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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. ENGLISH
Course Content
Contenido del curso
Contenu du cours
Kursinhalt
Contenuto del corso
VERSION 3
Level 5
English
AMERICAN
Inglés
ESTADOUNIDENSE
Anglais
aMÉRICAIN
Englisch
AMERIKANISCH
InglESE
AMERICANO
4. Contents
Business and Industry
1.1 Core Lesson�����������������������������������������������������������������������1
1.2 Core Lesson�����������������������������������������������������������������������3
1.3 Core Lesson�����������������������������������������������������������������������5
1.4 Core Lesson�����������������������������������������������������������������������7
1.5 Milestone�������������������������������������������������������������������������10
Arts and Academics
2.1 Core Lesson���������������������������������������������������������������������11
2.2 Core Lesson���������������������������������������������������������������������13
2.3 Core Lesson���������������������������������������������������������������������15
2.4 Core Lesson���������������������������������������������������������������������17
2.5 Milestone�������������������������������������������������������������������������19
Emergency Situations
3.1 Core Lesson���������������������������������������������������������������������20
3.2 Core Lesson���������������������������������������������������������������������23
3.3 Core Lesson���������������������������������������������������������������������25
3.4 Core Lesson���������������������������������������������������������������������27
3.5 Milestone�������������������������������������������������������������������������30
Family and Community
4.1 Core Lesson���������������������������������������������������������������������31
4.2 Core Lesson���������������������������������������������������������������������33
4.3 Core Lesson���������������������������������������������������������������������36
4.4 Core Lesson���������������������������������������������������������������������38
4.5 Milestone�������������������������������������������������������������������������40
Alphabet����������������������������������������������������������������������� 43
Index���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 44
5.
6. 1
1.1 Core Lesson
01 She’s pushing her bicycle up the hill.
He’s pulling the boat.
She’s pushing her son.
He’s pulling his family.
02 He’s pulling his suitcase.
The young woman and her boyfriend are
pushing the car.
They’re pulling the rope.
He’s pushing his friend’s chair.
03 The dog is digging.
Do you think we can lift this?
She always wears her boots when she digs in
the garden.
They’re lifting a couch together.
04 He’s lifting his daughter over his head.
The businessman is helping him lift the box.
The boy is digging in the sand with his hands.
Someone has been digging under this house.
05 coal
lumber
glass
steel
diamonds
dirt
06 I sell lumber.
The boys are digging in the dirt.
The boy is looking at the whale through the
glass window.
He’s looking at a diamond.
Many big buildings are made with steel.
They’re carrying coal.
07 coal
a diamond
lumber
steel
dirt
glass
08 a shovel
a forklift
a bulldozer
a truck
a crane
a ship
09 The ship is going under the steel bridge.
There are two cranes near the river.
There are a lot of trucks in the parking lot.
The bulldozer is pushing the trash.
She’s digging in the dirt with a shovel.
I drive a forklift in a factory.
10 The boy is trying to push the truck.
The bulldozer is pushing dirt.
The boy is pulling the tree.
He’s digging in his garden with a shovel.
The crane is lifting something heavy.
I’m lifting boxes with a forklift.
11 The forklift is loading boxes onto the truck.
The crane is loading something onto a ship.
The ship is transporting airplanes.
The train is transporting coal.
12 The truck is transporting cars.
They’re loading boxes into the airplane.
We were able to load a lot of lumber onto
our car!
This ship transports tourists to the islands
for vacation.
13 He’s loading packages into his delivery van.
He’s transporting packages in his delivery
van.
I’m loading apples into my delivery van.
I’m transporting apples in my delivery van.
14 the oil industry
the oil industry
the oil industry
the mining industry
the mining industry
the lumber industry
15 The oil industry is very important in Egypt.
The lumber industry is very important in
Brazil.
The mining industry is very important in
Russia.
16 the manufacturing industry
the manufacturing industry
the manufacturing industry
the fashion industry
the fashion industry
the construction industry
7. 2
1.1 Continued
17 I’m traveling to Egypt on business.
I’ll be presenting my idea for a new office
building.
I work in the construction industry.
I’m traveling to India on business.
I’m visiting one of my company’s factories.
I work in the manufacturing industry.
18 I work in the construction industry.
They work in the manufacturing industry.
We work in the mining industry.
He works in the lumber industry.
They work in the fashion industry.
I work in the oil industry.
19 This is how glass bottles are manufactured.
This factory manufactures steel.
Airplanes are manufactured here.
20 These produce energy on windy days.
The electricity for this house is produced by
the sun.
This car’s energy comes from electricity
instead of gas.
This plant’s energy comes from the sun.
21 This factory manufactures cars.
This power plant produces electricity from
water.
This company designs and manufactures
computers.
This power plant produces electricity
from coal.
22 He’s burning a newspaper.
This power plant burns coal.
These wires transport electrical energy.
Burning wood produces energy.
23 The mining industry produces coal.
This type of train burns coal to produce
energy.
The oil industry produces gas.
This type of car burns gas to produce energy.
24 We’re trying to design an engine that
produces energy from water.
I need a bulldozer that can push all of
this dirt.
We need someone who can replace our
window.
25 I need people who will help me move.
I want to read more books that Jane Taylor
has written.
We would like to go into a cave that no one
has explored.
26 What are you doing?
I’m reading a book about the mining industry.
Are there any photos in the book that I
would like?
Yes. There are photos of bulldozers and
forklifts.
I have a toy bulldozer like those in your book.
I’ll show it to you.
27 What are you doing with your toy bulldozer?
It’s digging to find metal.
I have a crane that loads the metal onto a
truck...
...but I would also like a ship that can
transport it to other countries.
28 Which is your favorite toy?
My favorite toy is the bulldozer.
Mr. Larson has a bulldozer. Do you want to
go see it?
Can I sit in his bulldozer?
Let’s go and ask him!
8. 3
1.2 Core Lesson
01 a customer
a customer
a customer
a clerk
a clerk
a cash register
02 The exit is straight ahead.
You have to buy a ticket at the entrance.
At the entrance, you have to show your
backpack to the police officer.
She’s showing the people the exits on the
airplane.
He’s looking into the entrance of the cave.
This is the exit to the hospital.
03 The customers are waiting in line.
This door is both an entrance and an exit.
This clerk works in a toy store.
Someone is counting the money in the cash
register.
This exit can only be used if there’s a fire.
The statue is in front of the entrance to the
museum.
04 an entrance
clerks
customers
a cash register
an exit
05 shopping bags
a shopping basket
a shopping cart
a mall
a market
a receipt
06 She’s carrying a lot of shopping bags.
The clerk is giving the customer her receipt.
Her baby likes to ride in the shopping cart.
Our family likes to come to the mall together.
This market sells fresh seafood.
They’re waiting in line with their shopping
baskets.
07 a mall
shopping carts
shopping bags
a receipt
a shopping basket
a market
08 Because there are many customers, the
grocery store needs to increase the number
of clerks.
The number of tourists at the beach
decreases during the fall.
The number of computers this factory has
manufactured has increased this year.
The number of books this factory has
manufactured has decreased since last year.
09 If I drive less, I will decrease the amount of
gas I buy.
We need to increase the amount of bread we
bake. Our customers want more.
By turning off your lights, you can decrease
the amount of electricity you use.
I’m going to increase the size of my kitchen
by six feet.
10 The amount of money in the cash register has
increased since this morning.
You need to decrease the amount of meat
that you eat.
You need to increase the amount of time that
you study.
The French decreased the amount of
electricity that they used last year.
11 The number of fish in this lake has decreased
by half this year.
The number of students at this school has
increased this year. More teachers are
needed.
This factory needs to increase the number of
cars that it manufactures.
We need to decrease the number of people in
our car.
9. 4
1.2 Continued
12 We have the right amount of flour to bake
a cake...
...but we don’t have the right number of eggs.
We have the right number of plates to
eat dinner...
...but we don’t have the right amount of food.
13 In the spring, the number of flowers
increases.
In the summer, the temperature increases.
In the fall, the temperature decreases.
In the winter, the number of flowers
decreases.
14 The price of jeans in Paris is eighty euros.
The price of oranges has decreased this week.
The price of a chair here is fifty dollars.
15 My dinner cost twenty euros.
The price of the salad was six euros.
The price of the coffee was two euros.
The price of the pasta was twelve euros.
16 How much does this purse cost?
The price of that purse is ten euros.
How much does this shovel cost?
The price of that shovel is eight dollars.
17 What size shirt do you wear?
I wear a small.
I wear a medium.
I wear a large.
I wear an extra large.
18 I wear a large, but my father wears a medium.
I used to wear an extra large.
We both wear a small.
19 extra large
large
medium
small
20 This book costs money at a bookstore, but my
friend gave it to me for free.
It’s free to get in today. You don’t have to pay.
We’re out of milk. Will you go to the grocery
store for me?
I’m sorry, we’re out of the blue shirts. Would
you like a yellow one?
21 If you buy two purses, you can have a third
for free.
Would you like to taste one for free?
We’re out of toothpaste.
We’re out of smalls.
22 The price of cheese has decreased this year.
We’re out of sugar.
The brochures are free.
23 Hello. How can I help you?
I bought this dress last week, but it’s too
small. I would like to return it.
Do you have the receipt?
Yes, I do. Here you go.
24 Is it going to rain?
I doubt it. It’s been sunny all day.
Are you coming to the party tonight?
I doubt it. I have to work tonight.
25 My appointment is in five minutes. I doubt
that I can arrive on time.
I doubt that this will fit me. It’s a large, and I
wear a medium.
I doubt that I can return this. I don’t have my
receipt.
I doubt that this is the right amount of sugar
to bake a cake.
26 I think that we can play golf this afternoon.
I doubt that we can play baseball today.
I think that you have a fever. You should stay
in bed.
I doubt that you are sick. You have to go to
school.
27 They doubt that their team will win the game
today.
I know that we’re lost.
I doubt that I have enough money to pay for
dinner.
I think that she’ll be a doctor someday.
28 Do you think that this dress will fit you?
No, I doubt that this dress will fit me.
Do you think that these pants will fit you?
No, I doubt that these pants will fit me.
10. 5
29 Do you have this dress in a medium?
I think that we’re out of mediums.
We only have this dress in extra-large.
I doubt that it will fit. I think it’s too big.
30 I have an idea!
Will you please bring me a belt?
I doubt that this belt will fit me...
...but this one is probably my size.
What do you think of this?
I like it! You should work in the fashion
industry!
1.3 Core Lesson
01 a farmer
a tractor
corn
wheat
a goat
a donkey
a pig
a bee
02 The girl’s parents are farmers in the United
Kingdom. They raise pigs.
