California agricultural irrigation consumes more than ten billion kilowatt hours of electricity annually and has significant potential for contributing to a reduction of stress on the grid through demand response, permanent load shifting, and energy efficiency measures. To understand this potential, a scoping study was initiated for the purpose of determining the associated opportunities, potential, and adoption challenges in California agricultural irrigation.
The primary research for this study was conducted in two ways. First, data was gathered and parsed from published sources that shed light on where the best opportunities for load shifting and demand response lie within the agricultural irrigation sector. Secondly, a small limited survey was conducted as informal face-to-face interviews with several different California growers to get an idea of their ability and willingness to participate in permanent load shifting and/or demand response programs.
Analysis of the data obtained from published sources and the survey reveal demand response and permanent load shifting opportunities by growing region, irrigation source, irrigation method, grower size, and utility coverage. The study examines some solutions for demand response and permanent load shifting in agricultural irrigation, which include adequate irrigation system capacity, automatic controls, variable frequency drives, and the contribution from energy efficiency measures.
The study further examines the potential and challenges for grower acceptance of demand response and permanent load shifting in California agricultural irrigation. As part of the examination, the study considers to what extent permanent load shifting, which is already somewhat accepted within the agricultural sector, mitigates the need or benefit of demand response for agricultural irrigation. Recommendations for further study include studies on how to gain grower acceptance of demand response as well as other related studies such as conducting a more comprehensive survey of California growers.
This document summarizes the findings of a documentation exercise on the integrated community case management (iCCM) program in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It provides background on the iCCM approach and an overview of the DRC program. Key findings from analyzing data collected through document reviews, interviews, and focus groups at national, regional, district and community levels are presented. The analysis identified successes of the DRC program including strong leadership and coordination, effective technical documents, and integrated management of major childhood illnesses at community sites. It also noted bottlenecks such as the lack of a long-term extension plan and weakening advocacy. The document concludes with lessons learned that may help other countries implement iCCM programs, such as establishing supportive policies
Promoting Behavior-Based Energy Efficiency in Military Housingrogernauth
This revised handbook provides guidance for promoting behavior-based energy efficiency in U.S. military housing. It discusses the drivers for energy efficiency in military housing, including budget constraints. It recommends planning a campaign by establishing goals, understanding the local context, identifying desired behaviors, selecting communication channels, and incentivizing participation. The handbook also covers designing the campaign, evaluating its impact, and sustaining energy-efficient behaviors over time to achieve long-term savings. The overall aim is to reduce energy use and costs at military bases through community engagement programs.
Restoration after a blackout is a complex task that requires effective coordination, communication, and decision-making in the face of rarely seen grid configurations and operating conditions. Every disturbance is unique to the conditions of the day and the initiating cause. Exactly how the power system will respond, or the extent of any blackout following a disturbance cannot be predicted.
The Ontario Power System Restoration Plan (OPSRP) provides a framework to ensure that the IESO and market participants can collectively recover Ontario’s integrated power system and re-establish interconnected operation. It provides the overall strategy, objectives, priorities, as well as restoration paths, and prescribed independent actions1 for participants, while retaining the flexibility to meet the unique circumstances of any blackout.
In addition to providing a response framework, the OPSRP ensures preparedness through such requirements as:
• Individual and integrated equipment tests to meet Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC) and Ontario-specific criteria
• Pre-defining communication protocols between the IESO and large generation facilities
• A process for restoration participants to submit and maintain essential restoration-related information and self-certify their preparedness
• A process for regular review of the OPSRP
AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA 2012-2016 PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEWHFG Project
This public expenditure review analyzes health spending in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria from 2012-2016. It finds that:
1) Health spending as a percentage of the state budget averaged just 3.5% over this period, below the 15% target.
2) Key health indicators like infant and under-5 mortality rates improved but remain high, and access to basic health services is limited outside urban areas.
3) Per capita government health spending increased slightly from $13 to $17 over this period but remains well below international benchmarks.
The report recommends that Akwa Ibom State increase health spending to at least 15% of the budget to improve population health outcomes and work to expand
Aloha Social Networking Portal - Design DocumentMilind Gokhale
The document provides an overview of the design for the Aloha social networking website. It describes the project perspective, tools used, architecture including application and database architecture, use cases, class diagram, sequence diagrams, user interface, deployment diagram, coding standards, error handling, data model, risks and mitigation plans. The architecture follows a three-tier structure with presentation, controller and data access layers. Key features include registration, account management, adding friends, scribbling posts, commenting, and chatting. The system will be developed using Spring MVC, MySQL database, and deployed on Apache Tomcat.
This document summarizes a report on accelerating energy storage market growth through financing. It finds that project financing is key to the future of the energy storage industry. While early market leaders self-funded projects, new lenders lack understanding of technology and credit risks. The Department of Energy can expand access to capital by reducing barriers and providing benchmarks to evaluate risk. This will help scale the market from early adopters to the mainstream.
Precision Irrigation: A Method to Save Water and Energy While Increasing Cro...Gary Marks
Precision irrigation provides a means for evaluating a crop’s water requirements and a means for applying the right amount at the right time. Applying precision irrigation practices offers significant potential for saving water, energy, and money. Further, it has the potential to increases crop yield. There is an additional positive environmental impact from precision irrigation in that farm runoff, a major source of water pollution, can be reduced. This paper focuses on the irrigation of California agriculture, which uses nearly 80% of the state’s water and more than ten billion Kilowatt hours of electricity annually. That is enough electricity to power one million typical American households each year. The approximate power plant capacity required to power California irrigation through the months of May through October is 2500 MW, which is equivalent to 250 Min-Nuke power plants running at an average of 10MW each. The carbon footprint associated with the power is approximately six million metric tons of CO2 per year.
Solar powering your community, a guide for local governmentsJustin Bean
This document provides a guide for local governments to develop and implement a strategic solar plan for their community. It discusses organizing a solar advisory committee and conducting assessments to identify barriers. It offers policies and incentives to accelerate solar demand such as direct incentives, loans, and property tax incentives. It also covers updating local rules and regulations like improving solar access laws and building codes. The guide provides examples from Solar America Cities and is intended to help local governments tailor an approach that fits their community's needs.
This document summarizes the findings of a documentation exercise on the integrated community case management (iCCM) program in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It provides background on the iCCM approach and an overview of the DRC program. Key findings from analyzing data collected through document reviews, interviews, and focus groups at national, regional, district and community levels are presented. The analysis identified successes of the DRC program including strong leadership and coordination, effective technical documents, and integrated management of major childhood illnesses at community sites. It also noted bottlenecks such as the lack of a long-term extension plan and weakening advocacy. The document concludes with lessons learned that may help other countries implement iCCM programs, such as establishing supportive policies
Promoting Behavior-Based Energy Efficiency in Military Housingrogernauth
This revised handbook provides guidance for promoting behavior-based energy efficiency in U.S. military housing. It discusses the drivers for energy efficiency in military housing, including budget constraints. It recommends planning a campaign by establishing goals, understanding the local context, identifying desired behaviors, selecting communication channels, and incentivizing participation. The handbook also covers designing the campaign, evaluating its impact, and sustaining energy-efficient behaviors over time to achieve long-term savings. The overall aim is to reduce energy use and costs at military bases through community engagement programs.
