1-1
Learning Objectives
Mengidentifikasi aktivitas dan pengguna akuntansi.
Menjelaskan building block akuntansi: etika, prinsip dan asumsi.
Persamaan dan definisi per komponen
3
Menganalisis effects business transactions terhadap persamaan
akuntansi
2
1
4
Menguraikan empat financial statements dan cara membuatnya.
5
Accounting in Action/Konsep
Fundamental
1

1-2
Cerita fitur
 Banyak mahasiswa mengambil mata kuliah
ini tidak berencana untuk menjadi akuntan.
Jika Anda masuk dalam kelompok
(mahasiswa tersebut, Anda mungkin
berpikir,
 "Jika saya tidak akan menjadi akuntan,
mengapa saya harus mengetahui tentang
akuntansi?"
 Menanggapi hal ini, perhatikan kutipan dari
Harols Geneen, mantan Direktur Utama dari
perusahaan internasional besar:

1-3
Cerita fitur
 "Untuk menjadi yang terbaik dalam usaha Anda,
Anda harus mengetahui angka-angka “
 Keberhasilan dalam setiap usaha berpulang ke
angka-angka.
 Anda akan bergantung pada angka-angka untuk
mengambil keputusan, dan
 para manajer akan menggunakan angka-angka
untuk mengevaluasi kinerja mereka.
 Hal tersebut adalah benar apa pun pekerjaan
Anda apakah di bagian pemasaran, produksi,
manajemen, dan system informasi

1-4
Cerita fitur
 Dalam setiap usaha atau bisnis, akuntansi
adalah untuk mengomunikasikan angka-
angka.
 Jika Anda tidak mengetahui cara membaca
laporan keuangan, Anda tidak benar-benar
mengetahui bisnis Anda.

1-5
Cerita fitur
 Banyak perusahaan menghabiskan sumber
daya yang sangat besar untuk mengajarkan
kepada para karyawan mereka tentang
akuntansi dasar
 sehingga mereka dapat membaca laporan
keuangan dan memahami bagaimana
tindakan mereka memengaruhi kinerja
keuangan perusahaan.
 Pemilik perusahaan perlu memiliki para
manajer dalam semua bidang untuk "paham
tentang keuangan"

1-6
Cerita fitur
 Mengambil mata kualiah ini akan
membutuhkan waktu yang lama untuk
membuat Anda menjadi memahami
keuangan.
 Dalam mata kuliah ini, Anda akan
mempelajari bagaimana membaca dan
Menyusun laporan keuangan, dan
bagaimana menggunakan alat-alat dasar
dalam mengevaluasi kinerja keuangan.

1-7
Accounting mencakup tiga aktivitas utama:
 Mengidentifikasi,
 Mencatat,
 mengkomunikasikan
Peristiwa ekonomi dalam organisasi bagi pihak yang
membutuhkan.
LEARNING
OBJECTIVE
Identify the activities and users
associated with accounting.
1
LO 1

1-8
Illustration 1-1
Aktivitas dalam proses akuntansi
The accounting process includes
the bookkeeping function.
Three Activities
LO 1

1-9
INTERNAL
USERS
Illustration 1-2
Questions that internal
users ask
Siapa pengguna Data akuntansi
LO 1

1-11 LO 1
Illustration 1-3
Questions that external
users ask
Siapa Pengguna Accounting Data
EXTERNAL
USERS

1-12
1
DO IT! 1
Solution: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.
1. The three steps in the accounting process are identification,
recording, and communication.
2. Bookkeeping encompasses all steps in the accounting process.
3. Accountants prepare, but do not interpret, financial reports.
4. The two most common types of external users are investors and
company officers.
5. Managerial accounting activities focus on reports for internal users.
LO 1
True False False False True
Basic Concepts

1-13
Etika Laporan Keuangan
 Recent financial scandals include: Enron, WorldCom,
HealthSouth, AIG, and other companies.
 Regulators and lawmakers concerned that economy would
suffer if investors lost confidence in corporate accounting. In
response,
► Congress passed Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX).
 Effective financial reporting depends on sound ethical
behavior.
LO 2
LEARNING
OBJECTIVE
Explain the building blocks of accounting: ethics,
principles, and assumptions.
2