This farmer raises goats in Germany.
I raise bees in Mexico.
This Spanish farmer is showing the boy how
to drive a tractor.
I grow corn in France.
This farmer grows wheat in Russia.
03 We’re visiting a farm where the farmers raise
donkeys.
His parents grow wheat on this farm.
These farmers grow flowers for perfume on
their farm.
They raise cows on this farm.
04 farmers
pigs
bees
wheat
tractors
corn
goats
donkeys
05 This farmer raises cows on his farm.
This farmer grows potatoes on his farm.
I raise chickens on my farm.
I grow corn on my farm.
06 I grow flowers on my farm.
I grow flowers in my garden.
I grow tomatoes on my farm.
I grow tomatoes in my garden.
07 Bees produce honey.
I use this machine to make books.
Birds eat seeds.
They’re loading boxes into the pickup truck.
11. 6
1.3 Continued
08 This flower has a lot of seeds.
The machine makes glass bottles.
Someone is putting honey on the bread.
The farmer is driving his pickup truck.
09 a machine
seeds
a farm
honey
a pickup truck
10 The farmer is planting seeds.
They’re planting rice in the water.
Farmers use these machines to harvest
wheat.
The women are harvesting tea.
11 The farmer is using his tractor to plant seeds.
I’m harvesting lemons.
Can I help you plant these flowers?
12 The vegetables are being watered.
He’s feeding the shark.
The girl is watering the flowers for her mother.
The farmer is feeding his chickens.
13 He’s feeding the baby.
The farmer waters his corn with a machine
when it doesn’t rain.
He’s about to feed the dog.
I’m about to water my garden.
14 This machine is planting the corn.
This machine is watering the corn.
This machine is harvesting the corn.
15 Farmers start working at sunrise.
Lunch is ready at noon.
They eat dinner at sunset.
At midnight, everything on the farm is
sleeping.
16 The young men are hiking. It is noon.
The boy is watching the sunset on the beach.
By sunrise, the photographer was already
taking photographs.
In the United States, the New Year is
celebrated at midnight, January first.
17 sunrise
noon
sunset
midnight
18 Can I have another slice of pizza?
My ice cream fell. Can I have another one?
All of the umbrellas are black except for one.
Everyone is reading except for the boy.
19 The farmer already has a pickup truck...
...but he’s going to buy another one tomorrow.
I already have four chickens...
...but I just bought another four.
The farmer fed all the animals...
...except the dog.
20 Would you like another cup of coffee?
Everyone except Julia is wearing white.
I already have a necklace, but I want another
one!
Everyone in my family has blond hair except
my father.
21 Because of the flood, the people have left
their homes.
There was a river here before the drought.
The grass was green before the drought.
Some of the street is under water because of
the flood.
22 Because of the drought, all of the trees have
died.
Because of the flood, these houses are
damaged.
When there’s a flood here, people have to use
rowboats to get to their homes.
When there’s a drought, it’s difficult for
animals to find water.
23 Because of the flood, this farm didn’t produce
very much this year.
Because of the drought, this farm didn’t
produce very much this year.
Because of the flood, this tree died.
Because of the drought, this tree died.
12. 7
24 It’s dangerous to cross the street when the
light is red.
It’s safe to cross the street when the light is
green.
It’s dangerous for me to eat nuts because I’m
allergic to them.
It’s safe for my brother to eat nuts because
he’s not allergic to them.
25 It’s dangerous to drive during a flood.
It’s safe to drink this water.
It’s important to water plants during the
summer.
26 It’s dangerous to drink this.
It’s safe to drink this.
It’s dangerous to cross this bridge.
It’s safe to cross this bridge.
27 Why has the price of wheat increased this
year?
Because there’s a drought and there’s not
enough wheat.
Why has the price of pork increased this year?
Because people feed corn to pigs and the
price of corn has increased.
28 Are you out of tomatoes?
No. I have more in my pickup truck.
How many pounds would you like?
I would like five pounds, please. I need to
make a lot of tomato sauce.
29 How much do they cost?
They cost two dollars a pound.
That’s less expensive than last week.
The price has decreased because I have more
ripe ones to sell this week.
30 Didn’t you use to sell goat cheese?
Yes, I did, but I had to sell my goats to my
neighbor.
I broke my leg last fall, and it was too
difficult for me to feed them.
If you would like to buy some cheese, my
neighbor sells it now.
Thank you. I think I will.
1.4 Core Lesson
01 We should have gone golfing earlier. It’s
raining now!
I should have gone to the bank earlier. It
closed at 12:00.
The library opens later than the bakery.
They’re eating lunch now and will work later.
02 Would you like to eat dinner at 9:00?
No, I would like to eat earlier. Let’s eat at
8:00.
Would you like to eat lunch at 12:00?
No, I would like to eat later. Let’s eat at 1:00.
03 I can’t talk now. I’ll call you later, after
dinner.
It’s already 7:00! I’m late. I should have left
earlier.
I’m sorry. The flight has already departed. You
should have arrived earlier.
If you finish studying now, you can play later.
04 The plumber is installing pipes.
His eyes are checked every year.
She’s checking the tire.
He’s installing a washing machine.
05 I’ve checked the ship and it’s safe to sail.
She’s checking the bottles of juice in the
factory.
She’s installing the sink.
They’re installing a new floor.
06 He’s installing a window.
He’s checking the elevator.
They’re checking the car’s engine.
She’s installing the new oven.
07 The repair person is repairing the sink.
The customer service representative is
helping her return a cell phone.
Our dryer isn’t working. We need a repair
person.
They’re returning the broken toy to the
customer service representative.
13. 8
1.4 Continued
08 Hello, is this the customer service
representative?
Yes, it is. How can I help you?
My new washing machine is leaking. I need a
repair person.
Someone will be there soon.
I’ll be there in five minutes.
Thank you for coming so soon!
09 I’m helping plan her wedding.
Her job is to plan her clients’ vacations.
He’s planning their date. First they’ll have
dinner, and then they’ll go to the movie
theater.
They planned to go on a tour of the museum
today, but it was closed.
10 They’re planning to build a house.
She has been planning for months to go to
Europe and now she’s there!
I’ve been planning this dinner all week, and
now it’s burned!
They’re planning where they’ll go hiking.
11 I’m sorry, the flight has been canceled
because of snow.
The baseball game is canceled because of
rain.
She’s canceling their dinner reservations
because her husband is sick.
12 Hello. This is Phil Williams.
I have to cancel my appointment next week.
I’ll be on vacation.
Would you like to make an earlier
appointment? Are you free tomorrow?
Yes, I am. Thank you.
13 He’s planning his date tonight.
He’s canceling his date tonight.
Please plan an appointment with the
managers for this afternoon.
Please cancel my appointments this
afternoon.
14 Hello. I would like to make a dinner
reservation for 8:00.
Okay, I’ve made a reservation for you. Thank
you for calling.
Hello. I need to cancel my dinner reservation
at 4:00.
Okay, I’ve canceled your reservation. Thank
you for calling.
15 Excuse me, where can I buy a map of the
city?
Go to Information. They have maps and
brochures for tourists.
Excuse me, I need to return these jeans.
Go to Customer Service. It’s near the exit.
16 Excuse me, is this Information?
Yes, this is Information.
I’m worried about the snow. Can you tell me
if Flight 8972 has been canceled?
No, it hasn’t been canceled.
17 Excuse me, where can I find brochures about
the city?
You should go to Information. Someone will
help you there.
Excuse me, I have a problem with my new
computer.
You should go to Customer Service. Someone
will help you there.
18 He’s lending a shovel to his neighbor.
She borrowed the shovel from her neighbor,
and now she’s digging with it.
Now that she has planted flowers, she’s
returning the shovel.
19 My friend Bob is lending me this book.
I never buy books. I always borrow them from
the library.
My friend Jimmy is lending me his car while
mine is being repaired.
I borrowed this dress from my sister for my
date.
20 I lent my friend that movie.
I borrowed this movie from my friend.
I lent my friend those shoes.
I borrowed these shoes from my friend.
14. 9
21 The grandfather is telling the boy about his
farm.
She’s telling the police officer what
happened.
The girl is telling her friend something.
22 Tell us why you would like to work at this
company.
Tell me about when you were a child.
Tell me what happened!
23 I said you should take off your shoes!
She’s telling her friends about her vacation.
They’re planning to go on vacation.
24 Excuse me, can you tell me where the exit is?
Yes. The exit is down the stairs.
Excuse me, can you tell me where Customer
Service is?
Yes. Customer Service is to your right.
25 Can you recommend a good mechanic?
Yes. My mechanic is Joe Wilson, and he’s
very good.
Can you recommend something for lunch?
Yes, the tomato soup is very good.
26 I’m visiting this city. Is there a restaurant you
would recommend?
You should go to the new Italian restaurant
downtown.
I’m planning to explore the city tomorrow.
What do you recommend I see?
I recommend that you visit the ruins. Here’s a
brochure.
27 Have you read any books that you would
recommend?
Yes, I just read a book by Jane Taylor. Would
you like to borrow it?
Yes, thank you.
Have you watched any movies that you would
recommend?
Yes, I just watched a movie with my favorite
actor. Would you like to borrow it?
Yes, thank you.
28 They’re looking at photos.
She’s a photographer.
Would you photograph us?
This sculpture is in front of a building.
She’s a sculptor.
I’m sculpting an elephant.
29 Today, I’m going to present my idea for a car
that only uses electricity.
The presentation about the new medicine was
interesting.
They’re loading the truck.
Loaded trucks are heavy.
The ship is transporting airplanes.
The transportation industry is important.
30 I’m feverish. I should go home.
I have a fever of 102 degrees. I should go to
the doctor!
I’m sick today. I need to stay home from
work.
This sickness makes me tired.
15. 10
1.5 Milestone
01 Hello.
Hello.
02 Are you here for the farm tour?
Yes. The receptionist at the hotel information
desk recommended it.
03 What do you do?
I work in the construction industry.
04 What do you do?
I work in the fashion industry.
05 Do you want to see the clothes that farmers
used to wear?
Yes, I do. I’m planning on it.
06 What do you grow on the farm?
We grow vegetables, like corn, and wheat on
the farm. These plants have been grown here
since the eighteenth century.
07 Did the farmers raise any animals?
Yes, they raised animals. They raised
chickens for eggs, and used cows’ milk to
make cheese and butter.
08 Do you still produce cheese?
Yes, we still produce cheese, but now we
make it from goat’s milk.
09 When did the farmers plant the seeds and
begin to harvest?
The farmers planted the seeds in the spring,
and began to harvest in the fall.
