The document discusses carbohydrates and monosaccharides. It defines carbohydrates and explains that they are produced through photosynthesis. It classifies monosaccharides as aldoses and ketoses and lists examples of three-carbon and four-carbon aldoses, including their chemical structures and names. It also mentions the importance of carbohydrates and some of their uses.

1. SEMINARIO DE BIOQUÍMICA
CARBOHIDRATOS
FUNDACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA
DE CIENCIAS DE LA SALUD
NURY ESPERANZA VARGAS
MSc CIENCIAS BÁSICAS

2. TABLA PERIODICA DE LOS ELEMENTOS

3. ÁTOMOS de acuerdo con Dalton

4. J.J. Thomson
Rutherford
BÖHR

5. Dualidad onda-partícula de De Broglie
(1924)
De Broglie
Ecuación de Schrödinger
(1926)
Schrödinge
r

6. ÓRBITALES

7. Principio de Exclusión de Pau

8. ENLACE QUÍMICO

9. Enlace iónico
Enlace covalente

10. ALGUNOS ENLACES

11. MOLÉCULAS

13. HIBRIDACIÓN SP3
HIBRIDACIÓN SP3
HIBRIDACIÓN SP2

20. EXPERIMENTO
DE
MILLER
CONCEPTO DE
OPARIN

24. Introducción
Son polihidroxi aldehídos o cetonas o
compuestos que conducen a ellos por
hidrólisis y sus derivados.
Se denominan Hidratos de carbono por
responder muchos de ellos a la formula
empírica:
C (H2O)n

25. Se producen en la fotosíntesis.
Las plantas verdes contienen clorofila que
capta de la luz solar la energía necesaria
para realizar el proceso:
6 CO2 + H2O
C6(H2O)6 + 6 O2

27. CLASIFICACIÓN
C
a Aldosas
r Monosacárid
b os
Azúcare Cetosas
o
h s
-2 Di
i Oligosacárid
-3 Tri
d os
r -4 tetr
a -5 pent
t Polisacárid
-6 Hex
o os
-7 Hept
s

28. IMPORTANCIA
- Como principios inmediatos son soportes de la
vida
Alimento Cultura Alcohol
- Casa Higiene Medicina
Proporcionan:
Vestido Comodidad Decoración
- Muchas Polímero Furfural Políesteres
aplicaciones s
Sintesis Conserva Farmacia
en la industria
Química Quiral Celulosa Bebidas

29. MONOSACARIDOS: ALDOSAS
Tres carbonos: Aldotriosas
CHO CHO
H C OH HO C H
CH2 OH
CH2 OH
D (+) L (-) currentpoint 19
Gliceraldéhido

30. MONOSACARIDOS: ALDOSAS
Cuatro carbonos: Aldotetrosas
1DSt[14 I 1345 195220DStgr [0 II 1453 26061DSt Db I I 13451714 20DStgrI [0 II 1453 2606 DStIDb I 4370
3122 2580 4882 3125]
1822 2606 4352 3105]
4513 2756 3845 1904]
4352 2736 4921 1878]
4214 1904 1427 2455]
4552 1878 1952 2416]
1796 2086 4370 1714]
2095 2047 2464 2580 c hemdict 1952 SP 2 DSt 54 50I3122 1952 DSt [2 1952 2416 DSt [3 4370 24
1952 134540 80 40 DSt
4370 [12 I3122 3425 1714] [13 begin 1714 120 1952 4370803425 1714] [13 begin 1714 DSt [1
d 1 1952 1453 2606]
20 59 50 3122 2580]
dL 1033 3425] gr 1796 2086 1427 2416]
26062095 2047 1952 1714]
]d end 1 [1
[1 gs1952 1345 4370 2580 chemdict 1952 SP
/bs[[1DS t[14 2464 40 DSt
211 4370 [12 40
3122 2580 3122 2606]
1822 2606 1453 3125]
4513 2756 4882 3105]
4352 2736 4352 1904]
4214 1904 3845 1878]
4552 1878 4921 2455]
dL 1033 3425]
2580]
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H C OH HO C H H C OH HO C H
CH2 OH CH2 OH currentpointCH2 OH
192837465 CH2 OH currentpo
D-eritrosa L-eritrosa D-treosa L-treosa
DIASTEROISOMEROS

31. MONOSACARIDOS: ALDOSAS
Cuatro carbonos: Aldotetrosas
1DSt[14 I 1345 195220DStgr [0 II 1453 26061DSt Db I I 13451714 20DStgrI [0 II 1453 2606 DStIDb I 4370
3122 2580 4882 3125]
1822 2606 4352 3105]
4513 2756 3845 1904]
4352 2736 4921 1878]
4214 1904 1427 2455]
4552 1878 1952 2416]
1796 2086 4370 1714]
2095 2047 2464 2580 c hemdict 1952 SP 2 DSt 54 50I3122 1952 DSt [2 1952 2416 DSt [3 4370 24
1952 134540 80 40 DSt
4370 [12 I3122 3425 1714] [13 begin 1714 120 1952 4370803425 1714] [13 begin 1714 DSt [1
d 1 1952 1453 2606]
20 59 50 3122 2580]
dL 1033 3425] gr 1796 2086 1427 2416]
26062095 2047 1952 1714]
]d end 1 [1
[1 gs1952 1345 4370 2580 chemdict 1952 SP
/bs[[1DS t[14 2464 40 DSt
211 4370 [12 40
3122 2580 3122 2606]
1822 2606 1453 3125]
4513 2756 4882 3105]
4352 2736 4352 1904]
4214 1904 3845 1878]
4552 1878 4921 2455]
dL 1033 3425]
2580]
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192837465 CH2 OH currentpo
D-eritrosa L-eritrosa D-treosa L-treosa
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MONOSACARIDOS: ALDOSAS
Cinco carbonos: Aldopentosas
D-eritrosa D-treosa
CH O CH O
CH O CH O
H C OH HO C H
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH HO C H HO C H
H C OH
H C OH H C OH H C OH
H C OH
CH2 OH CH OH currentpoint 192837465
currentpoint2 192837465 C H OH
2 currentpoint OH
CH
curren
192837465
2
D-ribosa D-arabinosa D-xilosa D-lixosa

