Ethics deals with standards of right and wrong that guide behavior and decision making. There are three domains of human action: codified law which is enforceable, free choice where law has no say, and ethics which has no laws but standards of conduct. An ethical dilemma arises when alternative choices both have harmful consequences, making right and wrong unclear. Approaches to ethics include utilitarianism which seeks the greatest good, individualism which focuses on self-interest, and moral rights which protects fundamental human rights. Guiding ethical decisions requires considering justice, fairness, and people's basic rights.

1. FUNDAMENTAL OF ETHICs

2. A. ORIGIN/NATURE/DEFINITION OF ETHICs
B. Assumption of ethichs
c. objects of ethics
forms of ethics

3. Ethics - comes from a Greek word
“Ethos”-custom
Latin word for “Ethos” – “mos” from which “moral", "morality” has been derived from
Custom
-established socially acceptable practice which has the force of a law
Moral
-relating to the principle of right & wrong in human behavior
Morality
-pertains to the right behavior or correctness of an act
Paul Tillich
-morality can also mean “ moral behavior”, the attempt to be obedient to a system of
moral values.

4. Ethics
-Difficult to define in a precise way.
-Moral uprightness of an action/judgment.
-Sets of standards as to what is good or bad in
conduct and decision making.

5. Sambajon
-Ethics is a philosophical and practical sciences that
deals with the study of morality of a human act or
human conduct.
-code of moral principles and values that govern the
behavior of a person or group with respect to what is
right or wrong.

6. Code – Collection and arrangement of letters & words in a
systematic way.
Values – moral principle/standard of behavior.
Behavior – the way a person acts/ an act in a specified way.
Attitude – feeling/ emotion or mental position.
Ethics – can be more clearly understood when compared with
behavior governed by laws and by free choice

7. 3 Domains of Human Action
Behavior falls into 3 categories:
First: Codified Law (legal standards)
- Values and Standards are written into the legal system and enforceable in the
courts.
Law Makers
- have ruled that people and organizations must behave in a certain way.
Second: Domain of Free Choice
- Opposite end of the scale and pertains to behavior about which law has no say
and for which an individual/organizations enjoy complete freedom.

8. Third: Area of Ethics
- has no specific laws, yet it does have standards of conduct based
on shared principles and values about moral conduct that guides
individual or organizations.
In the Domain of Codified Law – obedience is to laws prescribed by
legal system.
Domain of free choice – obedience is strictly to oneself.
Domain of Ethics – obedience is to unenforceable and standards about
which an individual or organizations is aware.

9. 3 Domain of
Human Action
Domain of Codified
Law (legal &
Standards)
Domain of Ethics
social standards
Domain of free
choice personal
standards
Amount of explicit content
High Low

10. Because ethical standards are not codified, disagreements and dilemmas about proper behavior often
occur
Dilemma – a situation involving choice between 2 equally unsatisfactory alternation
Ethical Dilemma
- arises in a situation when each alternative choice or behavior is undesirable because of potentially
harmful consequences.
Right or Wrong
-Can’t be clearly identified.
An Ethical Issue is present in a situation when the actions of a person or organization may harm or
benefit others.
An Ethically acceptable decision is both legally and morally acceptable to the larger community.
Moral Agent an individual who must make an ethical choice in an organization.

11. Normative Ethics
- Seeks to set norms in standards of human conduct
- Social policy of normative ethics “greatest happiness for the
greatest numbers”

12. Approaches to describe values for
guiding Ethical Decision Making
1.Utilization Approach
-holds that moral behavior produces the greatest good for the greatest number.
-under this approach a decision maker is expected to consider the effect of each decision
alternative on all parties and select the one that optimizes the satisfaction of the greatest number .
Teleo-Logical Theory
-Judge actions by their consequences
Deonto-Logical Theory
-Judge actions according to whether they fall under a pole.
Criteria for right conduct should be over-all value of its consequences.

13. 2. Individualism Approach
- contends that arts are moral when they promote the individual’s best long-term
interest.
Individual self-direction is paramount and external forces that restrict self-direction
should be severely limited.
Individuals calculate the best long-term advantage to themselves as a measure of a
decision goodness.
The action that is intended to produce a greater ratio of good to bad for the individual
compared with other alternatives is the right one to perform.
Individualism is believed to lead to honesty and integrity because that works best in
the long run.

14. 3. Moral Rights Approach
-Assert that human beings have fundamental rights and
liberties that cannot be taken away by individual’s decision.
An ethically correct decision is one that best maintains the rights of
those affected by it.(decision)

15. Moral Rights that could be
considered:
A. The right to free consent
- individuals are to be treated only as they knowingly and freely consent to be treated.
B. Right to Privacy
- individuals can choose to do as they please away from work and have control of
information about their private life.
C. Right to Freedom of Conscience
- individuals may refrain from carrying out any order that violates their moral and
religious norms.
D. Right to Free Speech
- individuals may criticize truthfully the ethics on legality of actions of others.

16. E. Right to Due Process
- individuals have the right to impartial hearing and fair treatment.
F. Right to life and Society
- individuals have a right to live without endangerment or violation
of their health and safety.

17. 4. Justice Approach
-holds that moral decision must be based on standards of
equity, fairness and impartiality.
3 Types of Justice
1.Distributive Justice
- Requires that different treatment of people not be based on arbitrary
characteristics.
2. Procedural Justice
- Requires that rules be administered fairly.
- rules should be clearly stated and be consistently and impartially enforced.
3. Compensatory Justice
- Argues that Individuals Should be compensated for the cost of their Injuries by the
party responsible.

18. Guiding Principles in ETHICs
MAINTAIN REFORM
LIBERALIZE PUNISH
Just Unjust
Legal
Illegal