10 Did they sell everything that they grew?
They didn’t sell everything that they grew;
they ate some of it.
11 What did the farmers do if there was a
drought?
If there was a drought, the farmers helped
each other by sharing their food.
12 Did they also help each other on the farm?
Yes. If a farmer needed help digging dirt,
or lifting and carrying lumber, his neighbor
would help him.
13 Is this what the farmer’s wife wore?
Yes, it is. We sell dresses like this in our
gift shop.
14 Excuse me, are you a clerk?
Yes, I’m a clerk.
15 I would like to buy a dress. Can you
recommend something?
Yes. Follow me, please.
16 What are you going to buy?
I’m going to buy some goat cheese!
17 When are you planning to leave the United
States?
I’m planning to leave later this month.
18 Would you like to meet next week?
Yes, I’m free on Thursday!
16. 11
2.1 Core Lesson
01 a real duck
an artificial duck
a real tree
an artificial tree
02 The cat is looking at a real fish.
He’s holding an artificial fish.
She’s eating a real egg.
He’s trying to eat an artificial egg.
03 This insect is artificial.
This insect is real.
They are riding artificial horses.
They’re riding real horses.
04 She’s telling her favorite story to her students.
He told a story that made his grandfather
laugh.
The children are singing a holiday song.
He’s singing a song.
05 She’s telling a funny story to her sister.
He’s telling his children a scary story.
I’m listening to a sad song.
The young man and his girlfriend are
watching a romantic movie.
06 Sometimes children tell scary stories when
they’re camping.
Sometimes children like to sing funny songs.
He’s singing a romantic song to his new wife.
He’s telling his daughter a sad story.
07 They’re watching a funny movie.
They’re watching a scary movie.
They’re watching a sad movie.
They’re watching a romantic movie.
08 She’s telling a sad story that made her friend
cry.
She’s singing a sad song that made her
friends cry.
She’s telling a funny story that made her
friends laugh.
She’s singing a funny song that made her
friends laugh.
09 At the beginning of the race, everyone runs
together.
At the end of the race, only one person wins.
At the beginning of the movie, the man and
woman don’t like each other.
At the end of the movie, they love each other.
10 This sign represents turning right.
The sign on the left represents women, but
the one on the right represents men.
This sign represents electricity.
This flag represents Brazil.
11 She won the race.
This represents winning the race.
This is love.
This represents love.
12 This is Japan.
This represents Japan.
This is an animal.
This represents an animal.
13 This is my favorite novel.
It’s the story of two people who live in Russia
during the nineteenth century.
Sometimes it’s funny, but it can also be very
sad.
Although it’s very long, I’ve read it at least
four times.
14 What are you reading?
I’m reading a romantic novel about a husband
and his wife.
There’s a photo of the two of them that’s
important to the story.
It represents the wife’s love for her husband.
At the end of the novel, the photo is torn.
Then what happens?
They don’t love each other anymore, so he
moves to a different country. It’s sad.
15 He’s selling a novel.
She’s buying a novel.
He’s not reading a novel.
She’s reading a novel.
17. 12
2.1 Continued
16 This movie is about a woman who finds love
while on vacation in France. It’s a romance.
This book is funny. It’s a comedy.
He’s reading a book about a man who
climbed Mount Everest. It’s a biography.
They’re watching a movie about traveling
through time. It’s science fiction.
17 He’s reading a biography about the first
President of the United States.
They’re renting a science fiction movie
tonight.
The family is watching a comedy at the
movie theater.
She’s looking for a romance novel.
18 What type of movie should we rent tonight?
I’ve had a bad day, and I want to laugh.
Let’s rent a comedy.
I like movies that tell stories about love.
Let’s rent a romance.
I like to watch movies about presidents.
Let’s rent a biography.
Here’s a movie about scientists living on the
moon. Let’s rent this science fiction movie.
19 When I was younger, I could run a mile in
four minutes.
I can still run a mile, but I can’t run as fast
as I used to.
When I was a girl, I couldn’t play piano very
well.
Now, I teach others how to play piano.
20 I like to exercise every day.
Last week it rained, so I couldn’t exercise
outside.
Yesterday it stopped raining, so I could
exercise outside.
21 I could not play soccer last year because I
had a broken leg.
Now my leg is healed, and I can play soccer.
Last week I could sing very well.
Now I’m sick, and I can not sing well.
22 Would you like to buy those books?
I might. If I have enough money, I’ll buy
them.
Are you going to play tennis this afternoon?
I might. If it doesn’t rain I’ll play, but if it
rains I won’t.
23 I might buy a shirt...
...but maybe I’ll buy this tie instead.
I’m going to buy a shirt.
They might go to the theater tonight...
...but maybe they’ll watch a movie at home
instead.
They’re watching a movie at home tonight.
24 He might drive to work, or maybe he’ll ride
his bicycle.
He could not drive because his car has a flat
tire.
I might buy this novel.
I could not buy the novel because I didn’t
have enough money.
25 I like to watch romantic movies.
Maybe she’ll want to watch this romance.
I like to watch science fiction movies.
Maybe he’ll want to watch this science fiction
movie.
26 I don’t want to watch this romance!
I don’t want to watch this science fiction
movie!
Maybe we should watch this movie instead.
I read in the newspaper that it’s funny.
Yes, let’s watch a comedy!
18. 13
2.2 Core Lesson
01 I have a Russian passport because I’m a
Russian citizen.
Although our parents are from Japan, we’re
citizens of the United Kingdom.
I was born in Brazil, but now I’m a French
citizen.
02 Are you a citizen of the United States? Only
citizens can vote in this election.
I was born in Brazil, so I’m a Brazilian
citizen.
I’m not a Japanese citizen. I’m visiting Japan.
My mother is from Russia and my father
is from Brazil, so I’m a citizen of both
countries.
03 We’re tourists in Japan.
We’re citizens of Japan.
We’re tourists in Mexico.
We’re citizens of Mexico.
04 The boy is wearing modern clothes.
This is a traditional Chinese ship.
He’s wearing traditional German clothing.
They’re dancing to modern music.
05 Traditional clothing is an important part of
Mexican culture.
This game is a part of traditional Japanese
culture.
The Fourth of July holiday is a part of
traditional American culture.
06 This is a modern toy.
This is a traditional toy.
They’re playing modern music.
They’re playing traditional music.
07 What are you studying?
Chinese.
Why?
Because I want to learn more about
traditional Chinese culture, music and
clothing.
What are you studying?
French.
Why?
Because I want to learn more about French
culture, food and fashion.
08 This bird represents peace.
This flag represents peace.
This is a drawing of a war.
These statues represent a war.
09 I like reading about ancient wars.
When I was a young man, I helped my
country win a war.
These two countries have been at peace for
many years.
I’m happy that there’s peace, and you don’t
have to go to war again.
10 These soldiers are in a war.
These soldiers aren’t in a war. There is peace.
This church was damaged in a war.
People from many countries meet here to
work for peace.
11 I work for the government. I deliver mail.
I don’t work for the government. I deliver
pizzas.
He works for the government. He’s a soldier.
He doesn’t work for the government. He
works for a store.
12 These citizens want their government to end
the war.
The government is working to end the war.
The government ended the war. This parade
celebrates the soldiers coming home.
13 He works for the government. He’s a police
officer.
I’ve visited three countries on this vacation:
Germany, France, and Italy.
My mother lives in the United States, but she
was born in a different country.
After waiting for two months, I received my
passport yesterday from the government.
14 It’s legal to drive in the United States if
you’re at least sixteen years old.
It’s illegal to drive in the United States if
you’re ten years old.
It’s legal to vote in most countries if you’re at
least eighteen years old.
The police officer thinks that the man did
something illegal.
19. 14
2.2 Continued
15 It’s legal to drive your car when the stoplight
is green.
It’s illegal to drive your car when the stoplight
is red.
It’s illegal to throw trash on the beach.
It’s legal to put trash here.
16 It’s illegal for this man to paint this
building...
...but it’s legal for this man to paint this
building.
It’s legal to enter your friend’s house...
...but it’s illegal to enter someone’s house if
they don’t know it.
17 In the past, we planted this seed.
Now, it’s a small tree.
In the future, it’ll be a big tree.
18 In the past, people traveled by horse.
People travel in cars, trains, ships, and
airplanes now.
No one knows how people will travel in the
future.
19 In the past, people lived in houses like this.
Now, people live in houses like this.
In the future, people might live in houses like
this.
20 politics
politics
politics
law
law
psychology
21 This man was important in American politics.
He teaches psychology at a college.
She’s a law student.
22 I’m a Japanese citizen.
I’m a law student.
This summer, my government is paying for
me to study American law...
...so I’m traveling to the United States!
23 This woman is telling the psychologist a sad
story.
I’ve worked for the government for fifteen
years. I’m a politician.
This man wears the traditional clothing of
lawyers in the United Kingdom.
24 The psychologist is asking her what she sees.
This politician won the election.
This lawyer is talking with his client.
25 I study politics because I want to help
people.
I study psychology because I want to help
people.
I study law because I want to help people.
26 I would go ice skating with you, but since I
broke my leg, I can’t. Let’s watch a movie
instead.
I would ride my bicycle to work, but since it’s
raining, I’ll drive.
She would wear a skirt today, but since it’s
cold, she’ll wear pants.
27 I would wear these jeans, but they’re too
small.
That looks very good. I would order some, but
I’m allergic to seafood.
I would vote for you, but since I’m not a
citizen, I can’t.
28 I thought you would wear different clothes
than we wear...
...but you wear the same type of clothing we
wear here.
You’re thinking of the type of Japanese
clothing worn in the past.
I wear traditional clothing sometimes.
29 Why did you take off your shoes?
In Japan, it’s polite to take off your shoes
before you enter a house.
It’s part of our culture.
20. 15
2.3 Core Lesson
01 We work together in the same laboratory
making medicine.
I’m a scientist. This is the laboratory where
I work.
This is an elementary school class.
Class was canceled because the teacher
was sick.
02 a telescope
a microscope
a planet
a calculator
03 cells
cells
cells
stars
stars
chemicals
04 This is my first time looking at stars through
a telescope.
My students use microscopes when they’re in
the laboratory.
Only employees can enter the laboratory.
My father is showing me how to use a
calculator.
05 The scientist is looking at cells through a
microscope.
They’re measuring chemicals in a laboratory.
One day I hope to travel to another planet.
The father and son are looking at a planet
through a telescope.
06 The class met outside today.
The team practiced outside today.
He studies stars.
He studies chemicals.