33. MONOSACARIDOS: ALDOSAS
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Seis carbonos: Aldohexosas
D-ribosa D-arabinosa
CH O CH O CH O CH O
H C OH HO C H H C OH HO C H
H C OH H C OH HO C H HO C H
H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH
H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH
CH2 OH currentpoint 192837465 currentpoint 192837465currentpoint 192837465
CH2 OH CH2 OH CH2 OH currentpoin
D-alosa D-altrosa D-glucosa D-manosa

34. Monosacáridos Estructura
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1.2 pxtr/dy 5 -1 gs OB/bL grpy sc p bL 180 n/dy round rlp e1 gs
neg gr}{ e arc npac mp cpt 2.2 2 0
end}b/Db{bs{dpOBn/ex bd glt{ ie}b/BW{w gs2.2 g gr wb {nHdup
CAcp 1 o b/HA{lWnp def/b{bindsm acr setdash}d/cR eq{ 0
0 rO mv 2 90 0 mv 180
s
0 r n/dy
dp b2 st 2.25 ro dp ro
m neg bW
s 8sc 0
p dup
-1
m 4 -1
1
px
pp
x dA gs 2 pp
0
rO
CA
wy mv
ne
arc fill}b/SA{ 1 eq{ lp-1180 o
w
e st}b/DS{np pp cm
0 SA S -1p0 lx
2 scpy t} 9.6
p 0 mA
S
Seis carbonos: Aldohexosas
D-xilosa D-lixosa
CH O
CH O CH O
CH O
H C OH
HO C H OH HO C H
H C
H C OH HO H
H C OH C
HO C H
HO C H
HO C H HO C H
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH H C OH
H C OH
C H 2OH
currentpoint 192837465 currentpoint 192837465
C H OH C H OH
currentpoi
2 C H OH
2 currentpoint 192837465
2
D-gulosa D-idosa D-galactosa D-talosa

35. MONOSACARIDOS: CETOSAS
Tres carbonos: Cetotriosa
CH2 OH
C O
CH2 OH
Dihidroxiacetona

36. Monosacáridos Estructura
MONOSACARIDOS: CETOSAS
Cuatro carbonos: Cetotetrosas
CH2 OH CH2 OH
C O C O
H C OH HO C H
CH2 OH CH2 OH
D-eritrulosa L-eritrulosa

37. Monosacáridos Estructura
MONOSACARIDOS: CETOSAS
Cinco carbonos:
Cetopentosas
CH2OH CH2OH
C O C O
H C OH HO C H
H C OH H C OH
CH2OH CH2OH
D-ribulosa D-xilulosa

38. Monosacáridos Estructura
MONOSACARIDOS: CETOSAS
Cinco carbonos:
Cetopentosas
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
C O C O C O C O
H C OH HO C H H C OH HO C H
H C OH H C OH HO C H HO C H
H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
D-psicosa D-fructosa D-Sorbosa D-tagatosa
D-ribulosa D-xilulosa

39. MONOSACARIDOS: CICLOS
OH
H O
C + R OH H C OR
R´ R´
Aldehido + Alcohol Hemiacetal
OH
R´ O
C + R OH R´ C OR
R´ R´
Cetona + Alcohol Hemicetal

40. Monosacáridos Estructura
MONOSACARIDOS: CICLOS
H O
HO C H H C OH
C
H C OH H C OH
H C OH O
O HO C H
HO C H HO C H
H C OH H C OH
H C OH
H C H C
H C OH
CH 2OH CH 2OH
CH 2OH
b-D-glucopiranosa D-glucosa a-D-glucopiranosa
Anillo de 6 miembros Como el del pirano
O
piranosas

41. Monosacáridos Estructura
MONOSACARIDOS: CICLOS
HOCH 2 O
HO C CH 2OH HOCH2 C OH
C
HO C H O HO C H O
HO C H
H C OH H C OH
H C OH H C
H C
H C OH CH2OH
CH 2OH
CH 2OH
b-D-fructofuranosa D-fructosa a-D-fructofuranosa
Anillo de 5 miembros Como el del furano
furanosas O

42. Monosacáridos Estructura
MONOSACARIDOS: CICLOS
CH 2OH
HO C H O
H C OH H H OH
O
HO C H OH H H
HO
H C OH
H C H OH
CH 2OH
Estructura en proyección deEstructura en proyección de
Fischer Haworth

43. Monosacáridos Estructura
MONOSACARIDOS: CICLOS
CH 2OH
HO C H O
H C OH H H OH
O
HO C H OH H H
HO
H C OH
HOCH2 C H OH
H
Estructura en proyección deEstructura en proyección de
Fischer Haworth
Una permutación
Inversión en C5