nearness of
more elevated amount of rivalry crosswise over various bank proprietorships after persistent change
arrangements started by RBI, along these lines, applying the weight on keeping money part for
descending weight on spreads. Along these lines, with the nearness of progressively universal
involvement in the managing an account part in India, net premium edge will in general decrease in the
focused and deregulated showcase. Be that as it may, with the expansion in the dimension of rivalry,
banks in India endeavored to offer clients the higher rate of enthusiasm on their stores and in the
meantime will in general let down their dimension of premium charged on the advance and different
advances.
14.2 TOBIT REGRESSION ANALYSIS
The decision of choosing the logical factors is constantly risky as there is no such methodology in the
writing that offers direction to pick significant determinants for the efficiency of banks. Therefore, to
handle such issues, past literary works have been considered as the measuring stick. To explore the
conceivable determinants for the bank efficiency, the outcomes are gotten by the arrangement of
illustrative factors relapsed on the evaluated efficiency scores of banks over the timeframe. The present
sub segment consolidates the models connected by and Kumar and Gulati (2008) which incorporates
subordinate factors as cost inefficiency (CIE), specialized inefficiency (TIE) and allocative inefficiency
(AIE). Along these lines, inefficiency level has been clarified as opposed to efficiency in the models
indicated from 1-16 (allude part III for subtleties). A positive incline coefficient implies an expansion in
the dimension of inefficiency or decline in the dimension of efficiency and negative coefficients
suggests decline in the dimension of inefficiency or enhancement in the dimension of efficiency. The
outcomes in the Table 1 shows that the coefficient of logical factors ROE, An/OE, COM/OE, PS/AD,

BD, MGT, Size, SP, NPA/NA, NIM, MS, DPub, DPrv are factually critical at 1 percent dimension of
essentialness at individual dimension. This affirms our prior discoveries that the effects of various
markers and also the possession are having an individual impact on efficiency scores over the timeframe
in Indian keeping money framework. While researching the effect of different pointers exclusively, the
outcomes from the Table 1 gives an understanding that every one of the factors mirror the normal sign
for coefficients associated with various detail. The positive coefficients of An/OE, NPA/NA and
possession sham for open and private segment banks mirror the expansion in the dimension of
inefficiency.
To make increasingly thorough examination the determinations mulled over in the model 13 to 16 are
additionally exhibited in Table 1. The estimations are made to analyze the determinants of inefficiency
for the Indian saving money industry. In reference to the model 14, 15 and 16 the estimations are set up
by utilizing bank explicit sham factors, though, the Model 13 does not use sham factors. In the Model
13, the log probability is esteem has all the earmarks of being 155.28 and LR Chi-square is
355.03(0.000). This measure is like F-test (ANOVA) and it has all the earmarks of being factually
critical at 5 percent dimension of hugeness. Then again in Model 14 (CIE), the log probability esteem
indicates better outcomes with an estimation of 139.91 and LR Chi-square 605.47(0.000) trailed by the
Model 15 (TIE) with log probability esteem 91.05; LR Chi-square 262.50(0.000) and Model 16 (AIE)
with log probability = 232.15; LR Chi-square 55.23(0.000) and all has all the earmarks of being
factually noteworthy at 5 percent dimension of noteworthiness.
Moving towards the experimental outcomes gotten by applying the Tobit show, the examination focuses
on the Model 14 just, as results acquired from different models are pretty much indistinguishable. It has
been noticed that the variable profit for value (ROE) measured as the proportion of value to add up to
resources, is considered as the most critical pointer f productivity and development potential. The value
to add up to resources proportion is the measure of capital quality and gives huge outcomes in every one
of the models of course. Furthermore, one of the basic clarifications is that despite the fact that ROE
gives the data in regards to the danger of investors for their contributed capital, it moreover gives
inspiration to analyze the executives and gives confirmation that the banks are working effectively. The
negative and factually critical sign for the coefficient of ROE mirrors that banks can keep up their
dimension of capital in every one of the particulars and in this manner, making soundness in the
managing an account division in India. Anyway the coefficient esteems are seen to be on lower side