07 a laboratory
cells
a microscope
a calculator
a telescope
a planet
08 This photo of Earth was taken from the moon.
Earth is the third planet from the sun.
In 1969, three Americans traveled from the
Earth to the moon.
09 the Earth
the moon
the sun
10 The girl is adding.
The man is subtracting.
The boy is dividing.
The woman is multiplying.
11 To find out how much the museum tour costs
for the class, multiply the number of people
by the ticket price.
To find out how many soccer players there
are, add the red team and the blue team.
To find out how many eggs you’ll have left,
subtract the number you’ll use from the
number you have.
To find out how many slices everyone can
have, divide the number of slices by the
number of people.
12 Last week I didn’t know the answers to any of
the questions because I didn’t study.
This week I know the answers to all the
questions because I studied!
I’m dividing to find out the answer to the
math problem.
The answer is forty-two!
13 If you add two to six, the answer is eight.
If you subtract two from six, the answer is
four.
If you multiply six by two, the answer is
twelve.
If you divide six by two, the answer is three.
14 We want to go to the doctor to find out if it’s a
boy or a girl.
We know it’s a girl.
I know where my class is meeting.
I need to find out where my class is meeting
today.
21. 16
2.3 Continued
15 biology
biology
biology
chemistry
chemistry
astronomy
16 What are you studying?
I’m studying for my biology class.
I’m studying for my astronomy class.
I’m studying for my chemistry class.
I’m studying for my math class.
17 She’s a biologist. She studies the plants and
animals that live in the rain forest.
He’s a chemist. He’s manufacturing new
chemicals.
They’re astronomers. They’re using a
telescope to look at the stars.
18 The biologists discovered that the cells were
growing.
The astronomer used a telescope to discover
a new star.
When I was traveling in the rain forest, I
discovered a new plant.
19 The chemist is working on an experiment to
discover chemicals in the water.
The biologist is working on an experiment to
discover how well plants grow under water.
The astronomer is trying to discover new
planets far from Earth.
20 What type of experiment are you doing?
I’m doing a biology experiment.
What type of experiment are you doing?
I’m doing a chemistry experiment.
21 This astronomer is studying the planets.
This biologist studies the birds in this forest.
This chemist is about to discover what
happens when you add these chemicals
together.
22 I could have been a biologist, but I liked
chemistry more.
The plant might have grown well, but you
didn’t water it enough.
We would have bought a telescope, but we
didn’t have enough money.
You could have borrowed my umbrella if you
had asked for it.
23 I would have finished my experiment, but my
microscope broke.
She would have played outside yesterday, but
it was raining.
He would have made it to work on time, but
his car had a flat tire.
He would have played tennis, but he was too
tired.
24 I would have gone to the game, but it was
canceled.
He would have gone to the play, but the
tickets were too expensive.
You would have gone to school, but it was
snowing.
We would have gone ice skating, but it was
too hot.
You would have gone to the party, but you
slept instead.
They would have gone home, but they were
late for the train.
25 Today, you’ll be presenting the experiments
that you have done.
I did a biology experiment to discover if
music helps plants grow.
I have two plants, and I gave them the same
amount of water and light.
I didn’t play my violin for this plant, but I did
play it for the other plant.
What have you discovered?
The plant that I played my violin for grew two
inches in two weeks. The other plant grew
one inch.
26 I did an astronomy experiment to discover
how many planets I can see with and without
a telescope.
I could see five planets without a telescope...
...but when I used a telescope, I could see
seven planets.
22. 17
27 For my chemistry experiment, I wanted to
discover if the chemicals in coffee and tea
are different.
I put paper in coffee and tea, and then
looked at the chemicals on the paper with a
microscope.
This represents the chemicals that I found in
the tea and coffee.
I discovered that tea and coffee have many of
the same chemicals, but also some different
ones.
28 The astronomer is looking at stars with a
telescope.
The student is studying stars in an astronomy
class.
The biologist is looking at cells with a
microscope.
The students are studying cells in a biology
class.
2.4 Core Lesson
01 You’ve become husband and wife.
In this photo he was a child, but he became
an adult.
They are about to become citizens of the
United States.
She became a grandmother last year.
Milk can become butter.
02 Our daughter was just born!
Congratulations! You’ve just become a father!
You’ve just become a grandmother.
You’ve just become a brother.
03 She became a doctor.
She would like to become a doctor.
This animal will become a frog.
This animal is a frog.
04 It’s impossible to cross the ocean by
swimming.
It’s possible to cross a pool by swimming.
It’s impossible for a person to become an
insect.
It’s possible to become a biologist who
studies insects.
05 Is it possible to climb that mountain?
Yes, it’s possible, but it’s very difficult.
Is it possible to swim from New York to
London?
No, because it’s impossible to cross the
Atlantic Ocean by swimming.
06 I remember when you and Dad got married.
That’s impossible. You hadn’t been born then.
I think I saw you last night at the movie
theater.
That’s impossible. I was at home studying
last night.
07 It’s possible for ice to become water.
It’s impossible for a brick to become gold.
It’s impossible for a penguin to fly.
It’s possible for milk to become ice cream.
08 How many slices of pizza are left?
There are three slices of pizza left.
How many bottles of water are left?
There are two bottles of water left.
23. 18
2.4 Continued
09 There are three cans of soda left.
There are two bananas left.
There are five eggs left.
There is one slice of cake left.
10 Her assignment was to present an idea to her
managers.
His assignment was to present information
about volcanoes to his class.
Her assignment is to read this novel.
His assignment is to write about the book he
read.
11 He’s a photographer. His assignment is due
next month.
They work for a newspaper. Their assignment
is due tonight.
She’s a student. Her assignment is due
tomorrow.
12 When is your assignment due?
It’s due tomorrow, and I have a lot left to
finish.
When is your assignment due?
It isn’t due until next month, so I have a lot
of time.
13 The letter from her daughter is only one page
long.
This brochure is only one page, but it’s folded
in thirds.
The third chapter in my biology book is about
plants.
This novel has five chapters.
14 Do you have an assignment due tomorrow?
Yes, I have to read two chapters of this novel.
How many pages is that?
The chapters are almost thirty pages long, so
I have to read almost sixty pages.
15 My assignment is due tomorrow!
I’ll read twenty-five pages tonight.
These two college students are working on an
assignment together.
Please read page fifty-four to the class.
16 There are only two pencils left. You’ll have to
share them.
Their assignment for their science class is
due tomorrow.
Your assignment was due thirty minutes ago!
There is only one desk left.
17 She’s cheating at the game.
He’s cheating at soccer.
She’s cheating at golf.
18 He shouldn’t be cheating on his exam.
They’ll have fifty minutes to finish their exam.
She’s the last student to finish her exam.
He has to answer all of their questions in this
exam.
19 What are you studying this term?
This term I’m studying art.
I studied math last term...
...but it didn’t go very well.
20 Your most important assignment is due at the
end of this term.
There are only two weeks left in the term, and
then we’ll have summer vacation.
This exam is very good. You’ve done well this
term.
21 Today one of the students is presenting his
chemistry assignment.
This class is meeting outside today.
I’m taking astronomy and chemistry this
term, and they’re both very difficult.
22 She failed her driving exam.
Congratulations! You passed your driving
exam.
I can’t believe I failed my exam.
We passed our exams!
23 If I play soccer today...
...I’ll fail my math exam tomorrow.
If I study math today...
...I’ll pass my math exam tomorrow.
24. 19
24 They’re just starting college. They’re planning
to graduate in four years.
He’s graduating from college today.
Now that she has graduated from college, she
has become a teacher.
25 What’s the matter? You don’t look happy.
I’m worried that I’ll fail your chemistry class,
and then I won’t be able to graduate.
If you pass your exam next week, you’ll
graduate.
It’s possible that I’ll pass the exam. I’ll have
to study a lot.
26 You’re taking the exam the day before me.
Will you give me your answers?
Why do you want to cheat? You can pass this
class if you study for the exam.
Okay. Instead of going to the beach on
Saturday...
...I’ll stay home and study for my exam.
27 Although I didn’t do well on the exam...
...at least I didn’t cheat...
...and I didn’t fail!
Since you did well enough to pass the class...
...you’ll be able to graduate with me on
Saturday!
2.5 Milestone
01 What type of movies do you like?
I like all types, except sad movies.
02 Have you seen this movie?
Yes, I’ve already seen it.
03 What type of movie is it?
It’s a comedy.
04 What’s the story about?
The story is about a biology student who does
an experiment in his class laboratory.
05 Why is it funny?
It’s funny because he becomes the size of an
insect!
06 That’s impossible!
Yes, I know it’s impossible. It’s science
fiction!
07 What happens to the student?
He becomes a famous chemist!
08 Have you seen this one?
Yes, I’ve already seen it.
09 What type of movie is it?
It’s a romance.
10 What’s it about?
It’s a love story about a young woman from a
traditional town during a war.
11 Who does she love?
She loves a politician from a different
government!
12 Does it happen in the past?
Yes, it happens in the past.
13 I read a novel like that!
It was a novel before it was a movie.
14 Excuse me, can you recommend a movie for
us?
Yes, I can recommend a movie for you!
15 Have you seen “Traveling to the Stars”?
No, I haven’t seen it.
25. 20
2.5 Continued
16 Is it science fiction?
No, it’s not science fiction.
17 What’s it about?
It’s about an astronomer who discovers
another planet.
18 Is it a real story?
Yes, it’s a real story. It’s a biography.
19 Is it sad?
No, it’s not sad.
20 Would you like to watch this movie?
Yes!
21 Did you like the movie?
Yes, I liked the movie. It was interesting to
watch his love of astronomy grow.
22 What do you think the star represented?
I think the star represented the future!
3.1 Core Lesson
01 This volcano is producing a lot of smoke.
The windshield of this car is broken.
The ambulance just arrived at the hospital.
I was in an accident because the other man
didn’t see my car in the intersection.
02 I drive an ambulance.
Thank you for cleaning my windshield.
All of the cars stopped because there was an
accident.
There’s a lot of smoke coming out of the
house.
03 She’s looking in the mirror to put on her
makeup.
The paramedics are transporting the man to
the hospital.
The boy has a wound on his knee.
She’s showing her children how to use a seat
belt.
04 He’s looking at the wound on his daughter’s
knee.
He’s using the mirror to shave.
We’re paramedics. We’ll help you here then
take you to the hospital.
Put on your seat belt!
05 a seat belt
an ambulance
a windshield
an accident
a paramedic
a wound
a mirror
smoke
06 She can’t breathe here.
The boy takes medicine that helps him
breathe.
Her finger is bleeding.
I’m bleeding because I cut my face while I
was shaving.