Restoration after a blackout is a complex task that requires effective coordination, communication, and decision-making in the face of rarely seen grid configurations and operating conditions. Every disturbance is unique to the conditions of the day and the initiating cause. Exactly how the power system will respond, or the extent of any blackout following a disturbance cannot be predicted.
The Ontario Power System Restoration Plan (OPSRP) provides a framework to ensure that the IESO and market participants can collectively recover Ontario’s integrated power system and re-establish interconnected operation. It provides the overall strategy, objectives, priorities, as well as restoration paths, and prescribed independent actions1 for participants, while retaining the flexibility to meet the unique circumstances of any blackout.
In addition to providing a response framework, the OPSRP ensures preparedness through such requirements as:
• Individual and integrated equipment tests to meet Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC) and Ontario-specific criteria
• Pre-defining communication protocols between the IESO and large generation facilities
• A process for restoration participants to submit and maintain essential restoration-related information and self-certify their preparedness
• A process for regular review of the OPSRP
AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA 2012-2016 PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEWHFG Project
This public expenditure review analyzes health spending in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria from 2012-2016. It finds that:
1) Health spending as a percentage of the state budget averaged just 3.5% over this period, below the 15% target.
2) Key health indicators like infant and under-5 mortality rates improved but remain high, and access to basic health services is limited outside urban areas.
3) Per capita government health spending increased slightly from $13 to $17 over this period but remains well below international benchmarks.
The report recommends that Akwa Ibom State increase health spending to at least 15% of the budget to improve population health outcomes and work to expand
Aloha Social Networking Portal - Design DocumentMilind Gokhale
The document provides an overview of the design for the Aloha social networking website. It describes the project perspective, tools used, architecture including application and database architecture, use cases, class diagram, sequence diagrams, user interface, deployment diagram, coding standards, error handling, data model, risks and mitigation plans. The architecture follows a three-tier structure with presentation, controller and data access layers. Key features include registration, account management, adding friends, scribbling posts, commenting, and chatting. The system will be developed using Spring MVC, MySQL database, and deployed on Apache Tomcat.
This document summarizes a report on accelerating energy storage market growth through financing. It finds that project financing is key to the future of the energy storage industry. While early market leaders self-funded projects, new lenders lack understanding of technology and credit risks. The Department of Energy can expand access to capital by reducing barriers and providing benchmarks to evaluate risk. This will help scale the market from early adopters to the mainstream.
Precision Irrigation: A Method to Save Water and Energy While Increasing Cro...Gary Marks
Precision irrigation provides a means for evaluating a crop’s water requirements and a means for applying the right amount at the right time. Applying precision irrigation practices offers significant potential for saving water, energy, and money. Further, it has the potential to increases crop yield. There is an additional positive environmental impact from precision irrigation in that farm runoff, a major source of water pollution, can be reduced. This paper focuses on the irrigation of California agriculture, which uses nearly 80% of the state’s water and more than ten billion Kilowatt hours of electricity annually. That is enough electricity to power one million typical American households each year. The approximate power plant capacity required to power California irrigation through the months of May through October is 2500 MW, which is equivalent to 250 Min-Nuke power plants running at an average of 10MW each. The carbon footprint associated with the power is approximately six million metric tons of CO2 per year.
Solar powering your community, a guide for local governmentsJustin Bean
This document provides a guide for local governments to develop and implement a strategic solar plan for their community. It discusses organizing a solar advisory committee and conducting assessments to identify barriers. It offers policies and incentives to accelerate solar demand such as direct incentives, loans, and property tax incentives. It also covers updating local rules and regulations like improving solar access laws and building codes. The guide provides examples from Solar America Cities and is intended to help local governments tailor an approach that fits their community's needs.
Role of Alternative Energy Sources: Natural Gas Technology AssessmentMarcellus Drilling News
This document analyzes the role of natural gas power in the United States. It discusses natural gas power plant performance characteristics, the natural gas resource base and supply/demand outlook, and environmental and cost analyses of natural gas power generation. Specifically, it examines the efficiency and emissions of natural gas combined cycle and simple cycle plants. It also evaluates the domestic natural gas supply from conventional and unconventional sources like shale gas, and projects growing natural gas demand and a balanced supply/demand outlook through 2035. Environmental impacts like greenhouse gas, water, and air emissions across the natural gas life cycle are quantified. Finally, the document conducts a life cycle cost analysis of natural gas power generation technologies.
White Paper Analysis of Utility-Managed, On-Site Energy Storage in MinnesotaAndrew Gelston
This document provides a summary of a white paper analyzing the potential for utility-managed, on-site energy storage in Minnesota. Key findings include:
- Energy storage could provide grid benefits like reducing transmission and distribution infrastructure needs as well as allowing better integration of renewable resources.
- Four use cases for customer-sited energy storage were modeled, finding that a utility-controlled system to provide distribution benefits had the best cost-effectiveness.
- Barriers to energy storage deployment like economic and regulatory challenges were identified.
- Recommendations included developing incentive programs and further analyzing the potential of thermal energy storage.
A study done by the Frank Porter Graham Institute at UNC-Chapel Hill and funded by the NC Department of Health and Human Services on the barriers for maintaining, expanding, and becoming NC Pre-K programs
Access To Algebra I The Effects Of Online Mathematics For Grade 8 StudentsCourtney Esco
This document provides a summary of a study that examined the effects of an online Algebra I course for 8th grade students. The study used a randomized controlled trial design to compare outcomes for students provided access to the online course (the treatment group) versus those who received regular math instruction (the control group). Measures included Algebra I test scores and high school math coursetaking. The results found no significant impacts of the online course on Algebra I achievement scores or rates of advanced high school math coursetaking. The study provides insights into how the online course was implemented but also notes limitations that future research could help address.
The EPA Open Government Plan aims to expand transparency, participation, and collaboration at the agency in line with its mission of protecting human and environmental health. Key aspects of the plan include establishing governance structures and accountable officials to guide open government efforts, identifying and publishing more high-value agency data on Data.gov, and launching a flagship Community Engagement Initiative focused on expanding public dialogue and involvement in rulemaking. The plan is intended to be a living document that is regularly updated based on public input and progress assessments.
This document provides an overview of the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) user's manual for version 5.0. SWMM is a dynamic rainfall-runoff simulation model used to simulate runoff quantity and quality in urban areas. It accounts for various hydrologic processes that produce urban runoff and routes runoff through drainage systems. The manual describes SWMM's capabilities, how to install and use the program, and provides guidance on its conceptual model, user interface, project setup, object properties, running simulations, and viewing results.
This document provides an evaluation report of the GEF's support to Sierra Leone from 1998 to 2013. It begins with an overview of the GEF portfolio in Sierra Leone, which included 27 national projects, participation in regional and global projects, and support from the Small Grants Programme. The main conclusions are that GEF funding helped build national capacity for environmental management, but impacts were mixed and financial sustainability remains a challenge. Key lessons identified include the need for more coordination across projects and stronger government ownership.
This document provides an overview of the THERM 6.3 and WINDOW 6.3 simulation software manuals. It discusses key fenestration product characteristics that impact energy performance such as frame materials, glazing types, coatings, and edge spacers. The document also summarizes important fenestration heat transfer mechanisms including conduction, convection, radiation, U-factor, solar heat gain, visible transmittance and condensation resistance. Algorithms used in the THERM and WINDOW software are briefly described.