reflecting consistent good and bad times in the keeping money industry in India and the explanation
behind the frail affiliation might be because of the monetary downturn, decrease in the sparing rates
particularly over the most recent couple of years and ascend in oil costs as a result of the worldwide
budgetary emergency. The discoveries from the determinant infers that more elevated amount of benefit
of banks in India is driving towards lower dimension of cost, specialized and allocative inefficiency or
in different terms banks turn out to be increasingly proficient by improving their productivity.
Comparative outcomes are in accordance with various investigations crosswise over various keeping
money divisions comprehensively.
14.3 FACTORS DETERMINING THE EFFICIENCY IN INDIAN BANKING SECTOR
The relationship proportion of commercial and attention to working costs is seen to be factually critical
at 1 percent dimension of essentialness with the positive coefficients; subsequently, delineating that
expansion in the proportion will let down the dimension of cost efficiency and its related segments.
These outcomes may have showed up on account of solid and sound dimension of rivalry among the
banks, as banks are endeavoring to draw in and hold clients by methods for advancement blend
component. In this way, banks in India should concentrate more on nature of their items and the
dimension of administrations as opposed to promotion and attention. The proportion of ad to working
costs determinant of efficiency utilizing the Tobit Model has investigated that in every one of the models
the coefficients related are factually critical so contributing successfully to enhance the dimension of
cost efficiency for banks in India.
While mulling over the proportion of correspondence costs to working costs, it has been seen that the
coefficient is having anticipated affiliation. The outcomes affirm that with increment in the proportion,
banks will have the capacity to bring down their dimension of inefficiency. Being the critical constituent
of the general costs in managing an account part, it winds up fundamental to make more concentrate on
it. It is further vital that 5 percent families living in metroprlitan and Tier 1 urban areas will represent 30
percent of aggregate extra cash over next multi decade (BCG, 2011). Furthermore, the salary of white
collar class family units running from ' 90, 000 to ' 200,000 for each annum will turn into the biggest
gathering of clients in India. Hence, these clients will be served just with the ease plan of action and cost
compelling branches with the accessibility of good framework. In the interim the entrance for the
portable and the broadband clients in India have been developing with quick pace and in this way

making a potential for the on the web and telephone stations obviously. In any case, with the
presentation of the versatile saving money innovation the saving money segment will get reformed
throughout the following decade. In this manner, it is normal that the managing an account industry in
India will concentrate essentially on the innovation advancements to drive the forthcoming age toward
the saving money. Along these lines, huge connection with the efficiency for this proportion connotes
that higher spotlight on the correspondence costs will assist manages an account with increasing the
dimension of efficiency and gainfulness. These outcomes are predictable with the prior investigations .
According to existing standards, PSBs and PrSBs need to loan 40 percent of their balanced net banks
credit or credit equal measure of shaky sheet exposures, whichever is higher to need part (Reserve Bank
of India, 2011). The variable need segment advances to add up to progresses is seen to be factually
critical at 5 percent dimension of centrality and is likewise having the understanding in sign with earlier
desires. Along these lines, giving more advances to the need segment in the nation, banks may prompt
higher hazard or increment in non-performing resources, consequently prompting decrease in the
benefit. Notwithstanding, it might likewise help in enhancing client base and make them pulled in
towards the managing an account exchanges.
Table 14.1 Tobit Estimates
Mo
del
Con
strat stant
ROE A/OE C/OE
PS/A
D
BD
MG
T
Size
NPA/N
A
NIM MS
DP
ub
DPrv LL χ2
1
0.45
9
-0.001
-
142.
1
11.
19
-
0.02
(0.000
) *
2 0.45 0.411 -141
3.5
5
-
0.019
(0.218)
*
3
0.51
5
-1.857
-
110.
7
65.
2
-
0.022
(0.230
) *
4
0.44
2
0.054
-
142.
5
46.
96
-
0.026
(0.001
) *
5
0.46
6
0.134 -126
28.
03