1-14
Illustration 1-4
Steps in analyzing ethics cases
and situations
Ethics in Financial Reporting
LO 2

1-15
Ethics are the standards of conduct by which one's actions
are judged as:
a. right or wrong.
b. honest or dishonest.
c. fair or not fair.
d. all of these options.
Question
Ethics in Financial Reporting
LO 2

1-17
Various users
need financial
information
The accounting profession
has developed standards
that are generally accepted
and universally practiced.
Financial Statements
 Balance Sheet
 Income Statement
 Statement of Owner's Equity
 Statement of Cash Flows
 Note Disclosure
Generally Accepted
Accounting Principles
(GAAP)
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
LO 2

1-18
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) – Standards
that are generally accepted and universally practiced. These
standards indicate how to report economic events.
Standard-setting bodies:
► Financial Accounting Standards
Board (FASB)
► Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC)
► International Accounting Standards
Board (IASB)
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
LO 2

1-19
Prinsip Pengukuran
HISTORICAL COST PRINCIPLE (or cost principle) dictates
that companies record assets at their cost.
FAIR VALUE PRINCIPLE states that assets and liabilities
should be reported at fair value (the price received to sell an asset
or settle a liability).
Selection of which principle to follow
generally relates to trade-offs
between relevance and faithful
representation.
LO 2

1-20
MONETARY UNIT ASSUMPTION requires that companies
include in the accounting records only transaction data that can be
expressed in terms of money.
ECONOMIC ENTITY ASSUMPTION requires that activities of
the entity be kept separate and distinct from the activities of its
owner and all other economic entities.
 Proprietorship
 Partnership
 Corporation
Forms of Business
Ownership
Assumptions
LO 2

1-21
Proprietorship Partnership Corporation
 Owned by two or
more persons
 Often retail and
service-type
businesses
 Generally
unlimited
personal liability
 Partnership
agreement
 Ownership
divided into
shares of stock
 Separate legal
entity organized
under state
corporation law
 Limited liability
 Owned by one
person
 Owner is often
manager/operator
 Owner receives
any profits, suffers
any losses, and is
personally liable
for all debts
Forms of Business Ownership
LO 2

1-22
Question
Combining the activities of Kellogg and General Mills
would violate the
a. cost principle.
b. economic entity assumption.
c. monetary unit assumption.
d. ethics principle.
LO 2
Assumptions

1-23
A business organized as a separate legal entity under state
law having ownership divided into shares of stock is a
a. proprietorship.
b. partnership.
c. corporation.
d. sole proprietorship.
Question
LO 2
Assumptions

1-24
Indicate whether each of the following statements presented
below is true or false.
1. Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to reduce
unethical behavior and decrease the likelihood of
future corporate scandals.
2. The primary accounting standard-setting body in the
United States is the Financial Accounting Standards
Board (FASB).
3. The historical cost principle dictates that companies
record assets at their cost. In later periods, however,
the fair value of the asset must be used if fair value is
higher than its cost.
True
False
True
LO 2
DO IT! 2 Building Blocks of Accounting

1-25
4. Relevance means that financial information matches
what really happened; the information is factual.
5. A business owner’s personal expenses must be
separated from expenses of the business to comply
with accounting’s economic entity assumption.
False
True
LO 2
Indicate whether each of the following statements presented
below is true or false.
DO IT! 2 Building Blocks of Accounting

1-26
Assets Liabilities Owner's Equity
= +
LO 3
LEARNING
OBJECTIVE
State the accounting equation, and define its
components.
3
Basic Accounting Equation
 Provides the underlying framework for recording and
summarizing economic events.
 Assets are claimed by either creditors or owners.
 If a business is liquidated, claims of creditors must be paid
before ownership claims.

1-27
= +
 Resources a business owns.
 Provide future services or benefits.
 Cash, Supplies, Equipment, etc.
Assets
LO 3

1-28
= +
 Claims against assets (debts and obligations).
 Creditors (party to whom money is owed).
 Accounts Payable, Notes Payable, Salaries and Wages
Payable, etc.
Liabilities
LO 3

1-29
Owner's Equity
= +
LO 3
 Ownership claim on total assets.
 Referred to as residual equity.
 Investment by owners and revenues (+)
 Drawings and expenses (-).