The Lean and Energy Toolkit provides strategies for reducing energy use through Lean manufacturing methods. Integrating Lean and energy efforts can yield significant cost savings by cutting energy waste, improve competitiveness, and enhance environmental performance. Explicitly addressing energy use reveals opportunities to lower operating costs that may be obscured in facility accounts. Many companies have achieved substantial cost reductions and other benefits by applying Lean techniques to identify and eliminate energy inefficiencies.
This document provides guidelines for law enforcement regarding the cleanup of clandestine drug laboratories. It outlines DEA's clandestine drug laboratory cleanup program, which began in 1989. The program aims to remove hazardous chemicals and contaminated materials from drug labs to reduce health and environmental risks. Contractors trained in hazardous waste operations perform the cleanup. The document discusses defining and addressing the problem, DEA's seizure and cleanup protocols, training provided, and recommendations for independent state programs. It serves as an updated replacement to original 1990 cleanup guidelines.
This document is a guide to achieving operational efficiency through best practices in operations and maintenance (O&M). It was prepared by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the Federal Energy Management Program. The guide consists of 11 chapters that cover topics such as why O&M is important, O&M management, computerized maintenance management systems, types of maintenance programs, predictive maintenance technologies, commissioning existing buildings, metering for O&M, and O&M ideas for major equipment types. The target audience includes federal O&M and energy managers.
Policy Recommendations From Black Falls Project7[1]ritasebastian
The Black Falls Water Project examined issues related to providing sanitation, safe drinking water, and health services to families in the remote Black Falls region who lack access to piped water. By working closely with the affected families, technical experts, and government stakeholders, the project provided insights into improving service delivery. Key findings include the need for better community outreach and coordination between agencies, cost-effective water delivery strategies for remote homes, sanitation designs tailored to off-grid systems, and increased access to healthcare related to uranium exposure. The project demonstrated temporary water storage systems and a model for integrated, bottom-up services that empower local communities.
This document summarizes research on perceptions of and access to maternal and neonatal care in Indonesia. Key findings include:
1) Health centers face budgeting issues that limit their ability to purchase supplies and pay staff, undermining service quality and accountability.
2) Midwives have insufficient support and incentives, and must often provide their own equipment, medicines, and pay utilities, impacting care.
3) Access barriers include lack of transportation, high costs, and confusion over insurance eligibility that prevents many from receiving care.
Assembly Judiciary Committee report on former Governor Andrew Cuomo.AdamFrancis5
The New York State Assembly Judiciary Committee today released a report completed by lawyers from Davis Polk & Wardwell, LLP concerning allegations against former Governor Andrew Cuomo.
The survey assessed the need for and structure of a proposed New York State Master Watershed Steward program. Most respondents were involved in watershed management as volunteers or staff of watershed organizations. They identified important training needs like acquiring funds, working with political structures, and watershed assessment and planning. Over three-quarters of respondents thought there was a need for the program. When asked about program structure, respondents were split in their preference for potential names but slightly favored "Watershed Steward Academy."
Advancing and maximizing the value of Energy Storage Technology Dec 2014Andrew Gelston
This document is a roadmap created by the California Independent System Operator, California Public Utilities Commission, and California Energy Commission to advance energy storage technology in California. It identifies actions needed to address challenges expressed by stakeholders to expand revenue opportunities, reduce costs, and increase certainty around policies and processes. The roadmap highlights priority concerns like refining products to maximize the value of energy storage, reducing grid connection costs, and creating a transparent commercialization process. The goal is to establish a clear path forward to enable a reliable, efficient, and low-carbon grid integrating more renewable energy and energy storage resources.
The paper summarizes design guidance for computer-based procedures (CBPs) for field workers developed by researchers at the Idaho National Laboratory. Based on studies of existing CBP systems and user needs, the guidance provides recommendations for 8 high-level design requirements to improve over paper-based procedures currently used in nuclear power plants. The requirements address making information context-sensitive, supporting flexible task flows, guiding workers through logical steps, enabling review of records, and improving communication. Specific implementation examples are given. The goal is to increase efficiency and safety by enhancing the human-computer interaction compared to traditional procedures.
This document provides an overview of the EPANET 2 Users Manual. It describes EPANET as a computer program that models hydraulic and water quality behavior in drinking water distribution systems over extended time periods. It lists EPANET's hydraulic and water quality modeling capabilities. It also outlines the typical steps to using EPANET, which include drawing or importing a network, editing object properties, selecting analysis options, running an analysis, and viewing results. The document notes that the manual provides guidance on installing and using EPANET's interface as well as building, analyzing, and viewing results for distribution system models.
Role of Alternative Energy Sources: Natural Gas Technology AssessmentMarcellus Drilling News
This document analyzes the role of natural gas power in the United States. It discusses natural gas power plant performance characteristics, the natural gas resource base and supply/demand outlook, and environmental and cost analyses of natural gas power generation. Specifically, it examines the efficiency and emissions of natural gas combined cycle and simple cycle plants. It also evaluates the domestic natural gas supply from conventional and unconventional sources like shale gas, and projects growing natural gas demand and a balanced supply/demand outlook through 2035. Environmental impacts like greenhouse gas, water, and air emissions across the natural gas life cycle are quantified. Finally, the document conducts a life cycle cost analysis of natural gas power generation technologies.
White Paper Analysis of Utility-Managed, On-Site Energy Storage in MinnesotaAndrew Gelston
This document provides a summary of a white paper analyzing the potential for utility-managed, on-site energy storage in Minnesota. Key findings include:
- Energy storage could provide grid benefits like reducing transmission and distribution infrastructure needs as well as allowing better integration of renewable resources.
- Four use cases for customer-sited energy storage were modeled, finding that a utility-controlled system to provide distribution benefits had the best cost-effectiveness.
- Barriers to energy storage deployment like economic and regulatory challenges were identified.
- Recommendations included developing incentive programs and further analyzing the potential of thermal energy storage.
A study done by the Frank Porter Graham Institute at UNC-Chapel Hill and funded by the NC Department of Health and Human Services on the barriers for maintaining, expanding, and becoming NC Pre-K programs
Access To Algebra I The Effects Of Online Mathematics For Grade 8 StudentsCourtney Esco
This document provides a summary of a study that examined the effects of an online Algebra I course for 8th grade students. The study used a randomized controlled trial design to compare outcomes for students provided access to the online course (the treatment group) versus those who received regular math instruction (the control group). Measures included Algebra I test scores and high school math coursetaking. The results found no significant impacts of the online course on Algebra I achievement scores or rates of advanced high school math coursetaking. The study provides insights into how the online course was implemented but also notes limitations that future research could help address.
The EPA Open Government Plan aims to expand transparency, participation, and collaboration at the agency in line with its mission of protecting human and environmental health. Key aspects of the plan include establishing governance structures and accountable officials to guide open government efforts, identifying and publishing more high-value agency data on Data.gov, and launching a flagship Community Engagement Initiative focused on expanding public dialogue and involvement in rulemaking. The plan is intended to be a living document that is regularly updated based on public input and progress assessments.