-
0.217
(0.025
) *
6
0.46
3
-
0.137
-
141.
4
48.
83
-
0.021
-
0.108
*
7
0.84
4
-0.102
-
57.8
1
17.
8
-
0.033
(0.007
) *
8
0.73
7
-
111.
1
41.
94
-
0.033
9
0.41
7
0.005
-
129.
2
55.
89
-
0.01
-0.001
10
0.49
8
-0.616
-
121.
2
17.
88
-
0.013
(0.181
) *
11
0.49
7
0.01
-
23.8
1
21.
55
-
0.01
(0.229
) *
12
0.29
2
0.21
2
0.215
-
30.4
3
34.
54
-
0.007
-
0.017
(0.021)
*
*
13
0.44
3
-0.002 0.778 -0.919 0.025 -0.834
0.97
1
0.075 0.004 -0.163 -0.012
56.3
86
17.
03
-
0.045
(0.000
) *
(0.189
) *
(0.220
) *
(0.046
) *
(0.159
) *
-
0.21
(0.012
) *
0
(0.130
) *
(0.002
) *
*
14
-
0.208
-0.001 0.154 -0.186 -0.102 -0.312
0.27
2
0.049 0.006 -0.349 -0.117
0.17
8
0.191
87.6
14
96.
94
-
0.056
(0.000
) *
(0.193)
*
(0.044
) *
(0.047
) *
(0.059
) *
-
0.141
(0.011
) *
-0.001
(0.126
) *
(0.002
) *
-
0.031
(0.024)
*
* *
15
0.06
8
-0.001 0.159 -0.159 -0.224 -0.463
0.37
9
0.089 0.007 -0.117 -0.03
0.06
1
0.051
-
91.0
5
21.
83
-
0.096
(0.000
) *
(0.139)
*
-0.094
(0.054
) *
(0.179
) *
-
0.282
(0.021
) *
-0.001
(0.004
) *
(0.000
) *
-
0.028
-0.02

*** **
16
-
0.143
-0.001 0.169 -0.152 -0.006 -0.307
0.16
7
0.043 0.003 -0.347 -0.215
0.23
2
0.197
61.2
11
31.
86
-
0.081
(0.000
) *
(0.155)
*
-0.226
(0.001
) *
(0.061
) *
-
0.21
(0.010
) *
0
(0.000
) *
(0.017
) *
-
0.027
(0.021)
*
Note: (i) the figures in ( ) parentheses are the standard errors, (ii) the figures in { } parentheses are the p-
values, (iii) „***‟, „**‟, and per cent level of significance, respectively, (iv) LL represents the log-
likelihood value (v) χ2represents to Wald chi-square statistics, (vi) the dependent variable from Model 1
to 14 is CIE and TIE for Model 15 and AIE for Model 16. Source: Authors‟ calculations.
In spite of the fact that, an expansion in the extent of banks helps in making open doors for the credit
office, economies of scale and probability of dealing with the inputs proficiently, yet banks additionally
require to upgrade their dimension of execution with little size by giving the better administration
system, development and sound dimension rivalry. Comparable outcomes have been assessed by the
investigations of and. Hence, the outcomes from the Table 1 affirm that any earlier thought regarding
size in not reliable and banks are having the two advantages and disadvantages with expansive and little
size. While, delineating returns to scale, the outcomes uncovered task of banks at expanding returns to
scale in this manner, demonstrating that banks are working at too little scale. The confirmations appear
to show that bank in India can enhance their dimension of cost efficiency or by and large efficiency by
extending their size of activities. In any case, to receive the reward of economies of scale, banks need to
work at consistent returns as opposed to expanding returns to scale. The outcomes from Tobit relapse
investigation shows up for activities at little size. In this way, the considerable gain in the cost could be
accomplished through the change of scale either by inner development or solidification in the keeping
money part. The banks, consequently, required to work at little size however with upgrade in the scale of
tasks in India to wind up cost effective.
So as to accomplish dimension of efficiency, the board give great compensation to their staff individuals
which recommends that the prosperity of work force is imperative factor for the development of banks.
In any case, with the expansion in the quantity of staff, there may be an effect on the dimension of
benefit earned by the banks over the period. The Khandelwal Committee (2010) featured some extreme
deficiencies in human asset the board with regards to PSBs in India. The report reasoned that t genuinely
missing behind their rivals by virtue of human capital deficiency. They are having issues as far as

