The document contains 30 programming problems and their solutions in C programming language, ranging from basic programs to calculate sums and patterns to programs involving functions, arrays, and strings. It provides the full source code for each problem and expected output to demonstrate how to write programs to solve common tasks in C. The problems cover a variety of concepts in C like decision making, loops, functions, arrays, strings, structures to help learn and practice basic to intermediate level programming.
The document discusses various aspects of input design and computer output design. It describes how to design forms, including using rules and captions to guide the user, using boxes and spacing requirements. It also covers selecting appropriate paper for forms based on how many times it will be handled, folded, and environmental exposure. The overall goal is to make data entry and computer output as easy, logical and free from errors as possible for users.
This document discusses several issues related to human population growth and its impact on the environment. It notes that the global population will likely exceed 7 billion by 2015 and meeting the needs of this many people will be difficult without degrading natural resources and environmental quality. Rapid population growth in recent decades has contributed significantly to environmental problems. Other issues discussed include variations in population growth rates among countries, links between poverty, health and the environment, climate change impacts on health, and the importance of equitable distribution of resources.
The document discusses the process of system design, which goes through logical and physical design phases. Logical design involves data flow diagrams and defining user needs, while physical design specifies design details for programmers. Structured design uses tools like data flow diagrams, data dictionaries, and structure charts to decompose the system into modules. A key part of design is structured walkthroughs where peers review and provide feedback on the design. User involvement is also important throughout the design process.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which describes the stages of an information system development project. It outlines the typical stages: recognition of need, feasibility study, analysis, design, implementation, post-implementation, maintenance, and prototyping. The feasibility study assesses the economic, technical, and behavioral factors. Analysis involves gathering requirements through tools like interviews and documentation. Design defines technical specifications and system flow. Implementation deploys the system. Prototyping allows refining the system through iterative testing and user feedback before final implementation.
The document discusses different methods of organizing computer files, including heap files, sequential files, indexed-sequential files, inverted list files, and direct files. It provides details on each method, such as how records are stored and accessed, their advantages and disadvantages, and examples. Key aspects covered include unordered storage in heap files, ordered storage and efficient sequential access in sequential files, indexed access for both sequential and random access in indexed-sequential files, and direct calculation of record locations in direct files.
The document discusses cost-benefit analysis, which involves identifying and categorizing the costs and benefits of projects or systems. It describes several methods for evaluating costs and benefits, including net benefit analysis, present value analysis, net present value, payback analysis, break-even analysis, and cash flow analysis. These methods are used to compare alternatives and determine which option provides the greatest value. The document provides examples and outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each evaluation method.
The document contains 30 programming problems and their solutions in C programming language, ranging from basic programs to calculate sums and patterns to programs involving functions, arrays, and strings. It provides the full source code for each problem and expected output to demonstrate how to write programs to solve common tasks in C. The problems cover a variety of concepts in C like decision making, loops, functions, arrays, strings, structures to help learn and practice basic to intermediate level programming.
The document discusses various aspects of input design and computer output design. It describes how to design forms, including using rules and captions to guide the user, using boxes and spacing requirements. It also covers selecting appropriate paper for forms based on how many times it will be handled, folded, and environmental exposure. The overall goal is to make data entry and computer output as easy, logical and free from errors as possible for users.
This document discusses several issues related to human population growth and its impact on the environment. It notes that the global population will likely exceed 7 billion by 2015 and meeting the needs of this many people will be difficult without degrading natural resources and environmental quality. Rapid population growth in recent decades has contributed significantly to environmental problems. Other issues discussed include variations in population growth rates among countries, links between poverty, health and the environment, climate change impacts on health, and the importance of equitable distribution of resources.
The document discusses the process of system design, which goes through logical and physical design phases. Logical design involves data flow diagrams and defining user needs, while physical design specifies design details for programmers. Structured design uses tools like data flow diagrams, data dictionaries, and structure charts to decompose the system into modules. A key part of design is structured walkthroughs where peers review and provide feedback on the design. User involvement is also important throughout the design process.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which describes the stages of an information system development project. It outlines the typical stages: recognition of need, feasibility study, analysis, design, implementation, post-implementation, maintenance, and prototyping. The feasibility study assesses the economic, technical, and behavioral factors. Analysis involves gathering requirements through tools like interviews and documentation. Design defines technical specifications and system flow. Implementation deploys the system. Prototyping allows refining the system through iterative testing and user feedback before final implementation.
The document discusses different methods of organizing computer files, including heap files, sequential files, indexed-sequential files, inverted list files, and direct files. It provides details on each method, such as how records are stored and accessed, their advantages and disadvantages, and examples. Key aspects covered include unordered storage in heap files, ordered storage and efficient sequential access in sequential files, indexed access for both sequential and random access in indexed-sequential files, and direct calculation of record locations in direct files.
