cellular network and resuability

1. Cellular
network and
frequency
reusability

2. Agenda

3. Introduction to
Cellular concepts and
Frequency reusability

4. Cellular Telephone
System
Base
station
Base
station
Base
station
Mobile
switching
centre
Public
Switched
Telephone
Network
M
S
M
S
M
S
M
S
M
S
M
S
M
S
M
S
M
S
M
S
M
S
M
S
M
S
M
S
M
S
M
S
M
S
M
S

5. Cells and Clusters and frequency
reusability B
D
G
A
F
C
C
A
E
D
B
A
C
B

6. FDMA : This is called as frequency
division multiple access here
frequency is divided and every
channel has it’s own frequency
TDMA : In Time Division Multiple Access
time slot is divided and different channels
use different time slots. This is a hybrid
version of FDMA .
CDMA : Code Division Multiple Access in
which orthogonal codes are used to
differentiate user devices. It is very
spectrum efficient and was used by 3G
standards

7. Mobility Management
Handoff management: A Mobile Station is a home network when a
Mobile Station is getting out of the coverage of Base Station and
going into another base station then a procedure is performed to
maintain the service continuity that is known as handoff
management.
Location Management : An agent in the home network keeps track of the
current location of the Mobile Station . The procedure performed to keep
track of the location of the user’s current location is called location
management .
Mobility Management : Handoff Management and Location Management
together referred to as Mobility Management.

8. Generation of networks
1st generation:Advanced mobile phone service (AMPS) was developed by Bell Laboratories in the 1970’s, and started
in the US in 1983 in the 800 MHz frequency range. The system used a frequency divided modulation access (FDMA),
duplex frequencies for up and down link , with 30 kHz channels, one user per channel, analog voice modulation (FM),
blank and burst transmission.
2nd generation:Second generation cellular systems are characterized by the introduction of voice digitizing and digital
encoding, here forward error correction schemes were used. Frequency or time division multiple access techniques
were used. CDMA is introduced by Qualcomm and becomes the basis for the main 3G systems. Overall capacity is
increased, signaling capabilities and system intelligence is considerably enriched.
3rd generation: Digital systems were further improved upon, mostly for higher voice capacity and higher data rates;
they evolved into third generation standards.
4th generation:Fourth generation standards deal with higher throughput, low latency, IP network architecture. Air
interfaces focus on multicarrier techniques like OFDM, and advanced antenna systems such as multiple input multiple
output (MIMO) systems.
5th generation:Fifth generation definition vary greatly, from software defined radio (SDR) to adaptation to any new radio
interface as needed. Today’s 5G focus revolve around improving throughput, lowering latency,and target products to
be deployed in the year 2020.

9. Thank You sir for giving the opportunity
to explore the interesting topic and
prepare a presentation about it