07 Is he breathing?
Yes, he’s breathing. I think he’ll be okay.
Are you bleeding?
Yes, I’m bleeding, but I’ll be okay. It’s only a
small wound.
26. 21
08 Help! I can’t swim!
Help! I think I might have broken my leg
when I fell.
It’s okay. We’re paramedics and we’re going
to help you.
09 We don’t need to call an ambulance. He’s not
bleeding.
Help! He’s bleeding!
We don’t need to call an ambulance. He’s
breathing.
Help! He’s not breathing!
10 They’re screaming because they’re about to
be in an accident.
He’s helping his wife. She’s choking.
She’s screaming because she’s afraid of the
snake.
He can’t breathe because he’s choking.
11 She’s screaming because her stuffed animal
just broke.
Help her! She’s choking! She can’t breathe!
These people are screaming because they’re
watching a scary movie.
She’s choking on the smoke.
12 He’s choking.
He’s screaming.
He’s bleeding.
He’s breathing.
13 We need help. There’s an emergency.
You should exit through this door if there’s an
emergency.
The police help people when there’s an
emergency.
14 Hello. What’s your emergency?
I was just in a car accident, and my son isn’t
breathing well.
Are you or your son bleeding?
No, no one is bleeding.
An ambulance will arrive soon. Don’t worry.
15 Do you need help?
No, this isn’t an emergency.
Do you need help?
Yes, this is an emergency!
16 The white car collided with a tree.
The airplane is about to collide with the wall.
The two bicycles just collided.
Their cars collided with each other.
17 What happened?
While I was driving home from work, I
collided with another car.
What happened?
While I was riding home from school, I
collided with a tree.
18 She went to the beach for her vacation.
Fortunately, the weather was beautiful.
I went to the beach for my vacation.
Unfortunately, it rained while I was there.
He was in an accident. Fortunately, he was
wearing a seat belt.
Oranges are on sale today. Unfortunately, I’m
allergic to oranges.
19 I was in an accident.
Fortunately, everyone is okay.
Unfortunately, my car was badly damaged.
20 We’re fortunate that it didn’t rain today. We
wouldn’t have been able to play golf!
It’s unfortunate that your windshield broke
during the accident.
It’s unfortunate that you have to go to New
York. I’ll miss you!
It’s fortunate that the ambulance arrived
already. He needed to go to the hospital.
21 It’s unfortunate that you failed your exam
because you didn’t have time to study.
I choked during lunch yesterday. Fortunately,
my father helped me.
The weather was beautiful during our soccer
game. Unfortunately, we lost.
I’m fortunate that I have friends to study
with. If I didn’t, school wouldn’t be fun.
22 I was already outside when I realized that I
didn’t have my keys.
She was already at the restaurant when she
realized that she didn’t have her glasses.
He realized that the chicken was burned
when he saw the smoke in the kitchen.
27. 22
3.1 Continued
23 When she realized that her skirt was torn, she
was embarrassed.
I just realized that we’re out of eggs. Will you
go buy some more?
He was already at work when he realized that
his socks were different colors.
They didn’t realize that they needed gas until
it was too late.
24 She forgot her keys on the table.
Fortunately, she realized it before she locked
the door.
He forgot his keys in the car.
Fortunately, he realized it before he locked
the car.
25 If I hadn’t worn my helmet, I would have hurt
my head.
If he hadn’t brought his dog to work, everyone
would be working.
If I had studied for my exam, I would have
passed it.
26 If the tomatoes had been ripe instead of
rotten, I would have made a sauce for pasta.
But since the tomatoes were rotten, I made a
salad with vegetables instead.
If the weather had been good last week, we
would have gone swimming in the lake.
But since the weather was bad, we watched
movies instead.
27 If the milk had been fresh, he would have
drunk it.
If they hadn’t collided with each other, she
would have been on time for her date.
If I hadn’t looked in the mirror, I wouldn’t
have realized that I was bleeding.
28 What’s the matter?
My son isn’t breathing well!
Let’s pull him out of the car!
He’s choking! Was he eating something?
It was a carrot!
29 What happened?
We were driving when I saw a car coming
toward us...
...and I had to turn so that he wouldn’t
collide with us.
Unfortunately, I collided with a tree.
I was okay, but I realized that my son wasn’t
breathing well.
Fortunately, the paramedics arrived five
minutes later.
28. 23
3.2 Core Lesson
01 an injection
a pill
bones
a heart
a brain
stitches
02 The doctor is going to give the boy an
injection.
Stitches will help your leg to heal.
This is where your bone was broken.
Can you hear your heart?
The doctor is holding a plastic brain.
I take two pills three times a day.
03 one patient
one patient
one patient
two nurses
two nurses
three doctors
04 The nurse is weighing and measuring her
patient.
The nurse is asking the doctor a question.
The nurse is helping the patient walk.
The nurse is giving the patient her pills.
05 This patient needed an injection.
This patient needed pills.
This patient needed stitches.
The doctor is checking his patient’s bones.
The doctor is checking his patient’s heart.
The doctor is checking his patient’s brain.
06 The nurse can hear the patient’s heart.
The patient can hear the nurse’s heart.
The nurse is giving the patient a toy.
The patient is giving the nurse a toy.
07 Doctor, do you think that my bone has
healed?
Yes. Your bone has healed.
You don’t need your cast anymore.
Doctor, do you think that my wound has
healed?
Yes. Your wound has healed.
You don’t need your stitches anymore.
08 We’re taking you to the emergency room. The
doctors there will be able to help you.
The paramedics are transporting the patient
from the ambulance to the emergency room.
We’ve been waiting in the emergency room
for two hours.
09 The doctor is treating the patient’s rash with
an injection.
The nurse is treating the woman’s wound.
I hurt my knee, so I went to the emergency
room. The doctor treated my injury with ice.
The doctor is treating his fever with a pill in
the emergency room.
10 The basketball player has an injury.
The doctor will find out if the patient has a
brain injury.
The paramedics will take him to the
emergency room so that a doctor can treat
his injury.
11 The nurse treated his injury in the emergency
room.
The doctor treated his rash with an injection.
The nurse treated his rash with an injection.
The doctor treated his injury in the
emergency room.
12 She can feel the cold because she’s outside.
He can’t feel the cold because he’s inside.
The nurse is touching the girl’s head to find
out if she has a fever.
She woke up when she felt the nurse’s hand
on her head.
13 The dog is biting the toy.
The bird is biting the boy’s face, but it
doesn’t hurt.
Stop biting my sunglasses!
14 I think I can feel our baby’s leg.
The shark wants to bite him, but he’s safe.
The mother is treating her daughter’s injury.
15 What happened?
Today, while I was working, one of the
animals that I was feeding bit me.
It looks like you’ll need stitches.
I’m giving you this injection so that you won’t
get sick.
29. 24
3.2 Continued
16 He can feel that his friend is behind him.
The doctor treated the boy’s injury.
The animal might bite the man who is taking
a bath.
17 I had a minor injury, so my mother treated it
with a bandage.
He had a serious injury, so the ambulance
took him to the emergency room.
This car was damaged in a serious accident.
This car was in a minor accident. It won’t be
expensive to repair it.
18 Unfortunately, you’ve had a serious head
injury. But you’ll be fine.
He has a minor injury. He’s treating it with
ice.
Unfortunately, they were in a serious
accident. Now, they’re going to the
emergency room.
She was in a very minor accident. Fortunately,
a doctor won’t need to treat her injury.
19 These cars were just in a serious accident.
These cars were just in a minor accident.
You’ve had a serious injury.
You’ve had a minor injury.
20 This is an x-ray of broken bones.
She’s looking at x-rays of two hands.
This is an x-ray of your teeth.
21 The doctor is looking at x-rays of a patient’s
hand.
This machine takes x-rays at an airport.
This is an x-ray of your bone.
22 This is an x-ray of someone’s head.
This is a photo of someone’s head.
This is an x-ray of someone’s foot.
This is a photo of someone’s foot.
23 What happened?
I fell off my bicycle.
Were you wearing a helmet?
Yes, but my arm hurts a lot, so I came to the
emergency room.
24 I can see by the x-ray that your arm is broken.
We’ll put a cast on it.
In six weeks, your doctor will take off the
cast.
Here’s a bottle of pills. Take one pill twice a
day.
If you have a fever, please call your doctor.
25 She’s receiving baby clothes because she’s
pregnant.
This doctor has many pregnant patients.
The injection will make her mouth numb, so
her teeth won’t hurt.
Walking in the snow makes my feet very cold.
They’re numb now.
26 This patient is pregnant. The nurse is showing
her the baby’s heart.
The snow is so cold that the girl’s hands are
numb.
They just found out that she’s pregnant.
You need stitches, but don’t worry. We’ll
make your foot numb, so it won’t hurt.
27 She’s pregnant, and her baby will be born in
three months.
She was pregnant three years ago, and now
her baby is two years old.
Her hands are numb.
His mouth will be numb.
28 They told me you were here. What happened?
I was very nauseated this morning...
...so I drove to the emergency room.
You’re not sick; you’re pregnant!
Congratulations!
30. 25
3.3 Core Lesson
01 a tornado
a blizzard
a hurricane
a rainbow
02 The tornado might damage this farm.
The hurricane is near the southern United
States.
Because of the blizzard, no one could drive.
There’s a rainbow in front of the waterfall.
03 This earthquake happened in 1906.
At night, you can sometimes see lightning.
If there’s a serious accident, this helicopter is
used to transport people to the hospital.
He’s using a fire extinguisher in his office.
04 This wall was damaged during the
earthquake.
The helicopter is flying over the ocean.
There’s lightning above the city.
There’s an emergency, so he’s breaking the
glass to use the fire extinguisher.
05 a hurricane
a blizzard
lightning
a rainbow
a fire extinguisher
an earthquake
a tornado
a helicopter
06 This house was destroyed during the
hurricane.
The roof is on fire.
The woods are on fire.
This bridge was destroyed during the
earthquake.
07 What happened to these houses?
They were destroyed by a tornado last month.
What’s your emergency?
My car is on fire!
08 This car was destroyed.
This car is on fire.
This building was destroyed.
This building is on fire.
09 The dog isn’t a firefighter, but he helps the
fire department.
The children are on a tour of the fire
department.
The firefighter is holding a girl.
The firefighter is smiling.
10 The firefighters are using a ladder to put out
a fire.
The firefighter is trying to put out the fire.
The man is using a fire extinguisher to put
out the fire.
11 I’m learning how to put out fires with a fire
extinguisher.
I want to be a firefighter when I’m an adult.
When I’m old enough, I’ll try to work for the
fire department.