The document discusses cost-benefit analysis, which involves identifying and categorizing the costs and benefits of projects or systems. It describes several methods for evaluating costs and benefits, including net benefit analysis, present value analysis, net present value, payback analysis, break-even analysis, and cash flow analysis. These methods are used to compare alternatives and determine which option provides the greatest value. The document provides examples and outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each evaluation method.
The document discusses key concepts in database design including fields, records, database management systems (DBMS), normalization, and the roles of a database administrator. It explains that a field is the smallest unit of data, a record contains related fields, and a DBMS provides an interface between data files and programs. The document also covers database normalization forms, logical and physical views of data, and functions of a DBMS like ensuring data integrity and security.
CASE tools automate and support various phases of the systems development life cycle. They include upper-CASE tools that support early phases, lower-CASE tools that support later phases, and I-CASE tools that support the entire SDLC. CASE tools improve software quality by reducing errors, improving designs, standardizing tasks, and providing automated functions. While acquisition and training costs of CASE tools are high, their use generally increases development productivity and quality.
The document discusses cost-benefit analysis and various methods used to evaluate costs and benefits of projects. It defines key terms like tangible/intangible and direct/indirect costs and benefits. Several evaluation methods are described - net benefit analysis, present value analysis, net present value, payback period analysis, break-even analysis and cash flow analysis. Their formulas, examples and advantages/disadvantages are provided. The document concludes that cost-benefit analysis involves identifying, categorizing and evaluating costs and benefits to interpret results and take action regarding alternative systems.
Data flow diagrams (DFDs) are a graphical tool used to communicate system requirements and analyze system logic. DFDs focus on the flow of data between external entities, processes, and data stores. They provide an overview of what data a system processes, what transformations are performed, what data is stored, and what results are produced. DFDs contain four main elements - external entities, data flows, processes, and data stores. External entities represent sources or destinations of data outside the system, processes represent actions performed on the data, data flows show the movement of data between elements, and data stores represent data repositories. DFDs can be decomposed into multiple levels to show increasing detail.
The document discusses the relationship between logical and physical design in system analysis and design, noting that the logical design defines system functions and components while the physical design implements the specific system, and that IPO/HIPO charts can be used to understand a system's structure and functions in a hierarchical manner by correlating its input, processing, and output steps.
This document contains 17 programming problems and their solutions involving object oriented programming concepts like classes, objects, functions, arrays, pointers etc. The problems cover basic concepts like calculating factorial, checking prime number, Fibonacci series, arithmetic operations using menus, finding largest element in array. More advanced concepts covered are bubble sort, selection sort, function overloading to calculate area of shapes, complex number addition using friend functions, student record management using classes. Overall, the document aims to provide practice on common OOP concepts through solving different programming problems.
Geothermal energy is renewable because the Earth continually generates heat from radioactive decay and residual heat from its formation. As long as the Earth is active geologically, it will continue producing heat that can be tapped into as a renewable energy source through technologies like geothermal power plants. The heat source is replenished naturally so geothermal energy is considered renewable.
Geothermal energy is renewable because the Earth continually generates heat from radioactive decay and residual heat from its formation. As long as the Earth is active geologically, it will continue producing heat that can be tapped into as a renewable energy source through technologies like geothermal power plants. The heat source is replenished naturally so geothermal energy is considered renewable.
Energy left over from the original formation of the planet along with heat from radioactive decay slowly escapes from within the Earth every day. In some areas where the increase in temperature with depth is high enough, this geothermal energy can be used to generate electricity, but is limited to only a few locations worldwide and faces technical challenges. Another form of geothermal energy is using the Earth's relatively constant subsurface temperature via heat pumps for heating and cooling buildings, which can reduce other energy needs for temperature regulation but cannot produce electricity.
Energy left over from the original formation of the planet along with heat from radioactive decay slowly escapes from within the Earth every day. In some areas where the increase in temperature with depth is high enough, this geothermal energy can be used to generate electricity, but is limited to only a few locations worldwide and faces technical challenges. Another form of geothermal energy is using the Earth's relatively constant subsurface temperature via heat pumps for heating and cooling buildings, which can reduce other energy needs for temperature regulation but cannot produce electricity.
The document provides information about an exception handling course for the subject of C++ during the second semester. It includes details about try, catch, and throw keywords used for exception handling in C++ as well as custom exceptions using exception classes. Standard exceptions and namespaces are also briefly discussed.
This document discusses the relational model and relational database concepts. It covers domains and relations, relational keys like primary keys, candidate keys, foreign keys and their rules. It also discusses relational operators, relational algebra, relational calculus, and the SQL language. Key types like alternate keys, candidate keys, compound keys, primary keys, superkeys, and foreign keys are defined. Relational algebra operations like selection, projection, renaming, union, intersection, difference, cartesian product, and join are explained. Tuple relational calculus and domain relational calculus are introduced. Examples of queries using relational algebra and calculus are provided. Components of SQL like DDL, DML, DCL are listed
This document discusses different concepts related to the relational model including domains and relations, relational data integrity, keys such as primary keys, candidate keys, foreign keys and their rules. It also discusses relational operators, relational algebra, relational calculus and SQL. Finally, it describes different types of relational algebra operations including unary operations like select, project and rename and binary operations like join, union, intersection, difference and cartesian product.