1-30
 Investments by owner are the assets the owner puts into the
business.
 Revenues result from business activities entered into for the
purpose of earning income.
► Common sources of revenue are: sales, fees, services,
commissions, interest, dividends, royalties, and rent.
Owner’s Equity
Increases in Owner’s Equity
Illustration 1-6
Expanded accounting
equation
LO 3

1-31
 Drawings An owner may withdraw cash or other assets for
personal use.
 Expenses are the cost of assets consumed or services used in the
process of earning revenue.
► Common expenses are: salaries expense, rent expense,
utilities expense, tax expense, etc.
Owner’s Equity
Decreases in Owner’s Equity
Illustration 1-6
Expanded accounting
equation
LO 3

1-32
Expense Decrease
Expense Decrease
Revenue Increase
Drawings Decrease
Classification
Classify the following items as investment by owner, owner’s
drawings, revenue, or expenses. Then indicate whether each
item increases or decreases owner’s equity.
1. Rent Expense
2. Service Revenue
3. Drawings
4. Salaries and Wages
Expense
Effect on Equity
LO 3
DO IT! 3 Owner's Equity Effects

1-33
Transactions are a business’s economic events recorded
by accountants.
 May be external or internal.
 Not all activities represent transactions.
 Each transaction has a dual effect on the accounting
equation.
LO 4
LEARNING
OBJECTIVE
Analyze the effects of business transactions on
the accounting equation.
4

1-34
Illustration: Are the following events recorded in the accounting
records?
Event
Purchase
computer
Criterion Is the financial position (assets, liabilities, or
owner’s equity) of the company changed?
Discuss product
design with
potential customer
Pay rent
Record/
Don’t Record
Transaction Analysis
LO 4
Illustration 1-7

1-35
Transaction Analysis
TRANSACTION 1. INVESTMENT BY OWNER Ray Neal decides to start a
smartphone app development company which he names Softbyte. On
September 1, 2017, he invests $15,000 cash in the business. This
transaction results in an equal increase in assets and owner’s equity.
Trans-
action
Cash
Accounts
Receivable
Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
Owner's
Capital
1. +15,000 +15,000
Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity
+ +
+
+
+ =
LO 4
Owner's
Drawings
Rev. Exp.
+ -
Illustration 1-8
Tabular summary of
Softbyte transactions

1-36
8. -250 -250
9. +600 -600
10. -1,300 -1,300
5. +250 -250
4. +1,200 +1,200
7. -1,700 -600
-900
-200
Trans-
action
Cash
Accounts
Receivable
Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
+ +
+
+
+ =
1. +15,000 +15,000
2. -7,000 +7,000
3. +1,600 +1,600
6. +1,500 +2,000 +3,500
$8,050 $1,400 $1,600 $7,000 $1,600 $15,000 $4,700 $1,950 $1,300
+ +
+
+
+ = - -
TRANSACTION 2. PURCHASE OF EQUIPMENT FOR CASH Softbyte
Inc. purchases computer equipment for $7,000 cash.
Illustration 1-8
LO 4
Owner's
Capital
Owner's
Drawings
Rev. Exp.
+ -

1-37
8. -250 -250
9. +600 -600
10. -1,300 -1,300
5. +250 -250
4. +1,200 +1,200
7. -1,700 -600
-900
-200
Trans-
action
Cash
Accounts
Receivable
Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
+ +
+
+
+ =
1. +15,000 +15,000
2. -7,000 +7,000
3. +1,600 +1,600
6. +1,500 +2,000 +3,500
$8,050 $1,400 $1,600 $7,000 $1,600 $15,000 $4,700 $1,950 $1,300
+ +
+
+
+ = - -
TRANSACTION 3. PURCHASE OF SUPPLIES ON CREDIT Softbyte Inc.
purchases for $1,600 headsets and other accessories expected to last
several months. The supplier allows Softbyte to pay this bill in October.
Illustration 1-8
LO 4
Owner's
Capital
Owner's
Drawings
Rev. Exp.
+ -