remuneration bundle, skewed age profile, aptitudes, prohibitive arrangements and so on putting them off
guard. To pass judgment on the execution of workers in the Indian managing an account area business
(stores + propels) per representatives as an estimator has been joined in the investigation. The coefficient
related with staff profitability seems, by all accounts, to be negative and factually critical at 1 percent
dimension of noteworthiness, in this way, affirming the more elevated amount of staff efficiency will
help in declining the dimension of inefficiency of banks. Being a fundamental marker for the cost
efficiency of banks, it has been seen that with the expansion in the dimension of inspiration of
representatives, the working capability of worker increments, consequently, helping the administration
and entire association in improving their dimension of execution. Since these staff are the best
mechanism for mirroring the nature of administrations given by the banks, there ought to be persistent
concentration for the up liftment and up gradation of faculty working in the banks in India. As
uncovered from the estimates, increment in the proportion will make an open door for the improvement
and development of banks in various proprietorship gatherings. Albeit, positive outcomes have been
affirmed for the measure of representative efficiency coordinating to high development in business yet
this might be conceivably due to no adjustment in the quantity of workers particularly for the PSBs that
are associated with more than 80 percent of the money related exchanges in the Indian keeping money
segment (Reserve Bank of India, 2013).
The proportion of net non-performing resources for net advances (NPAs) is a decent marker for deciding
the credit nature of the banks. Generally a negative connection between the dimension of efficiency and
NPAs is normal since lower of this proportion encourage higher efficiency level for the banks in India
and despite what might be expected, increment in NPAs dependably makes issue for the successful tasks
of the banks over the period and there is no speedy obsession for this. There have been a few and
compelling measures created and attempted by the RBI convenient and ceaselessly to control the issues
identified with NPAs. For example, there have been presentation of Securitization and Reconstruction of
Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 alongwith the Asset Reconstruction
Company foundation to deal with the issues identified with NPAs rapidly and opportune by banks. The
past examinations have joined that banks in various economies have encountered tumble down because
of the bigger nearness of NPAs and have consequently clarified the disappointment of money related
foundations over the period . The board estimates for the banks over the timeframe thusly recommends
that the dimension of financial efficiency decreases with decrease in the proportion of non-performing
resources for net advances. It has been noticed that there exists positive and measurably critical