12 The paramedics are helping one of the
firefighters.
The boy is taking a tour of the fire
department.
The fire extinguisher isn’t working. Call the
fire department!
The firefighter is carrying a boy.
13 I’ve lived a very long life.
Her life has just begun.
I’ll love you until the end of my life.
14 The paramedics are trying to save this
man’s life.
You saved my life. I could have died in that
accident last night.
This medicine will save a patient’s life.
31. 26
3.3 Continued
15 Tell us stories about your life, Grandpa.
I’m very fortunate. My life has been long and
interesting.
When I was twenty-five, I was a firefighter in
New York.
It was very dangerous work, but I helped save
many lives.
16 He’s being saved by a helicopter.
Help! Save me!
It’s my job to save people who have
emergencies while they’re skiing.
He’s saving a woman who got hurt while
climbing the mountain.
17 She’s an employee at the park.
They’re volunteers at the park.
She’s selling clothes.
They’re donating clothes.
18 These volunteers planted a tree.
After a hurricane destroyed this house, these
volunteers helped build a new one.
They’re donating books to the library.
They’re donating food for hungry people.
19 These volunteers are helping clean the park.
She’s about to put out a fire in the kitchen.
Many families’ houses were destroyed by
the hurricane, so I’m donating food to help
them.
The firefighter saved the boy’s life.
20 She shouldn’t play outside because of the
rain.
We’re playing outside despite the rain.
He’s not going to work today because he’s
sick.
He’s going to work today despite being sick.
21 He went sailing despite the bad weather.
I’m driving to work despite the blizzard.
She’s playing basketball despite her broken
arm.
22 They didn’t go to the beach because of the
rain.
They went to the beach despite the rain.
I’m not going to run today because of the
snow.
I’m going to run today despite the snow.
23 It’s normal to camp near a fire.
It’s unusual for business people to meet near
a fire.
It’s normal for a boy to play at the beach.
It’s unusual for a boy to work at an office.
24 It’s normal for a child to cry when she’s hurt.
It’s unusual for a child to cry when she’s
happy.
It’s normal to bring a briefcase to the office.
It’s unusual to bring a briefcase to the beach.
25 It’s normal for penguins to live here.
It’s unusual for a penguin to live here.
It’s unusual for someone to play golf here.
It’s normal for someone to play golf here.
26 Can you donate any money to help the people
who lost their houses in the tornado?
If I had more money, I would donate some.
Unfortunately, I don’t have any.
We need volunteers. Can you help us next
week?
If I were free next week, I would help. Can I
help today instead?
Yes! Meet us later this afternoon at this
address.
I’ll see you then!
27 I’m not a musician...
...but if I were a musician, I would play the
piano.
I’m not a baseball player...
...but if I were a baseball player, I would play
for the Ducks.
28 If he had a car, he wouldn’t be walking to
work.
If he had more coffee, he would drink it.
If we had a map, we wouldn’t be lost.
If he had something to read, he wouldn’t be
bored.
29 Despite the rain, they’re not wet.
If they had umbrellas, they wouldn’t be wet.
I have room in my backpack, so I can carry
your camera.
If I had room in my backpack, I would carry
your camera. Unfortunately, I don’t.
32. 27
30 What happened here?
A tornado destroyed this house two
months ago.
People have been donating money since
it happened.
Last week volunteers began building a
new house.
How can I help?
Those men are installing new pipes. You
might be able to help them.
31 Is it unusual to have volunteers in this city?
No, it’s normal to have volunteers in this city.
Is it unusual for people to donate money?
No, it’s normal for people to donate money.
3.4 Core Lesson
01 Someone is stealing my purse!
He’s stealing the girl’s bicycle.
I’ve owned this car since 1943.
Congratulations. You now own this house.
02 I hope to own this bicycle some day.
Her bicycle was stolen.
He’s stealing clothes from the store.
My family has owned this farm for over one
hundred years.
03 This man is stealing a laptop.
This man owns a laptop.
This woman owns an old Italian violin.
This woman is stealing an old Italian violin.
04 Stop that thief!
I’m surprised that you were the thief!
The thief is going to steal the car.
The thieves broke the window to steal the
purse.
05 The thief is stealing the man’s wallet.
His car is being stolen by a thief.
The thief is stealing her passport.
The thief is stealing a bicycle.
06 It’s too bad that your wallet was stolen.
Now we won’t be able to buy lunch.
It’s too bad that he was in an accident.
Now he has to walk to work.
07 Did you hear about Joan? She broke her leg
while she was skiing.
That’s too bad! I hope she’ll be able to ski
again after it heals.
Did you hear about Anthony? His house was
damaged in the flood last month.
That’s too bad! I hope he can repair it.
08 I’m happy that it didn’t rain during your
game.
It’s too bad that it rained during your game.
I’m happy that your purse wasn’t stolen.
It’s too bad that your purse was stolen.
33. 28
3.4 Continued
09 This is the American Embassy in Canada.
If you lose your passport while we’re in
London, you should go to the Chinese
Embassy.
She works at the Mexican Embassy in China.
10 Hello. I’m translating for Ms. Tanaka today.
I speak both Japanese and English.
Ms.Tanaka speaks Japanese and Russian,
but she doesn’t speak English.
I’m happy you’re here to translate because I
speak neither Russian nor Japanese!
11 Good morning. I’ll be your translator while we
visit the embassy. I speak three languages.
The translator will translate what the French
woman is saying into English for the
American woman.
The businessmen speak different languages,
so they need the woman to be their
translator.
Everyone speaks Spanish except for me.
I need a translator.
12 I need a Chinese translator.
She translates between Chinese and English.
I need a Russian translator.
She translates between Russian and English.
13 Hello! It’s nice to see you!
Thank you! I had fun in Russia, but I was
ready to come home.
I had been in Russia for two months when a
thief stole my purse.
My passport was inside it, so I needed to find
the embassy.
“Excuse me. Do you speak English?” I asked
a man.
“Yes,” he said. “I’m a translator. I speak
English, French, and Russian.”
“Can you please help me find my embassy?”
I asked. “I can’t read the Russian signs.”
“I work near the embassy,” the translator
said. “You can follow me there.”
14 The flight attendant is bringing coffee to the
pilots.
She’s a helicopter pilot.
I’ve been a flight attendant for six years, and
I’ve been to all of the continents.
The passengers are waiting to get on the
airplane.
15 The flight attendant is pouring coffee for the
passenger.
The flight attendant is reading the
passenger’s ticket.
I’m a pilot. I’m also a soldier.
I’m a pilot and an engineer. I design and
build small airplanes and then fly them.
16 A woman at the embassy was able to help.
She asked me what the thief was wearing.
I tried to remember. “He was wearing a black
jacket, a red shirt, and jeans,” I told her.
Next, she asked me if I remembered the color
of his hair.
I told her that he had curly black hair. “And
he was as tall as the translator,” I said.
“I’ll call the police,” she said.
“Then, I’ll help you with your passport.”
“Thank you for helping me,” I told the
translator.
“No problem,” he said.
17 Good morning, passengers. We’re your pilots.
This is Flight 867.
Hello. Welcome to Flight 867. We’re your
flight attendants.
We are passengers on Flight 867.
18 They’re waiting in line at customs for
European citizens.
The customs officer is checking a passport.
I’m sorry, but you can’t take fruit through
customs.
The man is angry with the customs officer.
34. 29
19 The French family is talking to an American
customs officer.
At customs, a customs officer will check your
passport and ask you some questions.
The British customs officer has returned his
passport to him.
I have to go through Mexican customs before
I can meet you.
20 The police officer told the thief to get into
his car.
The customs officer is talking to the
passenger.
He’s a police officer. He stops people who
drive too fast.
I’m a customs officer. I ask questions to
people who are entering the United States.
21 I received a new passport, but I had another
problem at customs.
“What did you buy while you were in Russia?”
the customs officer asked.
I told her I had bought some flower seeds in
Moscow.
“Unfortunately, you can’t bring these seeds
from Russia into the United States,” she
said.
Fortunately, I could bring in this necklace
for you!
Thank you! It’s beautiful.
22 One of the men in economy class is sleeping.
The girl is sleeping in first class.
I like flying first class because I have more
room.
We like flying economy class because it’s less
expensive.
23 I don’t like flying economy class because I
don’t have enough room.
She likes flying first class because she has a
lot of room.
They’re reading in economy class.
She’s reading in first class.
24 The passengers in economy class are eating.
The passengers in first class are eating.
The men in first class are talking to each
other.
The men in economy class are talking to
each other.
25 She’s waiting for her suitcase at baggage
claim.
The sign says that baggage claim is to
the right.
I have two suitcases to check.
They’re waiting to check their suitcases.
26 He’s picking up his suitcase at baggage
claim.
I’m sorry, your suitcase is too big to take with
you on the plane. You have to check it.
A lot of people are waiting for their suitcases
at baggage claim.
This woman didn’t check her suitcase.
27 He’s checking his suitcase.
He’s picking up his suitcase at baggage
claim.
She’s checking her suitcases.
She’s picking up her suitcases at baggage
claim.
35. 30
3.5 Milestone
01 What happened?
This patient’s car collided with another car.
02 Was it a serious accident?
Yes, it was a serious accident. Fortunately, he
was wearing his seat belt.
03 Do you think that he’s broken a bone?
Yes, I think that he’s broken a bone, but he’ll
still need an x-ray of his arm.
04 Does he need an x-ray?
Yes, he needs an x-ray.
05 Is there another emergency?
Yes, there’s another emergency. This woman’s
house was on fire.
06 Does it hurt when you breathe?
Yes, it hurts when I breathe.
07 Can you feel my fingers?
Yes, I can feel your fingers.
08 Are you pregnant or allergic to any
medicines?
No, I’m not pregnant or allergic to any
medicines.
09 I’ll give you an injection that will help treat
your injury. Soon it won’t hurt.
Okay. Thank you.
10 Hello.
Hello!
11 Are you the firefighter who saved that
woman’s life?
Yes, I am. She was choking on the smoke
when I found her.
12 How is she?
She had a minor injury, but we’re treating her.
13 I hope she’ll be okay.
Don’t worry. She’ll be well soon.
14 What happened?
The fire began in the kitchen when she was
at work.
15 When did she realize that the house was on
fire?
She realized that the house was on fire when
she returned home from work.
16 How long have you been a volunteer at the
fire department?
I’ve been a volunteer at the fire department
for two years.
17 Are you a volunteer?
I work here at the emergency room during
the week, but I volunteer in the city park on
Saturdays.
18 You should come to the city park someday!
It’s safer than putting out fires!
That’s a good idea. Maybe I will!