This document provides an overview of the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) user's manual for version 5.0. SWMM is a dynamic rainfall-runoff simulation model used to simulate runoff quantity and quality in urban areas. It accounts for various hydrologic processes that produce urban runoff and routes runoff through drainage systems. The manual describes SWMM's capabilities, how to install and use the program, and provides guidance on its conceptual model, user interface, project setup, object properties, running simulations, and viewing results.
This document provides an evaluation report of the GEF's support to Sierra Leone from 1998 to 2013. It begins with an overview of the GEF portfolio in Sierra Leone, which included 27 national projects, participation in regional and global projects, and support from the Small Grants Programme. The main conclusions are that GEF funding helped build national capacity for environmental management, but impacts were mixed and financial sustainability remains a challenge. Key lessons identified include the need for more coordination across projects and stronger government ownership.
This document provides an overview of the THERM 6.3 and WINDOW 6.3 simulation software manuals. It discusses key fenestration product characteristics that impact energy performance such as frame materials, glazing types, coatings, and edge spacers. The document also summarizes important fenestration heat transfer mechanisms including conduction, convection, radiation, U-factor, solar heat gain, visible transmittance and condensation resistance. Algorithms used in the THERM and WINDOW software are briefly described.
The Lean and Energy Toolkit provides strategies for reducing energy use through Lean manufacturing methods. Integrating Lean and energy efforts can yield significant cost savings by cutting energy waste, improve competitiveness, and enhance environmental performance. Explicitly addressing energy use reveals opportunities to lower operating costs that may be obscured in facility accounts. Many companies have achieved substantial cost reductions and other benefits by applying Lean techniques to identify and eliminate energy inefficiencies.
This document provides guidelines for law enforcement regarding the cleanup of clandestine drug laboratories. It outlines DEA's clandestine drug laboratory cleanup program, which began in 1989. The program aims to remove hazardous chemicals and contaminated materials from drug labs to reduce health and environmental risks. Contractors trained in hazardous waste operations perform the cleanup. The document discusses defining and addressing the problem, DEA's seizure and cleanup protocols, training provided, and recommendations for independent state programs. It serves as an updated replacement to original 1990 cleanup guidelines.
This document is a guide to achieving operational efficiency through best practices in operations and maintenance (O&M). It was prepared by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the Federal Energy Management Program. The guide consists of 11 chapters that cover topics such as why O&M is important, O&M management, computerized maintenance management systems, types of maintenance programs, predictive maintenance technologies, commissioning existing buildings, metering for O&M, and O&M ideas for major equipment types. The target audience includes federal O&M and energy managers.
Policy Recommendations From Black Falls Project7[1]ritasebastian
The Black Falls Water Project examined issues related to providing sanitation, safe drinking water, and health services to families in the remote Black Falls region who lack access to piped water. By working closely with the affected families, technical experts, and government stakeholders, the project provided insights into improving service delivery. Key findings include the need for better community outreach and coordination between agencies, cost-effective water delivery strategies for remote homes, sanitation designs tailored to off-grid systems, and increased access to healthcare related to uranium exposure. The project demonstrated temporary water storage systems and a model for integrated, bottom-up services that empower local communities.
This document summarizes research on perceptions of and access to maternal and neonatal care in Indonesia. Key findings include:
1) Health centers face budgeting issues that limit their ability to purchase supplies and pay staff, undermining service quality and accountability.
2) Midwives have insufficient support and incentives, and must often provide their own equipment, medicines, and pay utilities, impacting care.
3) Access barriers include lack of transportation, high costs, and confusion over insurance eligibility that prevents many from receiving care.
Assembly Judiciary Committee report on former Governor Andrew Cuomo.AdamFrancis5
The New York State Assembly Judiciary Committee today released a report completed by lawyers from Davis Polk & Wardwell, LLP concerning allegations against former Governor Andrew Cuomo.
The survey assessed the need for and structure of a proposed New York State Master Watershed Steward program. Most respondents were involved in watershed management as volunteers or staff of watershed organizations. They identified important training needs like acquiring funds, working with political structures, and watershed assessment and planning. Over three-quarters of respondents thought there was a need for the program. When asked about program structure, respondents were split in their preference for potential names but slightly favored "Watershed Steward Academy."
Advancing and maximizing the value of Energy Storage Technology Dec 2014Andrew Gelston
This document is a roadmap created by the California Independent System Operator, California Public Utilities Commission, and California Energy Commission to advance energy storage technology in California. It identifies actions needed to address challenges expressed by stakeholders to expand revenue opportunities, reduce costs, and increase certainty around policies and processes. The roadmap highlights priority concerns like refining products to maximize the value of energy storage, reducing grid connection costs, and creating a transparent commercialization process. The goal is to establish a clear path forward to enable a reliable, efficient, and low-carbon grid integrating more renewable energy and energy storage resources.
The paper summarizes design guidance for computer-based procedures (CBPs) for field workers developed by researchers at the Idaho National Laboratory. Based on studies of existing CBP systems and user needs, the guidance provides recommendations for 8 high-level design requirements to improve over paper-based procedures currently used in nuclear power plants. The requirements address making information context-sensitive, supporting flexible task flows, guiding workers through logical steps, enabling review of records, and improving communication. Specific implementation examples are given. The goal is to increase efficiency and safety by enhancing the human-computer interaction compared to traditional procedures.
This document provides an overview of the EPANET 2 Users Manual. It describes EPANET as a computer program that models hydraulic and water quality behavior in drinking water distribution systems over extended time periods. It lists EPANET's hydraulic and water quality modeling capabilities. It also outlines the typical steps to using EPANET, which include drawing or importing a network, editing object properties, selecting analysis options, running an analysis, and viewing results. The document notes that the manual provides guidance on installing and using EPANET's interface as well as building, analyzing, and viewing results for distribution system models.
Similar to Opportunities for Demand Response in California Agricultural Irrigation: A Scoping Study (20)
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
During Identiverse 2024 and EIC 2024, members of the OpenID AuthZEN WG got together and demoed their authorization endpoints conforming to the AuthZEN API
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying Ahead
Opportunities for Demand Response in California Agricultural Irrigation: A Scoping Study
1.
2. Prepared by:
Primary Author(s):
Gary Marks
Edmund Wilcox
Daniel Olsen
Sasank Goli
iP Solutions Corp.
41784 Higgins Way
Fremont, CA 94539
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1 Cyclotron Road
Berkeley, CA 94720
Contract Number: 500-03-026
Prepared for:
California Energy Commission
XXXX XXXXXX
Contract Manager
Golam Kibrya/Anish Gautam
Project Manager
Michael Lozano
Office Manager
Industrial/Agricultural/Water
Laurie ten Hope
Deputy Director
Energy Research and Development Division
Melissa Jones
Executive Director
DISCLAIMER
This report was prepared as the result of work sponsored by the California Energy Commission. It
does not necessarily represent the views of the Energy Commission, its employees or the State of
California. The Energy Commission, the State of California, its employees, contractors and
subcontractors make no warrant, express or implied, and assume no legal liability for the information
in this report; nor does any party represent that the uses of this information will not infringe upon
privately owned rights. This report has not been approved or disapproved by the California Energy
Commission nor has the California Energy Commission passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of
the information in this report.
6. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 1
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1
Purpose and Objectives......................................................................................................................... 2
Key Findings ........................................................................................................................................... 2
Identified Data Skews and Trends from Published Sources and Survey .................................. 2
Best Opportunities for Demand Response and Permanent Load Shifting Programs.............. 3
Solutions (or Requirements) for Demand Response and Permanent Load Shifting Programs
............................................................................................................................................................... 4
Potential Grower Acceptance of Demand Response and Permanent Load Shifting ............... 4
Potential Challenges .......................................................................................................................... 6
Recommendations.................................................................................................................................. 6
Benefit to California............................................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 1: Introduction and Background........................................................................................ 8
1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................................................................ 10
1.2 Report Organization ...................................................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER 2: Parsing Data on Agricultural Irrigation..................................................................... 11
2.1 Data Sources.................................................................................................................................... 11
2.1.1 Discrepancy in Irrigation Water Use.................................................................................... 11
2.2 Growing Regions............................................................................................................................ 13
2.2.1 Water......................................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.2 Energy....................................................................................................................................... 16
2.3 Water Source................................................................................................................................... 20
2.3.1 Water......................................................................................................................................... 20
2.3.2 Energy....................................................................................................................................... 21
2.4 Irrigation Method........................................................................................................................... 22
2.4.1 Water......................................................................................................................................... 24
2.4.2 Energy....................................................................................................................................... 25
2.5 Crop Type........................................................................................................................................ 27
2.5.1 Water......................................................................................................................................... 27
2.5.2 Energy....................................................................................................................................... 27
2.6 Grower Business Size..................................................................................................................... 27
2.7 Utility Coverage ............................................................................................................................. 28
CHAPTER 3: Survey Summary ............................................................................................................ 31
3.1 Crops................................................................................................................................................ 31
3.2 Source of Irrigation Water............................................................................................................. 31
3.3 Irrigation Method........................................................................................................................... 32
7. v
3.4 Pumps .............................................................................................................................................. 32
3.5 Potential for Demand Response................................................................................................... 32
3.5.1 Limitations ............................................................................................................................... 32
3.5.2 Automatic Controls................................................................................................................. 32
CHAPTER 4: Best Opportunities for Demand Response and Permanent Load Shifting
Programs ................................................................................................................................................... 33
4.1 Growing Region ............................................................................................................................. 33
4.2 Irrigation Source............................................................................................................................. 33
4.2.1 On-farm Sources of Water vs. District-Supplied Water .................................................... 33
4.3 Irrigation Method........................................................................................................................... 34
4.4 Irrigation Systems with Extra Capacity ...................................................................................... 34
4.5 Non-Peak ET Irrigation Periods................................................................................................... 34
4.6 Large Growers ................................................................................................................................ 35
4.7 Utility Coverage ............................................................................................................................. 35
4.8 Irrigation Systems with Variable Frequency Drives................................................................. 35
CHAPTER 5: Solutions (or Requirements) for Demand Response and Permanent Load
Shifting Programs ................................................................................................................................... 36
5.1 Adequate Irrigation System Capacity......................................................................................... 36
5.1.1 Capacity Created by Improved Efficiency .......................................................................... 36
5.2 Automatic Controls........................................................................................................................ 37
5.2.1 Minimal Controls with Remote DRAS Client..................................................................... 38
5.2.2 Robust Local Controls with Resident DRAS Client ........................................................... 38
5.2.3 OpenADR................................................................................................................................. 38
5.3 Storage ............................................................................................................................................. 39
5.4 VFDs................................................................................................................................................. 39
5.5 On-Site Solar Power Generation .................................................................................................. 39
CHAPTER 6: Potential Grower Acceptance of Demand Response and Permanent Load
Shifting Programs ................................................................................................................................... 40
6.1 On-Farm Water Supply with Excess Capacity........................................................................... 40
6.2 On-Farm Water Supply without Excess Capacity (during peak ET) ..................................... 40
6.3 District-Supplied Water ................................................................................................................ 40
6.4 Permanent Load Shifting vs. Demand Response ...................................................................... 41
6.5 Manual vs. Automated Demand Response................................................................................ 41
6.6 Cost of System Upgrades vs. Financial Incentives.................................................................... 42
6.7 Other Possibly Compelling Motivations .................................................................................... 42
6.7.1 Energy Efficiency and/or Demand Management.............................................................. 42
6.7.2 Remote Pump Monitoring and Control............................................................................... 43
8. vi
CHAPTER 7: Potential Challenges and Obstacles to Demand Response and Permanent Load
Shifting Programs ................................................................................................................................... 44
7.1 Inadequate Irrigation Capacity .................................................................................................... 44
7.1.1 Load Shifting and Demand Response during Non-Peak ET Periods.............................. 44
7.1.2 Upgrade Irrigation System Capacity.................................................................................... 44
7.2 District-Supplied Water ................................................................................................................ 44
7.2.1 District Participation in Demand Response and/or Permanent Load Shifting............. 44
7.3 Lack of Automatic Controls.......................................................................................................... 45
7.3.1 Participation with Manual Controls..................................................................................... 45
7.3.2 Integrate Automatic Controls into Irrigation Systems ...................................................... 45
7.4 Smart Meter Installation Schedule............................................................................................... 45
7.5 Lack of Variable Frequency Drives ............................................................................................. 45
7.5.1 Participation without VFDs................................................................................................... 45
7.5.2 Integrate VFDs into Irrigation Systems................................................................................ 46
CHAPTER 8: Future Studies on How to Gain Grower Acceptance for Demand Response..... 47
8.1 Reasons for Compliance and Non-Compliance with Current TOU programs..................... 47
8.2 Survey and Rank Barriers to Real-Time Demand Response ................................................... 47
8.3 Determine the Level of Financial Incentives Required for AutoDR....................................... 48
8.4 ROI Tools......................................................................................................................................... 48
8.5 Survey of Potential Incentives for Using Automatic Pump Controls .................................... 48
8.6 How Irrigation Practices would have to Change in order to Accommodate Real-Time
Demand Response................................................................................................................................ 48
8.7 Best Way to Structure Programs in order to Maximize Participation.................................... 49
CHAPTER 9: Additional Future Studies ............................................................................................ 50