1-38
8. -250 -250
9. +600 -600
10. -1,300 -1,300
5. +250 -250
7. -1,700 -600
-900
-200
Trans-
action
Cash
Accounts
Receivable
Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
+ +
+
+
+ =
1. +15,000 +15,000
2. -7,000 +7,000
3. +1,600 +1,600
6. +1,500 +2,000 +3,500
$8,050 $1,400 $1,600 $7,000 $1,600 $15,000 $4,700 $1,950 $1,300
+ +
+
+
+ = - -
TRANSACTION 4. SERVICES PERFORMED FOR CASH Softbyte Inc.
receives $1,200 cash from customers for app development services it has
performed. Illustration 1-8
LO 4
4. +1,200 +1,200
Owner's
Capital
Owner's
Drawings
Rev. Exp.
+ -

1-39
8. -250 -250
9. +600 -600
10. -1,300 -1,300
7. -1,700 -600
-900
-200
Trans-
action
Cash
Accounts
Receivable
Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
+ +
+
+
+ =
1. +15,000 +15,000
2. -7,000 +7,000
3. +1,600 +1,600
6. +1,500 +2,000 +3,500
$8,050 $1,400 $1,600 $7,000 $1,600 $15,000 $4,700 $1,950 $1,300
+ +
+
+
+ = - -
TRANSACTION 5. PURCHASE OF ADVERTISING ON CREDIT Softbyte
Inc. receives a bill for $250 from the Daily News for advertising on its online
website but postpones payment until a later date. Illustration 1-8
LO 4
Owner's
Capital
Owner's
Drawings
Rev. Exp.
+ -
4. +1,200 +1,200
5. +250 -250

1-40
8. -250 -250
9. +600 -600
10. -1,300 -1,300
7. -1,700 -600
-900
-200
Trans-
action
Cash
Accounts
Receivable
Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
+ +
+
+
+ =
1. +15,000 +15,000
2. -7,000 +7,000
3. +1,600 +1,600
$8,050 $1,400 $1,600 $7,000 $1,600 $15,000 $4,700 $1,950 $1,300
+ +
+
+
+ = - -
TRANSACTION 6. SERVICES PERFORMED FOR CASH AND CREDIT.
Softbyte performs $3,500 of services. The company receives cash of
$1,500 from customers, and it bills the balance of $2,000 on account.
Illustration 1-8
LO 4
Owner's
Capital
Owner's
Drawings
Rev. Exp.
+ -
4. +1,200 +1,200
6. +1,500 +2,000 +3,500
5. +250 -250

1-41
8. -250 -250
9. +600 -600
10. -1,300 -1,300
Trans-
action
Cash
Accounts
Receivable
Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
+ +
+
+
+ =
1. +15,000 +15,000
2. -7,000 +7,000
3. +1,600 +1,600
$8,050 $1,400 $1,600 $7,000 $1,600 $15,000 $4,700 $1,950 $1,300
+ +
+
+
+ = - -
TRANSACTION 7. PAYMENT OF EXPENSES Softbyte Inc. pays the
following expenses in cash for September: office rent $600, salaries and
wages of employees $900, and utilities $200. Illustration 1-8
LO 4
Owner's
Capital
Owner's
Drawings
Rev. Exp.
+ -
4. +1,200 +1,200
7. -1,700 -600
-900
-200
6. +1,500 +2,000 +3,500
5. +250 -250

1-42
8. -250 -250
9. +600 -600
10. -1,300 -1,300
Trans-
action
Cash
Accounts
Receivable
Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
+ +
+
+
+ =
1. +15,000 +15,000
2. -7,000 +7,000
3. +1,600 +1,600
$8,050 $1,400 $1,600 $7,000 $1,600 $15,000 $4,700 $1,950 $1,300
+ +
+
+
+ = - -
TRANSACTION 8. PAYMENT OF ACCOUNTS PAYABLE Softbyte Inc.
pays its $250 Daily News bill in cash. The company previously (in
Transaction 5) recorded the bill as an increase in Accounts Payable.
Illustration 1-8
LO 4
Owner's
Capital
Owner's
Drawings
Rev. Exp.
+ -
4. +1,200 +1,200
7. -1,700 -600
-900
-200
6. +1,500 +2,000 +3,500
5. +250 -250

