calories and energy
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The document discusses calories as a unit of measurement for heat output and energy value of food equal to the kilocalorie. It also refers to a calorie as the quantity of food that produces one kilocalorie of energy, and defines a calorie in terms of the capacity for vigorous activity or available power from food.
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Between the 11th and 13th centuries, Europe saw a population boom from 42 million to 73 million inhabitants. During this time, cities grew significantly in size and political power. Medieval cities developed strong local governments and economies centered around crafts and trade guilds. Power was shared between kings, who granted cities legal protections and autonomy in exchange for taxes, and wealthy city councils that collected taxes and regulated commerce. The growth of trade both within countries and abroad further strengthened medieval cities and connected economies across Europe and beyond.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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- 2. 1) unit equal to the kilocalorie, used to express t he heat output of an organism and the fuel or energy value of food. 2)quantity of food capable of producing such an amount of energy.
- 4. a)the capacity for vigorous activity; available power B) an adequate or abundant amount of such power