19 I hope to see you soon!
I also hope to see you soon! Goodbye!
36. 31
4.1 Core Lesson
01 a father and his daughter
a grandfather and his granddaughter
a mother and her son
a grandmother and her grandson
02 He’s cooking with his daughter and his
grandson.
The older people are visiting the park with
their son and their grandchildren.
She’s looking at old photos with her
granddaughter.
He’s fishing with his grandson.
Her daughter and granddaughter are helping
her in her garden.
The farmer is teaching his grandchildren how
to harvest oranges.
03 This is a photo of my family.
This is my son and his wife.
These are my grandchildren.
This is my grandson.
This is my granddaughter.
04 This is my family.
This is me. My name is Gwen.
These are my parents. They met during
college.
These are my uncle and aunt. My uncle is my
father’s younger brother.
This is my cousin, Julia. We were born the
same year.
05 My grandparents have three children.
One of them is my mother.
The other two are my uncles.
My grandmother has two daughters.
One of them is my mother.
The other one is my aunt.
06 When my uncle got married, I was in his
wedding.
The wedding was three years ago, and now I
have a cousin.
I remember when my aunt was pregnant.
That was six years ago, and now my cousin
and I play together.
07 The boy is playing with his cousins.
The boy is swimming with his cousin.
The girl is swimming with her cousins.
The girl is playing with her cousin.
08 This is me.
This is my father.
This is my mother.
This is my aunt.
This is my uncle.
This is my cousin.
09 My name is Susan.
My nephew and niece came to visit us today.
First, my daughter and my nephew played a
video game.
Now, she and my niece are playing outside
together.
My daughter is happy because she likes
playing with her cousins.
10 The boy’s father and his aunt are showing
him how to use a computer.
Someday, my nephew will know more about
computers than either my brother or I do.
Can I hold my niece, please?
I’m happy that my sister is a mother, and that
I’m an uncle!
11 My name is Susan.
This is my daughter.
This is my nephew.
This is my niece.
12 My aunt lets my cousin and me play with
dolls inside...
...but she doesn’t let us play with kites
inside.
My father doesn’t let me eat chocolate before
dinner...
...but he lets me eat chocolate after dinner.
13 Their parents don’t let them play with these
toys inside.
She won’t let him take a photo of her.
His parents let him jump on their bed.
They let the dog sleep in their bed.
37. 32
4.1 Continued
14 Can I go to Annabel’s party on Friday at
10:00?
No, you can’t. The party starts too late.
My mother won’t let me go to the party.
Can I go to the movie with Mary tonight?
Yes, you can. Mary is a nice girl. Have fun.
My father will let me go to the movie.
15 Our son is an only child. We don’t have any
other children.
I like being an only child because I don’t
have to share my toys.
This is my brother. He’s my twin.
These sisters are twins.
16 I’m not an only child. This is a photo of my
brother and me.
My cousins are twins.
I hope my parents have another child
someday. I don’t like being an only child.
17 I’m an only child.
I’m a twin.
She’s an only child.
She’s a twin.
18 Their grandchildren can’t ride bicycles yet.
My father gave me this bicycle when I was
fourteen, and I still ride it every day.
I can’t ride this bicycle anymore. I’m too big.
She’s six years old. She’s not in high
school yet.
We’ve been in high school for two years,
and we’re still in high school.
I’m not in high school anymore. I just
graduated!
19 I’m not an only child anymore.
Although the tickets have become expensive,
I still fly in first class.
His flight arrived two hours ago, but his
suitcases haven’t arrived yet.
We bought this bicycle today, so we don’t
have to drive our car to work anymore.
Her nephew can’t walk yet.
We still live in our house, although it was
damaged by the hurricane last week.
20 My parents were both single in 1975.
They met each other in 1976.
My parents got married in 1978.
They got divorced in 1985, when I was six.
My father remarried in 1990, and is still
married today.
My mother has never remarried, but she has
a boyfriend.
21 They’re not single anymore. Now they’re married.
After twenty-five years, they’re still married.
He has been my boyfriend for three years, but
we’re not married yet.
22 His parents are married, but he’s still single.
Her clients are getting divorced soon.
They’ve been married for fifteen years.
23 The girl is imagining that she’s a mother.
She’s imagining that she’s at the beach.
The girl is imagining that her toy frog is
talking to her.
The cousins are imagining that they’re sailing
to Asia.
The boy is imagining that he’s a pilot.
The girl and her cousin are imagining that
they’re famous singers.
24 When I was a child, I imagined that I was
a teacher.
Now I am a teacher.
When I was a child, I imagined my
wedding day.
Now that I’m an adult, I’ve realized that I
like being single. I might never marry.
25 She’s telling her friend that she didn’t take
the last slice of cake...
...but she’s telling a lie.
He told his wife that they would go to a
movie...
...and he told the truth.
26 They’re telling a lie about how old they are so
they can watch the movie.
He told his teacher that he had studied, but
he told a lie. He didn’t study.
You were telling the truth when you said that
you could swim fast!
He told his mother the truth; he broke
the plate.
38. 33
27 It’s important that you tell us the truth.
He’s telling a lie to his manager about why he
can’t come to work today.
The children are imagining that they’re
sailing in the ocean.
His wife told a lie when she said she would
watch television with him and not work.
The boy is imagining that he’s a doctor.
He’s afraid to tell the truth about how the
lamp broke.
28 Have you ever imagined what our
grandmother’s life was like?
I know she lived on a farm, and that she had
many aunts, uncles and cousins.
Did you know her favorite cousin used to visit
her on the farm every year?
When she wanted to visit, her family would
ride a train from the city.
Could we go visit the farm today?
Yes, our Uncle John lives there now. We can
drive there this afternoon.
29 Is this the farm?
Yes. Isn’t it beautiful?
I can imagine Grandma and all her cousins
playing here.
Let’s go inside. Uncle John let me have a key.
30 Is this the fireplace they used to cook for
everyone? It’s very big.
Yes, it had to be big for a big family.
Uncle John likes the house to look like it did
when our family first built it.
Let’s look up here.
When she visited, Grandma and her cousin
shared this bed.
31 I’m happy that someone from our family still
owns this farm.
Yes, I like imagining what life was like in
the past.
Grandma and her cousin had a lot of fun
then...
...like we do now!
4.2 Core Lesson
01 The man is playing a complex instrument.
The boy is playing a simple instrument.
The girl is playing with a simple toy.
The woman is playing with a complex toy.
02 He just started learning how to play piano, so
he’s playing simple music.
She’s been playing piano for many years, so
she can play very complex music.
The mechanic is repairing a complex
machine.
She’s using a simple machine.
03 I need to call a plumber to help me solve this
problem.
The boy is solving the math problem.
The scientist is solving the chemistry
problem.
People pay this man to solve problems with
their cars.
04 The teacher is solving a complex math
problem.
This is a very simple dinner to make. You only
need bread and cheese.
This looks simple, but it represents a very
complex idea.
She’s trying to solve a complex puzzle.
05 They’re playing a complex game.
This is simple music.
He’s solving a complex math problem.
They’re playing a simple game.
This is complex music.
He’s solving a simple math problem.
06 The student has a question.
The teacher is answering the student’s
question.
The student has a problem.
The teacher is solving the student’s problem.
07 I’m an employee of a video game design
company.
This is Josh. He’s my co-worker.
There are three more co-workers on our team.
39. 34
4.2 Continued
08 Our team just began working on a new
project.
My co-workers and I are designing a video
game...
...that helps teach people a new language.
It’s a fun project to work on, but there are
many problems to solve.
09 He’s about to begin an art project.
The high school students are working on a
science project.
She’s working late because she’s trying to
finish her project on time.
10 I work on the photography team.
She’s my co-worker, but she’s also my friend.
Despite being on different teams, we
sometimes work together.
He’s talking to his co-worker about their new
project.
11 A good salad depends on fresh vegetables.
Playing the piano well depends on how much
you practice.
The color of a banana depends on how ripe it
is.
The size of a tree depends on how old it is.
12 Are you going to be home for dinner?
It depends on my team. If my team finishes
our project, I’ll be home soon. If we don’t
finish our project, I’ll be late.
Can you repair this washing machine?
It depends on the problem. If it’s simple, I’ll
repair it. If it’s complex, you might need a
new washing machine.
13 Are you going to play golf tomorrow?
It depends on the weather.
If it rains, I won’t, but if it doesn’t rain, I will.
Are you going to water the garden today?
It depends on the weather.
If it rains, I won’t, but if it doesn’t rain, I will.
14 Will you be at work this afternoon?
No. I’m leaving work early today to play golf.
Yes, I need to solve this problem.
Of course. I’m presenting my idea for a new
video game.
Maybe. I think I’m sick.
15 Are you going to the beach?
Of course! I don’t have to work today.
Do you want to play outside today?
Of course not! It’s raining.
Do you like monkeys?
Of course! Monkeys are my favorite type of
animal.
16 Are you going swimming today?
Of course not! It’s too cold.
It depends on the weather. I might go
swimming later.
Of course! I always go swimming after work.
Of course not! My arm is broken.
17 What’s an example of a bird that can’t fly?
A penguin.
What’s an example of a serious injury?
A broken leg.
What’s an example of a vegetable that grows
in the dirt?
A carrot.
What’s an example of something people do
every day?
Drink coffee.
18 It’s easy to see a star if it’s near the Earth.
For example, the star Sirius is near the Earth,
and it’s easy to see.
Earthquakes can be very dangerous and
damage buildings.
For example, an earthquake in 1906 was very
strong, and it destroyed most of a city.
19 Some people are citizens of two countries.
Can you give me an example?
For example, because my mother is American
and my father is French, I’m a citizen of
both countries.
I like studying astronomy because there are
many complex problems left to solve.
Can you give me an example?
For example, we don’t yet know how people
can live on other planets.
40. 35
20 He’s confused about when his flight departs.
They’re excited because they won the race.
He’s nervous about his date tonight; he
doesn’t know the woman he’s meeting.
They’re confused because they don’t know
where they are.
She’s excited because her grandchildren are
visiting her.
The singer is nervous about her concert
tonight.
21 What’s the matter?
I’m confused because I can’t understand
these signs.
What’s the matter?
I’m nervous because I have an exam
tomorrow, and I haven’t studied enough.
What’s the matter?
Nothing. I’m just excited that my favorite
team is winning!
22 He’s excited about the play.
He’s nervous about the play.
He’s confused by the play.
23 She made a mistake while she was
playing golf.
Because my math assignment was complex,
I made many mistakes.
The waitress is making a mistake.
I made a mistake while dying my hair! Now
it’s orange!