1-43
8. -250 -250
9. +600 -600
10. -1,300 -1,300
Trans-
action
Cash
Accounts
Receivable
Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
+ +
+
+
+ =
1. +15,000 +15,000
2. -7,000 +7,000
3. +1,600 +1,600
$8,050 $1,400 $1,600 $7,000 $1,600 $15,000 $4,700 $1,950 $1,300
+ +
+
+
+ = - -
TRANSACTION 9. RECEIPT OF CASH ON ACCOUNT Softbyte Inc.
receives $600 in cash from customers who had been billed for services
(in Transaction 6). Illustration 1-8
LO 4
Owner's
Capital
Owner's
Drawings
Rev. Exp.
+ -
4. +1,200 +1,200
7. -1,700 -600
-900
-200
6. +1,500 +2,000 +3,500
5. +250 -250

1-44
8. -250 -250
9. +600 -600
10. -1,300 -1,300
Trans-
action
Cash
Accounts
Receivable
Supplies Equipment
Accounts
Payable
+ +
+
+
+ =
1. +15,000 +15,000
2. -7,000 +7,000
3. +1,600 +1,600
$8,050 $1,400 $1,600 $7,000 $1,600 $15,000 $1,300 $4,700 $1,950
+ +
+
+
+ = - -
TRANSACTION 10. WITHDRAWAL OF CASH BY OWNER Ray Neal
withdraws $1,300 in cash in cash from the business for his personal use.
$18,050 $18,050
Illustration 1-8
LO 4
7. -1,700 -600
-900
-200
6. +1,500 +2,000 +3,500
5. +250 -250
Owner's
Capital
Owner's
Drawings
Rev. Exp.
+ -
4. +1,200 +1,200

1-45
1. Each transaction is analyzed in terms of its effect on:
a. The three components of the basic accounting
equation.
b. Specific of items within each component.
2. The two sides of the equation must always be equal.
Summary of Transactions
LO 4

1-46
Transactions made by Virmari & Co., a public accounting firm, for the
month of August are shown below. Prepare a tabular analysis which
shows the effects of these transactions on the expanded accounting
equation, similar to that shown in Illustration 1-8.
1. The owner invested $25,000 cash in the business.
2. The company purchased $7,000 of office equipment on credit.
3. The company received $8,000 cash in exchange for services
performed.
4. The company paid $850 for this month’s rent.
5. The owner withdrew $1,000 cash for personal use.
LO 4
DO IT! 4 Tabular Analysis

1-47
1. +25,000 +25,000
Trans-
action
Cash Equipment
Accounts
Payable
Owner's
Capital
+ +
+ =
1. The owner invested $25,000 cash in the business.
2. +7,000 +7,000
3. +8,000 +8,000
4. -850 -850
5. -1,000 -1,000
$31,150 $7,000 $7,000 $25,000 $8,000 $850 $1,000
+ +
+ = - -
$18,050 $18,050
LO 4
Owner's
Drawings
Rev. Exp.
+ -

1-48
1. +25,000 +25,000
Trans-
action
Cash Equipment
Accounts
Payable
+ +
+ =
2. The company purchased $7,000 of office equipment on credit.
2. +7,000 +7,000
3. +8,000 +8,000
4. -850 -850
5. -1,000 -1,000
$31,150 $7,000 $7,000 $25,000 $8,000 $850 $1,000
+ +
+ = - -
$18,050 $18,050
LO 4
Owner's
Drawings
Rev. Exp.
+ -
Owner's
Capital

1-49
1. +25,000 +25,000
Trans-
action
Cash Equipment
Accounts
Payable
+ +
+ =
3. The company received $8,000 cash in exchange for services
performed.
2. +7,000 +7,000
3. +8,000 +8,000
4. -850 -850
5. -1,000 -1,000
$31,150 $7,000 $7,000 $25,000 $8,000 $850 $1,000
+ +
+ = - -
$18,050 $18,050
LO 4
Owner's
Drawings
Rev. Exp.
+ -
Owner's
Capital

1-50
1. +25,000 +25,000
Trans-
action
Cash Equipment
Accounts
Payable
+ +
+ =
4. The company paid $850 for this month’s rent.
2. +7,000 +7,000
3. +8,000 +8,000
4. -850 -850
5. -1,000 -1,000
$31,150 $7,000 $7,000 $25,000 $8,000 $850 $1,000
+ +
+ = - -
$18,050 $18,050
LO 4
Owner's
Drawings
Rev. Exp.
+ -
Owner's
Capital