9.1 Comprehensive Study on Opportunities for Demand Response in California Agricultural
Irrigation................................................................................................................................................ 50
9.2 Update the ITRC Report on California Agricultural Water Electrical Energy Requirements
................................................................................................................................................................. 50
9.3 Study of Permanent Load Shifting vs. Demand Response in California Agricultural
Irrigation................................................................................................................................................ 51
9.4 Study that Characterizes Growers’ and/or Aggregators’ Ability to Deliver Load Shedding
................................................................................................................................................................. 51
9.5 Studies on Potential Capacity Created by Energy Efficiency Measures and How They May
Contribute to Demand Response Participation ............................................................................... 51
9.6 Potential Benefits of Variable Flow Rates for Flood Irrigation................................................ 52
9.7 Survey of Technology that May be Applied to Demand Response and Permanent Load
Shifting in California Agricultural Irrigation................................................................................... 52
9.8 Pilot Studies .................................................................................................................................... 52
9.9 Determine ROI of Upgrading Water Agency Systems for Demand Response..................... 52
9.10 Study of the Benefits of On-Site Solar Power Generation...................................................... 52
9. vii
CHAPTER 10: Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 53
References................................................................................................................................................. 55
Glossary .................................................................................................................................................... 58
Appendix A: Survey / Interview Questions....................................................................................... 60
Farm Information ................................................................................................................................. 60
Contact Information......................................................................................................................... 60
Crop Types........................................................................................................................................ 60
Crop Information (per crop)............................................................................................................... 61
Irrigation System.............................................................................................................................. 61
Pump Information (per pump) ...................................................................................................... 62
Utility Information............................................................................................................................... 62
Demand Response................................................................................................................................ 62
AutoDR.............................................................................................................................................. 62
Appendix B: Top Growers in California ............................................................................................ 63
Appendix C: Survey Questionnaire .................................................................................................... 65
Business Information ........................................................................................................................... 65
Contact Information......................................................................................................................... 65
Crop Types........................................................................................................................................ 65
Crop Information (per crop)............................................................................................................... 66
Number of Separate Locations (Farms) where this Crop is grown: ____________ ................ 66
Location of Crop............................................................................................................................... 67
Number of Acres for this Crop (at this location)......................................................................... 67
Are there irrigation pumps for this crop at this location?.......................................................... 67
What types of pumps (by power source) and how many of each are used at this location? 67
What electric utility provides power to this location?................................................................ 69
Is there any self-generation on-site? Check all that apply. ....................................................... 69
Irrigation Method for this Crop ..................................................................................................... 69
Method Used to determine when and for how long to irrigate (check all that apply).......... 69
Irrigation Season............................................................................................................................... 69
Frequency and Length of Time for Irrigation (by month) ......................................................... 69
Source of Irrigation Water (check all that apply) ........................................................................ 69
Total Quantity of Water Applied Annually (in AF): _________________................................ 70
Total Annual Costs of Irrigation Water ........................................................................................ 70
Electric Pumps by Category ........................................................................................................... 70
Electric Pumps by Power Rating.................................................................................................... 70
Pump Efficiency Audits (by utility or other organization)........................................................ 70
Pump Control Methods (check all that apply)............................................................................. 70
10. viii
Do any of the pumps use Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs)?................................................. 70
Flexibility in Irrigation Cycles............................................................................................................ 70
Flexibility in Irrigation Cycle Start Time: ..................................................................................... 70
Flexibility in Interrupting an Irrigation Cycle: ............................................................................ 71
Answer the same questions based on getting a 24-hour notice. ............................................... 71
Flexibility in Irrigation Cycle Start Time with 24-hour notice:.................................................. 71
Flexibility in Interrupting an Irrigation Cycle with 24-hour notice:......................................... 71
Barriers to Shifting or Interrupting Irrigation Cycles ..................................................................... 71
............................................................................................................................................................. 71
Incentives for Shifting or Interrupting Irrigation Cycles ............................................................... 72
............................................................................................................................................................. 72
14. 3
Best Opportunities for Demand Response and Permanent Load Shifting
Programs
Growing Region
Irrigation Source
Irrigation Method
Irrigation System Capacity
Variable Frequency Drives
Grower Business Size
Utility Coverage
15. 4
Solutions (or Requirements) for Demand Response and Permanent Load Shifting
Programs
Adequate Irrigation System Capacity
•
•
•
Automatic Controls
Storage
Variable Frequency Drives
On-Site Solar Power Generation
Potential Grower Acceptance of Demand Response and Permanent Load Shifting
3
The Energy Information Administration defines an aggregator as a
16. 5
Excess Irrigation Capacity
On-Farm Water Sources
Permanent Load Shifting vs. Demand Response
Changing Attitudes toward Remote Pump Monitoring and Control
17. 6
Potential Challenges
Inadequate Irrigation Capacity
District-Supplied Water
Lack of Automatic Controls
Smart Meter Installation Schedule
Lack of Variable Frequency Drives
Recommendations
•
•
•
24. 13
Table 1: 2003 Irrigation Water Use
Sources: Burt, et al. 2003, USDA 2003
2.2 Growing Regions
California Agricultural Water
Electrical Energy Requirements
25. 14
Figure 1: California ETo Zones
Source: California Irrigation Management Information System
31. 20
2.3 Water Source
2.3.1 Water
Table 4: AF/year by Source (2007)
Source: USDA 2008
Table 5: AF/year by Source (2002)
Source: USDA 2003
32. 21
Table 6: Water Applied by ETo Zone and Source
ITRC-
modified
DWR ETo
zone
Irrigation
District Surface
Water Delivered
(AF/ year)
Irrigation
District Ground
Water Pumping
(AF/year)
On-Farm
Ground Water
Pumping
(AF/year)
Total Applied
Water by Zone
(AF/year)
1 0 0 123,965 123,695
3 0 0 824,486 824,846
4 0 0 138,046 138,046
6 0 0 959,939 959,939
8 116,140 681 56,387 173,209
9 0 0 880,841 880,841
10 0 0 669,478 669,478
12a 3,025,343 129,393 972,963 4,127,699
12b 960,284 41,071 559,014 1,560,369
14 8,349,919 14,048 425,118 8,789,086
15 4,175,145 505,920 3,880,110 8,561,175
16 2,655,088 43,121 2,533,649 5,231,858
18 4,128,768 0 61,432 4,190,200
Total 23,410,700 734,200 12,085,400 36,230,300
Source: Burt et al. 2003
2.3.2 Energy
33. 22
Table 7: Energy Consumed by ETo Zone and Source
ITRC-
modified
DWR
ETo zone
Irrig. District
Surface Water
Delivered
(MWh / year)
Irrig. District
Ground Water
Pumping
(MWh/year)
On-Farm
Ground Water
Pumping
(MWh /year)
On-Farm
Booster
Pumping
(MWh /year)
Conveyance
to Irrig.
Districts
(MWh/year)
Total
Electricity
used by Zone
(MWh/year)
1 0 0 54,964 20,852 75,817
3 0 0 365,562 145,076 510,386
4 0 0 61,207 18,132 79,339
6 0 0 401,843 148,034 549,877
8 3,896 137 14,573 21,350 39.957
9 0 0 255,199 87,567 342,767
10 0 0 273,277 58,730 332,077
12a 26,171 27,051 283,381 300,329 636,932
12b 8,307 8,586 159,637 101,075 277,606
14 131,125 2,032 108,394 488,733 450,526 1,180,809
15 514,605 199,386 1,659,804 688,121 1,269,062 4,330,978
16 137,662 8,840 846,938 380,371 1,373,811
18 0 0 14,236 415,152 429,388
Total 821,800 246,000 4,499,000 2,873,500 1,719,600 10,159,900
Source: Burt et al. 2003
2.4 Irrigation Method
34. 23
Table 8: Acres Irrigated by Method, 2002 & 2007
2003 USDA Survey
(2002 growing season)
2008 USDA Survey
(2007 growing season)
Irrigation Method Acres Irrigated Acres Irrigated
Gravity 5,261,073 60% 4,189,852 53%
Sprinkler 1,723,040 20% 1,367,179 17%
Drip/Micro 1,706,916 20% 2,336,130 29%
Subsurface 58,655 1% 66,282 1%
Total for All Methods 8,749,684 7,959,443
Source: USDA 2003 & 2008
Figure 5: Acres Irrigated by Method, 2002 & 2007
Source: USDA 2003 & 2008
Table 9: Acres Irrigated by Method
ITRC 2001 evaporation
Acres
All Furrow 2,380,226 26%
All Border Strip and Basin 2,656,321 29%
Combination Sprinkler and 494,778 5%
35. 24
Furrow
All Sprinkler 1,970,056 21%
All Drip/Micro 1,811,622 19%
Total for All Methods 9,313,003
Source: Burt et al. 2001
Table 10: Percentage of Irrigated Acres by Method
Pacific Institute 2001 Data
Percentage of Total
Irrigated Acres
Flood 59%
Sprinkler 15%
Drip/Micro 24%
Other 2%
Source: Cooley et al. 2009; Orang et al. 2005
2.4.1 Water
6
The USDA Ranch and Farm Survey “sections” are actually labeled as “Tables”. The term “Sections” is
substituted here in order to avoid confusion with the numbered Tables in this document.