24 It was a mistake to carry too many dishes at
the same time.
It was a mistake to put this soap in the
washing machine.
They made a mistake when they didn’t
buy gas.
It was a mistake to forget my wife’s birthday.
25 Excuse me.
The coat you gave me isn’t mine.
I’m sorry. I made a mistake.
Excuse me.
I ordered a vegetarian sandwich, but you
brought me a chicken sandwich.
I’m sorry. I made a mistake.
26 You can’t watch television unless you eat your
vegetables.
I’m sorry. I can’t let you into the theater
unless you give me your tickets.
We can’t eat at this restaurant unless we have
reservations.
These produce a lot of electricity unless
it’s cloudy.
27 Can I have a party?
It depends. You can have a party unless you
fail your exam.
Will this package arrive before Friday?
It depends. It won’t arrive unless you mail
it today.
28 You’ll lose the race unless you are the fastest
runner.
You would have won the race, but you weren’t
the fastest runner.
I’ll be there for dinner unless the train is late.
I would have arrived on time, but the train
was late.
29 I see a mistake in the design of the video
game.
What’s the mistake?
I don’t understand the words in the video
game. They’re very complex.
The words are very simple at the beginning...
...but as you learn the language, the video
game teaches more complex words.
Of course the end looks very complex if you
don’t understand the words at the beginning.
30 I think your team did well with this project.
Thank you. There were problems, but we
solved many of them.
Let’s manufacture this game as soon as
possible.
I want it to be in stores by the end of
the year!
41. 36
4.3 Core Lesson
01 There are four skiers in this group.
This group exercises together every day.
The group of girls is using the microcope with
their teacher.
02 Every person in this group is playing an
instrument.
Each person is playing a different type of
instrument.
Every child in this group is eating ice cream.
Each child is eating a different type of ice
cream.
03 Every person in this room is a co-worker.
There are three groups of co-workers.
Each group has four co-workers.
04 Every bowl is full of apples.
Each bowl has two green apples.
Every book on the shelf is red.
Each book is a different size.
05 I’m going to school with a group of friends
today.
I’m not going to school with a group of
friends today.
I’m working with a group of co-workers today.
I’m not working with a group of co-workers
today.
06 I think riding this is scary; however, my son
thinks it’s fun.
I don’t have any children; however, I have two
nephews.
His wife works every day; however, she stayed
at home today because she’s sick.
I was going to drive home from the airport;
however, I had to walk because my car was
stolen.
07 It’s raining; however, they’re not very wet.
Your hands are very dirty; however, they’ll be
clean soon.
It’s dark outside; however, it’s light inside.
They’re lost; however, they have a map.
08 The television said it would be sunny today;
however, it rained in the afternoon.
The television said it would be sunny today
and it was sunny all day.
I’m hungry and I found something I want to
eat in the refrigerator.
I’m hungry; however, there’s nothing I want to
eat in the refrigerator.
09 I like cats.
However, I’m afraid of tigers.
I like bicycles.
However, I’m afraid of motorcycles.
10 He watches a program about soccer every
Sunday afternoon.
They’re watching a romantic program on
television.
On her television program, she talks to
famous people about their lives.
He’s worked on this radio program for many
years.
She’s watching a television program about
ducks.
11 The boy likes this television program;
however, his grandparents prefer the
program that follows this one.
The brothers are fighting over which television
program to watch.
Some people read while they exercise;
however, this woman prefers to listen to a
news program.
She likes to read, but tonight she prefers to
watch a television program.
12 Is this your favorite television actor?
No, I prefer this one.
Is this your favorite television program?
Yes, I like it a lot.
13 It’s clear why my television doesn’t work.
It’s unclear to me which one I should use for
the computer.
It’s unclear why the cars are stopped.
It’s clear that they’re tourists.
42. 37
14 It’s clear which woman in this group is the
youngest.
It’s unclear which woman in this group is the
youngest.
It’s unclear whose dog it is.
It’s clear that it’s her dog.
15 It’s clear what this sign means.
It’s unclear what this sign means.
It’s unclear which car collided with the
other one.
It’s clear which car collided with the
other one.
16 I enjoy looking at the stars.
I don’t enjoy my job.
I enjoy listening to radio programs.
They don’t enjoy walking together.
17 When I was younger, I enjoyed playing the
piano alone.
Now that I’m older, I enjoy playing the piano
while my friends sing.
I enjoyed playing with toy animals when I was
younger.
Now I enjoy working with real animals.
18 Every evening...
...I enjoy reading a book.
Every morning...
...I enjoy reading the newspaper.
19 She often sees unusual animals because she
works at a zoo.
They often go camping. This is the third time
they’ve been camping this month.
He rarely plays tennis. The last time he
played tennis was five years ago.
The cousins like each other; however, they’re
rarely together. They only meet once a year.
20 I play baseball every day. It’s my job.
I often play baseball. It’s my hobby.
I rarely play baseball. I prefer to play hockey.
These children watch their favorite television
program every afternoon at 3:00.
These children often watch television. Their
favorite program is on Saturday at 8:00.
These children rarely watch television
because they prefer playing together.
21 You should always wear a helmet when riding
a bicycle.
The boy takes baths often, at least four times
a week.
I don’t like injections, although I rarely
need them.
He’s never traveled to another planet, but
sometimes he imagines what it would
be like.
22 I enjoy spending time with my friends.
She enjoys spending time with animals.
They enjoy spending time with their
grandchildren.
23 I used to spend a lot of time watching
television.
Now I’m too busy. I haven’t watched my
favorite program in a month.
I used to be very busy. I spent all of my time
working.
I still work; however, I spend more time with
my family.
24 I used to spend time skiing.
Now, I live in a very hot place, so I spend my
time running instead.
I used to spend time running.
Now I have an injury, so I spend my time
listening to radio programs instead.
25 My coffee spilled on my assignment!
He dropped his ice cream.
Sorry! I spilled the juice.
It’s unclear who dropped an egg on the floor,
but someone did.
26 She dropped her purse.
She spilled her coffee.
The waiter dropped the bowl.
The waiter spilled the soup.
27 If he hadn’t dropped the ball, they would
have won the game.
Be careful! You’re spilling the coffee.
The baby is about to drop his toy.
Someone spilled coffee.
43. 38
4.3 Continued
28 I met my husband ten years ago; however,
we just got married.
I was going to meet a group of friends at the
movie theater...
...but when I arrived, no one was there.
29 I was leaving when a thief stole my purse.
He began to run; however, a man followed
him.
When the thief saw he was being followed,
he dropped my purse.
The man who had helped me returned my
purse. He smiled and walked away.
30 Eight years later I went to a restaurant that
I rarely visit, and I saw that man again.
We began to spend a lot of time together.
We often went hiking because we both
enjoyed it.
He asked me to marry him at the movie
theater where we first met.
It’s funny that a thief helped me meet my
husband!
4.4 Core Lesson
01 Hello! Welcome to our home!
This is our house.
This is our driveway.
This is our yard.
This is our neighborhood.
This is our city.
02 We have a driveway on the left side of
the house.
Our neighbor, Mrs. Benson, is working in
her yard.
She’s lived in this neighborhood for
many years.
Hello, Mrs. Benson!
Hello!
03 He’s walking on the left side of the driveway.
She’s standing on the left side of her yard.
The car is on the right side of the street.
They’re digging on the right side of the
driveway.
Each of these blocks has a number on
one side.
One side of my house is red, and one side
is yellow.
04 All of the houses in this neighborhood look
like each other.
Today they’re washing their car in the
driveway.
The family is playing in their yard.
05 The customers are waiting in the front of the
restaurant.
The kitchen is in the back of the restaurant.
The two women are sitting in the front of
the car.
Their shopping bags are in the back of
the car.
06 Excuse me, where’s the restroom?
It’s in the back of the restaurant.
Excuse me, where can I return this?
Customer Service is in the front of the store.
07 This is the front of a car.
This is the back of a car.
This is the side of a car.
44. 39
08 This is a bad restaurant.
This is a good restaurant.
This is an excellent restaurant.
This is a bad hotel.
This is a good hotel.
This is an excellent hotel.
09 The Tigers are an excellent team this year.
They’ve only lost one game.
She’s an excellent tennis player. She hasn’t
lost a game in two years.
He’s an excellent guitar player. He’s been
playing since he was a child.
10 Are you enjoying the lamb?
Yes. The lamb is excellent!
Are you enjoying the seafood and pasta?
Yes. The seafood and pasta are excellent!
11 I’ve changed a lot since I was a child.
Our lives are about to change. I’m pregnant!
I would like to change the color of my hair to
black.
In fall, the color of these trees changes from
green to brown.
12 Mrs. Benson, how long have you lived in this
neighborhood?
I’ve lived here for almost seventy years. I
lived here when I was a little girl.
Has the neighborhood changed since you
were young?
Yes, it has changed a lot. For example, when
I was a girl, not many families had cars.
13 I’ve always lived in the house where I was
born. My address has always been the same.
I’m moving to a new neighborhood next week.
My address will change.
I was a doctor for thirty years. My job has
changed. Now I’m a teacher.
I’ve been a teacher since I graduated from
college. My job has always been the same.
14 The factory is polluting the river.
These cans are being recycled. The metal will
be used to make new cans.
If more people recycle newspapers, new
paper will not be made from trees.
No one visits this beach because it’s very
polluted.
15 Don’t put that in the trash can. You can
recycle that.
As often as we can, we buy bottles that we
can recycle.
It’s very easy to recycle. The city picks up
paper, glass and plastic once a week.
16 We’re recycling these plastic bottles. The
plastic will be used to make new bottles.
This power plant produces electricity from
coal. Burning coal can pollute the Earth.
These use the sun’s energy to produce
electricity, so they don’t pollute as much.
Bottles, cans, and newspapers can all be
recycled.
17 This beach is polluted.
This beach is clean.
These bottles are going to be recycled.
These bottles are in the trash.
18 He’s not an astronomer, but he’s interested in
astronomy anyway.
I don’t design clothing, but I’m interested in
fashion anyway.
We’re not politicians, but we’re interested in
politics anyway.
She’s not a translator, but she’s interested in
languages anyway.
19 Why did you buy a telescope?
I saw a television program about the
planets...
...and now I’m interested in astronomy.
20 Can you recommend a book for me?
Of course! What are you interested in?
I’m interested in French history, but I also
like reading novels.
There’s a good novel called “Alone in Paris.”
It’s about France in the nineteenth century.
21 What are you interested in?
I’m interested in modern art. Painting is one
of my hobbies.
What are you interested in?
I’m interested in music. Playing piano is one
of my hobbies.