1-51
1. +25,000 +25,000
Trans-
action
Cash Equipment
Accounts
Payable
+ +
+ =
5. The owner withdrew $1,000 cash for personal use.
2. +7,000 +7,000
3. +8,000 +8,000
4. -850 -850
5. -1,000 -1,000
$31,150 $7,000 $7,000 $25,000 $1,000 $8,000 $850
+ +
+ = +
$38,150 $38,150
LO 4
Owner's
Drawings
Rev. Exp.
+ -
Owner's
Capital
-

1-52
Companies prepare four financial statements :
Balance
Sheet
Income
Statement
Statement
of Cash
Flows
Owner’s
Equity
Statement
LEARNING
OBJECTIVE
Describe the four financial statements
and how they are prepared.
5
LO 5

1-53
Net income will result during a time period when:
a. assets exceed liabilities.
b. assets exceed revenues.
c. expenses exceed revenues.
d. revenues exceed expenses.
Question
LO 5

1-54
Net income is needed to determine the
ending balance in owner’s equity.
LO 5
Illustration 1-9
Financial statements and
their interrelationships
SOFTBYTE
Income Statement
For the Month Ended September 30, 2017
SOFTBYTE
Owner’s Equity Statement

1-55
The ending
balance in
owner’s equity
is needed in
preparing the
balance sheet.
Illustration 1-9
Illustration 1-9
Financial statements
and their
interrelationships
SOFTBYTE
SOFTBYTE
Balance Sheet
September 30, 2017

1-56
Balance sheet and
income statement
are needed to
prepare statement of
cash flows.
SOFTBYTE
Balance Sheet
September 30, 2017
SOFTBYTE
Statement of Cash Flows
Illustration 1-9
Financial statements
and their
interrelationships
Financial
Statements

1-57
 Reports the revenues and expenses for a specific period
of time.
 Lists revenues first, followed by expenses.
 Shows net income (or net loss).
Income Statement
LO 5
 Does not include
investment and
withdrawal transactions
between the owner and
the business in
measuring net income.

1-58
 Reports the changes in owner’s equity for a specific
period of time.
 The time period is the same as that covered by the
income statement.
LO 5

1-59
 Reports the assets, liabilities, and owner's equity at a
specific date.
 Lists assets at the top, followed by liabilities and owner’s
equity.
 Total assets must equal total liabilities and owner's
equity.
 Is a snapshot of the company’s financial condition at a
specific moment in time (usually the month-end or year-
end).
Balance Sheet
LO 5

1-60
 Information on the cash receipts and payments for a
specific period of time.
 Answers the following:
► Where did cash come from?
► What was cash used for?
► What was the change in the
cash balance?
Statement of Cash Flows
LO 5

1-61
Which of the following financial statements is prepared as
of a specific date?
a. Balance sheet.
b. Income statement.
c. Owner's equity statement.
d. Statement of cash flows.
Question
LO 5

1-63 LO 5
DO IT! 5 Financial Statement Items
Presented below is selected information related to Flanagan Company
at December 31, 2017. Flanagan reports financial information monthly.
Equipment $10,000 Utilities Expense $ 4,000
Cash 8,000 Accounts Receivable 9,000
Service Revenue 36,000 Salaries and Wages Expense 7,000
Rent Expense 11,000 Notes Payable 16,500
Accounts Payable 2,000 Owner’s Drawings 5,000
(a) Determine the total assets of at December 31, 2017.
(b) Determine the net income reported for December 2017.
(c) Determine the owner’s equity at December 31, 2017.

1-64 LO 5
(a) Determine the total assets of at December 31, 2017.
The total assets are $27,000, comprised of
• Cash $8,000,
• Accounts Receivable $9,000, and
• Equipment $10,000.

1-65 LO 5
(b) Determine the net income reported for December 2017.

1-66 LO 5
(c) Determine the owner’s equity at December 31, 2017.