37. 26
Table 13: Energy Requirements by Irrigation Activity
Activity Approximate Energy
Requirements (kWh/AF)
Flood Irrigation without On-Farm Lift 0
Lifting Water 10 feet for Flood Irrigation 30
Booster Pumping for Drip/Micro Irrigation 206
Booster Pumping for Standard Sprinklers 284
Source: Cooley et al. 2008
Table 14: Relative Energy by Method
Irrigation Method AF
Relative
kWh/AF
Relative
MWh/year
Gravity 17,700,000 0
Sprinkler 4,500,000 284 1,278,000
Drip/Micro 7,800,000 206 1,606,800
Total 30,000,000 2,884,000
Derived data from USDA 2008 and Cooley et al. 2008
38. 27
2.5 Crop Type
2.5.1 Water
Table 15: Water Applied by Crop Type
Crop Type Percentage of Water
Applied
AF of Water
Applied
Field Crops 63% 18,900,000
Vegetables 10% 3,000,000
Fruits and Nuts 27% 8,100,000
Total 100% 30,000,000
Source: Derived data from Table 14 and Pacific Institute 2008 and 2009 articles (Cooley 2008 & 2009)
2.5.2 Energy
2.6 Grower Business Size
44. 33
CHAPTER 4:
Best Opportunities for Demand Response and
Permanent Load Shifting Programs
4.1 Growing Region
4.2 Irrigation Source
4.2.1 On-farm Sources of Water vs. District-Supplied Water
47. 36
CHAPTER 5:
Solutions (or Requirements) for Demand Response
and Permanent Load Shifting Programs
5.1 Adequate Irrigation System Capacity
5.1.1 Capacity Created by Improved Efficiency
5.1.1.1 Pump Efficiency
5.1.1.2 Reductions in water applications
51. 40
CHAPTER 6:
Potential Grower Acceptance of Demand Response
and Permanent Load Shifting Programs
6.1 On-Farm Water Supply with Excess Capacity
6.2 On-Farm Water Supply without Excess Capacity (during peak ET)
6.3 District-Supplied Water
52. 41
6.4 Permanent Load Shifting vs. Demand Response
6.5 Manual vs. Automated Demand Response
53. 42
6.6 Cost of System Upgrades vs. Financial Incentives
6.7 Other Possibly Compelling Motivations
6.7.1 Energy Efficiency and/or Demand Management
55. 44
CHAPTER 7:
Potential Challenges and Obstacles to Demand
Response and Permanent Load Shifting Programs
7.1 Inadequate Irrigation Capacity
7.1.1 Load Shifting and Demand Response during Non-Peak ET Periods
7.1.2 Upgrade Irrigation System Capacity
7.2 District-Supplied Water
7.2.1 District Participation in Demand Response and/or Permanent Load Shifting
56. 45
7.3 Lack of Automatic Controls
7.3.1 Participation with Manual Controls
7.3.2 Integrate Automatic Controls into Irrigation Systems
7.4 Smart Meter Installation Schedule
7.5 Lack of Variable Frequency Drives
7.5.1 Participation without VFDs
58. 47
CHAPTER 8:
Future Studies on How to Gain Grower Acceptance for
Demand Response
8.1 Reasons for Compliance and Non-Compliance with Current TOU
programs
8.2 Survey and Rank Barriers to Real-Time Demand Response
59. 48
8.3 Determine the Level of Financial Incentives Required for AutoDR
8.4 ROI Tools
8.5 Survey of Potential Incentives for Using Automatic Pump Controls
8.6 How Irrigation Practices would have to Change in order to
Accommodate Real-Time Demand Response
60. 49
8.7 Best Way to Structure Programs in order to Maximize Participation
61. 50
CHAPTER 9:
Additional Future Studies
9.1 Comprehensive Study on Opportunities for Demand Response in
California Agricultural Irrigation
•
•
•
•
•
•
9.2 Update the ITRC Report on California Agricultural Water Electrical
Energy Requirements
62. 51
9.3 Study of Permanent Load Shifting vs. Demand Response in
California Agricultural Irrigation
9.4 Study that Characterizes Growers’ and/or Aggregators’ Ability to
Deliver Load Shedding
9.5 Studies on Potential Capacity Created by Energy Efficiency
Measures and How They May Contribute to Demand Response
Participation
63. 52
9.6 Potential Benefits of Variable Flow Rates for Flood Irrigation
9.7 Survey of Technology that May be Applied to Demand Response
and Permanent Load Shifting in California Agricultural Irrigation
9.8 Pilot Studies
9.9 Determine ROI of Upgrading Water Agency Systems for Demand
Response
9.10 Study of the Benefits of On-Site Solar Power Generation
66. 55
References
Akuacom; LBNL. (n.d.). OpenADR Client Development Program. Retrieved from PIER Demand
Response Research Center: http://openadr.lbl.gov/pdf/openadr-client-develop.pdf
Burt, C. (2011a). Characteristics of Irrigation Pump Performance in Major Irrigated Areas of California.
California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly), Irrigation Training and Research
Center (ITRC). San Luis Obispo, CA: ITRC. Retrieved from
http://www.itrc.org/reports/characteristics.htm
Burt, C. (2011b). Irrigation System Components and Potentials for Energy Conservation. San Luis
Opsibo, CA: ITRC. Retrieved from http://www.itrc.org/reports/components.htm
Burt, C. M. (2011c, March 9). Chairman of the Board, Irrigation Training and Research Center
(ITRC). (G. Marks, & E. Wilcox, Interviewers) San Luis Obispo, CA.
Burt, C. M., Amon, R., & Cordova, D. (2002, 2007). Electrical Load Shifting in Irrigation Districts
- California's Program. Irrigation Association 28th Annual International Irrigation Show (p.
10). San Diego: ITRC, Irrigation Association. Retrieved from
http://www.itrc.org/papers/elecloadshift/elecloadshifting.pdf
Burt, C. M., Howes, D. J., & Mutziger, A. (2001). Evapotranspiration Estimates for Irrigated
Agriculture in California. Irrigation Association Conference. San Antonio, TX: Irrigation
Association. Retrieved from
http://www.itrc.org/papers/evaporationest/evaporationestimates.pdf
Burt, C., & Howes, D. (2005). CEC Agricultural Peak Load Reduction Program -Water Agencies-.