connection among NPAs and cost inefficiency and related parts, i.e., higher the proportion of non-
performing advantages for net advances, higher will be the dimension of inefficiency among the banks
in Indian managing an account area. Subsequently, banks need to recoup awful resources opportune and
keep the nonstop check over the non performing resources and characteristic towards better and sound
hazard the executives rehearses which assist manages an account with maintaining their monetary record
in successful way and have low nearness of NPAs over the timeframe. The keeps money with poor
corporate goverence and the executive‟s quality could lead towards increment in operational expensese
and no-perfroming credits. In this manner banks need to look in aditionall the board endeavors to handle
the issue of non-perfroming resources. The discoveries of our investigation are comparative with the
investigations of which featured that the dimension of cost inefficiency have been high because of the
nearness of more non-performing resources and the proportion for issue advances have been on higher
side, in this manner, demonstrating the nearness of banks in various economies working a long way
from the best practice outskirts.
In spite of the fact that, these exercises have helped the banks to drop down dimension of net-premium
edge and enhance their execution, and yet the log jam in the Indian economy looked after 2008-09 has
made progressively intense aggressive market. Hence, being a creating economy and with progressively
universal experience and focused market, the contracting yield spread has let down the rate of net
premium edge in the India managing an account area as financing cost subordinates are not increasingly
created and there are restricted chances to win salary from the wobbly exercises. What's more, it has
been discovered that NIM has showed up as one of the pivotal and essential determinant of cost
efficiency and the related parts for the saving money area in India.
The evaluated coefficient of piece of the pie is observed to be measurably critical at 1 percent dimension
of hugeness in every one of the models consolidated in the present investigation. The exact proof
recommends that the piece of the pie measured by the stores fixation has raised as huge and most
contributing determine presume that despite the fact that the market for the saving money area as of late
has been hampered, yet the dimension of rivalry has raised over the period. It has been seen that the
piece of the pie has a solid connection with the dimension of efficiency in Indian managing an account
division. The coefficient for the connection gives off an impression of being negative and measurably
huge for cost inefficiency. The related parts affirming that manages an account with more prominent
piece of the overall industry are increasingly effective. In different terms, the ascent in the dimension of

piece of the overall industry by the banks have made decrease in the dimension of cost inefficiency
measure and its related parts. As far as control variable, manages an account with high piece of the
overall industry are more
14.4 CONCLUSION
The outcomes from Tobit demonstrate shows that (I) the benefit, correspondence, need part progresses,
staff profitability, net-premium edge, piece of the overall industry and inefficiency have negative effect
on the dimension of cost inefficiency (ii) ad costs, bank enhancement, the executives soundness,
measure, non performing resources and inefficiency are decidedly connected with the dimension of in
general inefficiency (iii) possession have impact over the dimension of efficiency and remote division
banks seems more proficient than open and private segment banks. The observational confirmations
uncovers better execution of remote segment banks and this may be a direct result of their techno clever
tasks in the created nations and following the comparable innovation in the creating economies like
India. Such innovative methodologies have made the field advantage in the creating economies where
the local banks are moderately less acquainted with the cutting edge innovation. Likewise, while
researching the connection between the dimension of inefficiency and the general population and private
proprietorship gatherings, nearness of positive and measurably critical estimates for the coefficients
have been found. This infers the dimension of specialized inefficiency of the banks related with open
and private area proprietorship expanded amid post-deregulation period. The outcomes recommend that
the general population and private part banks in the Indian keeping money industry are working in
efficient and business premise. Along these lines it affirms a solid linkage between the dimension of
efficiency and proprietorships in the Indian household keeping money industry. Likewise, the
examination presumed that more elevated amount of cost efficiency is fundamentally disclosed by more
noteworthy introduction to correspondence costs, proportion of net premium edge to add up to resources
and bank broadening as far as other salary for banks in Indian managing an account division amid post-
deregulation period.
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25. Haralayya, Dr. Bhadrappa and Saini, Shrawan Kumar, An Overview on Productive Efficiency of Banks &
Financial Institution (2018). International Journal of Research, Volume 05 Issue 12, April 2018.
26. Haralayya, Dr. Bhadrappa, Review on the Productive Efficiency of Banks in Developing Country (2018).
Journal for Studies in Management and Planning, Volume 04 Issue 05, April 2018,
27. Haralayya, Dr. Bhadrappa, The Productive Efficiency of Banks in Developing Country With Special