1-67
Forensic Accounting
Uses accounting, auditing, and
investigative skills to conduct
investigations into theft and
fraud.
Governmental Accounting
Careers with the IRS, the FBI,
the SEC, public colleges and
universities, and in state and
local governments.
Private Accounting
Careers in industry working in
cost accounting, budgeting,
accounting information systems,
and taxation.
Public Accounting
Careers in auditing, taxation,
and management consulting
serving the general public.
LEARNING
OBJECTIVE
APPENDIX 1A: Explain the career opportunities
in accounting.
6
LO 6

1-68
Salary estimates for jobs in public and corporate accounting
Illustration 1A-1
Upper-level management salaries in corporate accounting
Illustration 1A-2
LO 6
“Show Me the Money”

1-69
Key Points
Following are the key similarities and differences between GAAP and
IFRS as related to accounting fundamentals.
Similarities
 The basic techniques for recording business transactions are the
same for U.S. and international companies.
 Both international and U.S. accounting standards emphasize
transparency in financial reporting. Both sets of standards are
primarily driven by meeting the needs of investors and creditors.
LO 7
LEARNING
OBJECTIVE
Describe the impact of international accounting
standards on U.S. financial reporting.
7

1-70
Key Points
Similarities
 The three most common forms of business organizations,
proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations, are also found in
countries that use international accounting standards.
Differences
 International standards are referred to as International Financial
Reporting Standards (IFRS), developed by the International
Accounting Standards Board. Accounting standards in the United
States are referred to as generally accepted accounting principles
(GAAP) and are developed by the Financial Accounting
Standards Board.
LO 7

1-71
Key Points
Differences
 IFRS tends to be simpler in its accounting and disclosure
requirements; some people say it is more “principles-based.”
GAAP is more detailed; some people say it is more “rules-based.”
 The internal control standards applicable to Sarbanes-Oxley
(SOX) apply only to large public companies listed on U.S.
exchanges. There is continuing debate as to whether non-U.S.
companies should have to comply with this extra layer of
regulation.
LO 7

1-72
Looking to the Future
Both the IASB and the FASB are hard at work developing standards that
will lead to the elimination of major differences in the way certain
transactions are accounted for and reported.
LO 7

1-73
Which of the following is not a reason why a single set of high-quality
international accounting standards would be beneficial?
a) Mergers and acquisition activity.
b) Financial markets.
c) Multinational corporations.
d) GAAP is widely considered to be a superior reporting system.
A Look at IFRS
IFRS Self-Test Questions
LO 7

1-74
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act determines:
a) international tax regulations.
b) internal control standards as enforced by the IASB.
c) internal control standards of U.S. publicly traded companies.
d) U.S. tax regulations.
A Look at IFRS
LO 7

1-75
IFRS is considered to be more:
a) principles-based and less rules-based than GAAP.
b) rules-based and less principles-based than GAAP.
c) detailed than GAAP.
d) None of the above.
A Look at IFRS
LO 7

1-76
Self-Test Question
1. Manakah dari berikut ini yang bukan
merupakan langkah dalam proses
akuntansi?
A. Identifikasi.
B. Verifikasi.
C. Pencatatan.
D. Komunikasi.

1-77
Self-Test Question
2. Manakah dari pernyataan-pernyataan
berikut tentang para pengguna informasi
akuntansi yang salah?
A. Manajemen adalah pengguna internal.
B. Otoritas perpajakan adalah pengguna eksternal.
C. Kreditur yang ada adalah pengguna eksternal.
D. Badan regulator adalah pengguna internal.

1-78
Self-Test Question
3. Prinsip biaya historis menyatakan bahwa:
A. aset pada awalnya harus dicatat pada harga
perolehannya dan disesuaikan saat nilai
wajarnya berubah.
B. aktivitas sebuah entitas harus dipisahkan dan
dibedakan dari para pemiliknya.
C. aset harus dicatat sebesar biaya perolehannya.
D. hanya datatransaksi yang dapat dinyatakan
dalam uang yang dimasukkan dalam catatan
akuntansi.