California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly), Irrigation Training and Research
Center (ITRC). San Luis Obsipo, CA: ITRC. Retrieved from
http://www.itrc.org/reports/cecaplrp/final.pdf
Burt, C., & Monte, S. (2008). Conversion to Ground Water Pumping with Drip/Micro Irrigation
Systems. California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly), Irrigation Training and
Research Center (ITRC). San Luis Obispo, CA: ITRC. Retrieved from
http://www.itrc.org/reports/groundwater/groundwater.pdf
Burt, C., Howes, D., & Wilson, G. (2003). California Agricultural Water Electrical Energy
Requirements. California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly), Irrigation Training and
Research Center (ITRC). San Luis Obsipo, CA: ITRC. Retrieved from
http://www.itrc.org/reports/energyreq/energyreq.pdf
California Energy Commision (CEC). (n.d.). California Electric Utility Service Areas. Retrieved
from California Energy Commision (CEC):
http://www.energy.ca.gov/maps/serviceareas/Electric_Service_Areas_Detail.pdf
California Farm Bureau Federation. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cfbf.com/index.cfm
California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS). (n.d.). Reference
Evapotransiration (ETo) Zones. Retrieved from California Irrigation Management
Information System (CIMIS):
http://wwwcimis.water.ca.gov/cimis/cimiSatEtoZones.jsp
California Public Utilities Commission. (n.d.). Demand Response. Retrieved from California
Public Utilities Commission:
http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/PUC/energy/Demand+Response/
67. 56
Center for Irrigation Technology. (n.d.). Advanced Pumping Efficiency Program. Retrieved from
pumpefficiency.org: http://www.pumpefficiency.org/
Chiu, A. (2010, March 3). Lead Product Manager, Demand Response Department, Pacific Gas
and Electric. (G. Marks, & E. Wilcox, Interviewers) San Francisco, CA.
Cooley, H., Christian-Smith, J., & Gleick, P. (2009). Sustaining California Agriculture in an
Uncertain Future. Oakland, CA: Pacific Institute. Retrieved from
http://www.pacinst.org/reports/california_agriculture/final.pdf
Cooley, H., Christian-Smith, J., & Gleick, P. H. (2008). More with Less: Agricultural Water
Conservation and Efficiency in California, A Special Focus on the Delta. Oakland: Pacific
Institute. Retrieved from http://www.pacinst.org/reports/more_with_less_delta
Cooley, H., Christian-Smith, J., Gleick, P. H., Cohen, M. J., & Heberger, M. (2010). California's
Next Million Acre-Feet: Saving Water, Energy, and Money. Oakland, CA: Pacific Institute.
Retrieved from http://www.pacinst.org/reports/next_million_acre_feet/index.htm
Department of Water Resources. (n.d.). Ground Water Basins in California. Retrieved from
Department of Water Resources:
http://www.water.ca.gov/groundwater/bulletin118/maps/statewide_basin_map_V3_
subbas.pdf
Energy Information Administration. (n.d.) Electricity Terms and Definitions. Retrieved from
http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/glossary.html
Griffiths-Sattenspiel, B., & Wilson, W. (2009). The Carbon Footprint of Water. Portland, OR: River
Network. Retrieved from http://www.rivernetwork.org/resource-library/carbon-
footprint-water
Growing Produce: Top 100 growers. (n.d.). Retrieved from Growing Produce:
http://www.growingproduce.com/
Irrigation Training and Research Center (ITRC). (2002). Benchmarking of Flexibility and Needs,
Survey of Non-Federal Irrigation Districts. San Luis Obispo, CA: ITRC. Retrieved from
http://www.itrc.org/reports/benchmarking/benchmarking2002.pdf
Klein, G., Krebs, M., Hall, V., O'Brian, T., & Blevins, B. (2005). California's Water-Energy
Relationship. Sacramento, CA: California Energy Commission. Retrieved from
http://www.energy.ca.gov/2005publications/CEC-700-2005-011/CEC-700-2005-011-
SF.PDF
LBNL DRRC. (n.d.). Open Automated Demand Response Communication Standards (OpenADR or
Open Auto-DR) Development. Retrieved from PIER Demand Response Research Center:
http://openadr.lbl.gov/
Marks, G. (2010). Precision Irrigation, A Way to Save Water and Energy While Increasing Crop Yield,
A Targeted Approach for California Agriculture. Fremont, CA. Retrieved from
http://www.slideshare.net/GaryMarks/precision-irrigation-a-method-to-save-water-
and-energy-while-increasing-crop-yield-a-targeted-approach-for-california-agriculture
Masiello, R., Vu, K., Deng, L., Abrams, A., Corfee, K., Harrison, J., & KEMA. (2010). Research
Evaluation of Wind Generation, Solar Generation, and Storage Impact on the California Grid.
Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) of the California Energy Commission (CEC).
Orang, M., Synder, R., & Matyac, S. (2005). Survey of Irrigation Methods in California. Department
of Water Resources (DWR) and University of California Davis. DWR and UC Davis.
68. 57
Retrieved from http://www.waterplan.water.ca.gov/docs/cwpu2005/vol4/vol4-data-
surveyofirrigationmethods.pdf
Pacific Gas and Electric. (n.d.). Smart Meter Installation Progress. Retrieved from PG&E:
http://www.pge.com/myhome/customerservice/smartmeter/deployment/
Perez Urrestarazu, L., & Burt, C. M. (2011). Characterization of Pumps for Irrigation in Central
California: Potential Energy Savings. San Luis Obispo, CA: ITRC.
USDA Census of Agriculture. (2003). Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey. Washington D.C.: USDA.
Retrieved from http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2002/FRIS/
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Retrieved from
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ch_Irrigation_Survey/index.php
Wikler, G., Bran, I., Piette, M. A., & Kiliccote, S. (n.d.). Mystified by Automated Demand Response?
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DR/files/AESParticle.pdf
77. 66
Crop Information (per crop)
Number of Separate Locations (Farms) where this Crop is grown: ____________
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Location of Crop
County
Pull-down list of California counties
Sub-Basin (if known and applicable)
Pull-down list of DWR sub-basins
Number of Acres for this Crop (at this location)
Are there irrigation pumps for this crop at this location?
What types of pumps (by power source) and how many of each are used at this
location?
80. 69
What electric utility provides power to this location?
Is there any self-generation on-site? Check all that apply.
Irrigation Method for this Crop
Method Used to determine when and for how long to irrigate (check all that apply)
Irrigation Season
Frequency and Length of Time for Irrigation (by month)
Source of Irrigation Water (check all that apply)
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Total Quantity of Water Applied Annually (in AF): _________________
Total Annual Costs of Irrigation Water
Electric Pumps by Category
Electric Pumps by Power Rating
Pump Efficiency Audits (by utility or other organization)
Pump Control Methods (check all that apply)
Do any of the pumps use Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs)?
Flexibility in Irrigation Cycles
Flexibility in Irrigation Cycle Start Time:
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Flexibility in Interrupting an Irrigation Cycle:
Answer the same questions based on getting a 24-hour notice.
Flexibility in Irrigation Cycle Start Time with 24-hour notice:
Flexibility in Interrupting an Irrigation Cycle with 24-hour notice:
Barriers to Shifting or Interrupting Irrigation Cycles