Reference to Banks & Financial Institution (april 30, 2019).
28. Haralayya, Dr. Bhadrappa, Study on Performance of Foreign Banks in India (APRIL 2, 2016).
29. Haralayya, Dr. Bhadrappa, E-Finance and the Financial Services Industry (MARCH 28, 2014).
30. Haralayya, Dr. Bhadrappa, E-payment - An Overview (MARCH 28, 2014).
31. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Customer Satisfaction at M/s Sindol Bajaj Bidar" Iconic Research And Engineering
Journals, Volume 4 ,Issue 12, June 2021, Page 157-169
32. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Ratio Analysis at NSSK, Bidar" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, Volume
4, Issue 12,June 2021, Page 170-182
33. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Financial Statement Analysis of Shri Ram City Union Finance" Iconic Research And
Engineering Journals, Volume 4, Issue 12,June 2021, Page 183-196
34. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Employee Job Satisfaction at Big Bazaar" Iconic Research And Engineering
Journals, Volume 4, Issue 12, June 2021, Page 197-206
35. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Effect of Branding on Consumer Buying Behaviour at Vijay Bharat Motors Pvt Ltd,
Bidar" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, Volume 4, Issue 12, June 2021, Page 207-222
36. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Study on Customer Perceptions Guru Basava Motors, Bidar" Iconic Research And
Engineering Journals, Volume 4, Issue 12,June 2021, Page 223-231
37. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Study on Loans and Advances for DCC Bank Main Branch Nayakaman, Bidar"
Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, Volume 4, Issue 12, June 2021, Page 232-242
38. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Work Life Balance of Employees at Karanja Industries Pvt Ltd, Bidar" Iconic
Research And Engineering Journals, Volume 4, Issue 12, June 2021, Page 243-254
39. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Working Capital Management at TVS Motors, Bidar" Iconic Research And
Engineering Journals, Volume 4, Issue 12, June 2021, Page 255-265
40. Haralayya, Dr. Bhadrappa, Testing Weak Form Efficiency of Indian Stock Market – An Empirical Study on
NSE (April 30, 2021). Emerging Global Strategies for Indian Industry (ISBN: 978-81-910118-7-6), 2021,
41. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Advertising Effectiveness With Reference to Big Bazaar" Iconic Research And
Engineering Journals, Volume 5, Issue 1, July 2021, Page 101-110
42. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Analysis of Non Performing Asset on Urban Cooperative Bank in India" Iconic
Research And Engineering Journals, Volume 5, Issue 1,July 2021, Page 111-121
43. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Ration Analysis With Reference to DCC Bank" Iconic Research And Engineering
Journals, Volume 5, Issue 1, July 2021, Page 122-130
44. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Consumer Buying Behavior With Reference to Bajaj Auto Ltd" Iconic Research And
45. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Sales Promotion With Reference to Yamaha Motor" Iconic Research And

46. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Financial Statement Analysis Using Common Size on Mahindra Sindol Motors"
Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, Volume 5, Issue 1, July 2021 , Page 150-159
47. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Loans And Advances with Reference to PKGB Bank" Iconic Research And
48. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Study on Trend Analysis at John Deere" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals,
Volume 5, Issue 1, July 2021, Page 171-181
49. Haralayya B, Aithal PS. Study on Cost Efficiency in Indian and Other Countries Experience. Journal of
Advanced Research in HR and Organizational Management 2021; 8(1&2): 23-30.
50. Haralayya B, Aithal PS. Study on Theoretical Foundations of Bank Efficiency. . Journal of Advanced
Research in Operational and Marketing Management 2021; 4(2): 12-23.
51. Haralayya B, Aithal PS. Study on Profitability Efficiency in Indian and Other Countries Experience. Journal
of Advanced Research in Quality Control and Management 2021; 6(2): 1-10.
52. S. Vinoth, Hari Leela Vemula, Bhadrappa Haralayya, Pradeep Mamgain, Mohammed Faez Hasan, Mohd
Naved, Application of cloud computing in banking and e-commerce and related security threats, Materials
Today: Proceedings, 2021,ISSN 2214-7853,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.121.(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785321
071285).
53. Haralayya B, Jeelan BV, Vibhute NS. Capital Structure and Factors Affecting Capital Structure. J Adv Res
Eco Busi Mgmt 2021; 4(2): 4-35.
54. Vibhute NS, Haralayya B, Jeelan BV. Performance Evaluation of Selected Banks using Ratio Analysis. J Adv
Res Eco Busi Mgmt 2021; 4(2): 36-44
55. Jeelan BV, Haralayya B, Vibhute NS. A Study on Empirical Analysis of Relationship between FPI and
NIFTY Returns. J Adv Res Acct Fin Mgmt 2021; 3(2): 3-22
56. Jeelan BV, Haralayya B, Vibhute NS. A Study on Performance Evaluation of Initial Public Offering (IPO). J
Adv Res Pub Poli Admn 2021; 3(2): 12-26.
57. Basha VJ, Haralayya B, Vibhute NS. Analysis of Segment Reporting with Reference to Selected Software
Companies. J Adv Res Entrep Innov SMES Mgmt 2021; 4(2): 9-26.
58. Jeelan BV, Haralayya B, Vibhute NS. Co-Movement and Integration among Stock Markets: A Study of 10
Countries. J Adv Res Acct Fin Mgmt 2021; 3(2): 23-38.
59.Jeelan BV, Haralayya B, Vibhute NS. A Comparative Study on Selected Foreign Currencies. J Adv Res Eco
Busi Mgmt 2021; 4(2): 45-5
60. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "A Study on Customer Satisfaction at TVS Vanish Motors Bidar" Iconic Research
And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 9 2022 Page 117-127
61. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Consumer Buying Behavior at Kailash Motors Bidar" Iconic Research And

Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 9 2022 Page 128-137
62. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Credit Risk of Canara Bank Bidar" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals
Volume 5 Issue 9 2022 Page 138-149
63. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Effect of Branding on Consumer Buying Behaviour in Bharat Ford Bidar" Iconic
Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 9 2022 Page 150-159
64. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Employee Engagement at Kharanja Industry Pvt Ltd Humanbad" Iconic Research
65. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Employee Performance Appraisal at Sri Veerabhadreshwar Motors Bidar" Iconic
66. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Employees Traning and Development at Mgssk Ltd Bhalki" Iconic Research And
67. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Impact of Financial Statement Analysis on Financial Performance in Lahoti Motors
Bidar" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 9 2022 Page 197-206
68. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Impact of Ratio Analysis on Financial Performance in Royal Enfield (Bhavani
Motors) Bidar" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 9 2022 Page 207-222
69. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Sales Promotion at Keshva Enterprise Bidar" Iconic Research And Engineering
Journals Volume 5 Issue 9 2022 Page 223-232
70. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "The Impact of Safety and Health Measures of Employees at KJD Pharma Bidar"
Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 9 2022 Page 233-242
71. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Comparative Analysis of Mutual Funds in Geojit Financial Services Ltd Gulbarga"
72. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Cost Analysis at MGSSK Bhalki" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals
Volume 5 Issue 9 2022 Page 252-258
73. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Employee Compensation Management at Vani Organic Pvt Ltd Bidar" Iconic
74. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Employees Performance Appraisal of Chettinad Cement Gulbarga" Iconic Research
75. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Ratio Analysis in Muthoot Finance Ltd Aurad" Iconic Research And Engineering
76. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Study on Promotion Mix Strategy Towards Big Bazaar Bidar" Iconic Research And
77. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Study on Sales Promotion Techniques Used by VKG Bajaj at Kalaburagi" Iconic
78. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Working Capital Management in Hyundai Showroom Bidar" Iconic Research And

79. Bhadrappa Haralayya "Study on Performance Evaluation of Mutual Funds" Iconic Research And Engineering
80. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "The Performance of Mutual Fund Schemes in The Framework of Risk and Return"
81. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Risk And Return Analysis of Mutual Funds with Reference to Banks" Iconic
82. Bhadrappa Haralayya . "Comparative Study on Performance Evaluation of Mutual Funds with Reference to
Banking Funds" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 10 2022 Page 56-64

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