1-79
Self-Test Question
4. Manakah dari pernyataan berikut tentang
asumsi dasar yang benar?:
A. Asumsi-asumsi dasar sama dengan prinsip-
prinsip akuntansi.
B. Asumsi entitas ekonomi menyatakan bahwa
harus ada unit akuntabilitas tertentu.
C. Asumsi unit moneter membuat akuntansi dapat
mengukur moral karyawan.
D. Persekutuan bukan merupakan entitas ekonomi

1-80
Self-Test Question
5. Tiga jenis entitas bisnis adalah:
A. perusahaan perorangan, perusahaan kecil, dan
persekutuan.
B. perusahaan perorangan, persekutuan, dan
perseroan terbatas.
C. perusahaan perorangan, persekutuan, dan
perusahaan besar.
D. perusahaan jasa keuangan, manufaktur, dan
jasa

1-81
Self-Test Question
6. Laba neto akan dihasilkan selama suatu
periode waktu saat:
A. aset melebihi liabilitas.
B. aset melebihi pendapatan.
C. beban melebihi pendapatan.
D. pendapatan melebihi beban

1-82
Self-Test Question
7. Melaksanakan pekerjaan dan belum
dibayarkan akan memiliki pengaruh berikut
pada komponen-komponen persamaan
akuntansi dasar:
A. meningkatkan aset dan mengurangi ekuitas.
B. meningkatkan aset dan meningkatkan ekuitas.
C. meningkatkan aset dan liabilitas.
D. meningkatkan liabilitas dan ekuitas

1-83
Self-Test Question
8. Pada 31 Desember 2014, Stoneland
Company Aset aset $3.500 dan ekuitas
$2.000. Berapakah liabilitas Stoneland
Company per 3l Desember 2014?
A. $1.500
B. $1.000.
C. $2.500.
D. $2.500.

1-84
Self-Test Question
9. Manakah dari peristiwa berikut yang tidak
dicatat dalam catatan akuntansi?
A. Peralatan dibeli secara kredit.
B. Karyawan dipecat.
C. Investasi secara tunai ditanamkan di
perusahaan.
D. Perusahaan membayarkan dividen kas.

1-85
Self-Test Question
10. Selama tahun 2014, aset Gibson Company
turun sebesar $50.000 dan liabilitasnya
turun sebesar $90.000. Oleh karena itu,
ekuitas Gibson Company?
A. naik sebesar $40.000.
B. turun sebesar $140.000.
C. turun sebesar $40.000.
D. naik sebesar $140.000

1-86
Self-Test Question
11. Pembayaran utang usaha memengaruhi
komponen persamaan akuntansi dalam
cara berikut?
A. menurunkan ekuitas dan menurunkan liabilitas.
B. meningkatkan aset dan menurunkan liabilitas.
C. menurunkan aset dan meningkatkan ekuitas.
D. menurunkan aset dan menurunkan liabilitas

1-87
Self-Test Question
12. Manakah dari pernyataan-pernyataan
berikut ini vang salah?
A. Laporan arus kas mengikhtisarkan informasi tentang
arus kas masuk (penerimaan) dan arus kas keluar
(pembayaran) untuk periode waktu tertentu.
B. Laporan posisi keuangan melaporkan aset, liabilitas, dan
ekuitas pada tanggal tertentu.
C. Laporan laba rugi menyajikan pendapatan, beban,
perubahan dalam ekuitas, dan menghasilkan laba neto
atau rugi neto untuk periode waktu tertentu.
D. Laporan saldo laba mengikhtisarkan perubahan dalam
saldo laba untuk periode waktu tertentu.

1-88
Self-Test Question
13. Pada hari terakhir dari suatu periode, Jim
Otto Company membeli mesin seharga
$900 secara kredit. Transaksi ini akan
memengaruhi:
A. hanya laporan laba rugi.
B. hanya laporan posisi keuangan.
C. laporan laba rugi dan laporan saldo laba.
D. laporan laba rugi, laporan saldo laba, dan laporan posisi
keuangan.

1-89
Self-Test Question
14. Laporan keuangan yang melaporkan aset,
Iiabilitas, dan ekuitas adalah:
A. laporan laba rugi.
B. laporan saldo laba.
C. laporan posisi keuangan.
D. laporan arus kas.

1-90
Self-Test Question
15. Jasa-jasa yang diberikan oleh akuntan
publik terdiri dari:
A. Pengauditan, perpajakan, dan konsultasi manajemen.
B. Pengauditan, penganggaran, dan konsultasi manajemen.
C. Pengauditan, penganggaran, dan akuntansi biaya.
D. Audit internal, penganggaran, dan konsultasi manajemen.

1-91
Jawaban Self-Test Question
1. B
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. D
7. B
8. A
9. B
10. A
11. D
12. C
13. B
14. C
15. A

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)