This document discusses the relational model and relational database concepts. It covers domains and relations, relational keys like primary keys, foreign keys, and candidate keys. It also discusses relational algebra operations like selection, projection, join, and set operations. Relational calculus is introduced. The SQL language components of DDL, DML, and DCL are mentioned for data definition, manipulation, and control. Key concepts like views, nested tables, and correlated subqueries are also summarized briefly.
1. C++ arrays allow storing multiple values of the same type in contiguous memory locations accessed via an index. Multidimensional arrays can store arrays of arrays.
2. Pointers store the address of other variables in memory. Pointer variables can be initialized with the address of another variable using the & operator and dereferenced using *.
3. Classes in C++ are user-defined data types that can contain data members and member functions. Class objects can be declared to access members.
This document provides an introduction to object oriented programming concepts in C++. It covers key topics such as classes, objects, data members, methods, inheritance, constructors, destructors, static variables, function overloading, access specifiers, and abstract classes. The document contains 31 multiple choice questions to test understanding of these fundamental OOP concepts when programming in C++.
This document provides an introduction to an object oriented programming course in C++. The course objectives are to provide fundamentals of OOP using C++, covering topics like syntax, semantics, loops, decisions, functions, classes, inheritance, files and streams. The course is divided into 5 modules covering these concepts. It also describes the examination scheme which includes internal assessment based on assignments, lab work, and an external exam evaluating programming skills and viva.
This document provides information about a C++ course for the second semester. It includes the course name "B Sc IT", subject name "C++", and semester "II".
The document discusses the IOstream library in C++. It provides 3 key points:
1) The IOstream library provides input and output functionality using streams and includes classes like ostream for output and istream for input that inherit from ios_base and ios.
2) File handling in C++ uses classes like ofstream for output files, ifstream for input files, and fstream for both. These classes inherit from ostream and istream.
3) The open() member function is used to associate a file stream object like ofstream to an actual file. It takes a filename and optional mode flags to open the file.
The document provides an overview of various C++ concepts including control statements, functions, scope, storage classes, and more. It defines concepts like break, continue, switch, and goto statements. It describes function definitions, prototypes, parameters, return types, and how to call functions. It discusses global and local scope, and how the scope operator can access global variables from local scope. It also outlines the different storage classes in C++ including auto, register, extern, and static.
The document discusses key concepts in database design including fields, records, database management systems (DBMS), normalization, and the roles of a database administrator. It explains that a field is the smallest unit of data, a record contains related fields, and a DBMS provides an interface between data files and programs. The document also covers database normalization forms, logical and physical views of data, and functions of a DBMS like ensuring data integrity and security.
CASE tools automate and support various phases of the systems development life cycle. They include upper-CASE tools that support early phases, lower-CASE tools that support later phases, and I-CASE tools that support the entire SDLC. CASE tools improve software quality by reducing errors, improving designs, standardizing tasks, and providing automated functions. While acquisition and training costs of CASE tools are high, their use generally increases development productivity and quality.
The document discusses cost-benefit analysis and various methods used to evaluate costs and benefits of projects. It defines key terms like tangible/intangible and direct/indirect costs and benefits. Several evaluation methods are described - net benefit analysis, present value analysis, net present value, payback period analysis, break-even analysis and cash flow analysis. Their formulas, examples and advantages/disadvantages are provided. The document concludes that cost-benefit analysis involves identifying, categorizing and evaluating costs and benefits to interpret results and take action regarding alternative systems.
Data flow diagrams (DFDs) are a graphical tool used to communicate system requirements and analyze system logic. DFDs focus on the flow of data between external entities, processes, and data stores. They provide an overview of what data a system processes, what transformations are performed, what data is stored, and what results are produced. DFDs contain four main elements - external entities, data flows, processes, and data stores. External entities represent sources or destinations of data outside the system, processes represent actions performed on the data, data flows show the movement of data between elements, and data stores represent data repositories. DFDs can be decomposed into multiple levels to show increasing detail.
The document discusses the relationship between logical and physical design in system analysis and design, noting that the logical design defines system functions and components while the physical design implements the specific system, and that IPO/HIPO charts can be used to understand a system's structure and functions in a hierarchical manner by correlating its input, processing, and output steps.
This document contains 17 programming problems and their solutions involving object oriented programming concepts like classes, objects, functions, arrays, pointers etc. The problems cover basic concepts like calculating factorial, checking prime number, Fibonacci series, arithmetic operations using menus, finding largest element in array. More advanced concepts covered are bubble sort, selection sort, function overloading to calculate area of shapes, complex number addition using friend functions, student record management using classes. Overall, the document aims to provide practice on common OOP concepts through solving different programming problems.
Geothermal energy is renewable because the Earth continually generates heat from radioactive decay and residual heat from its formation. As long as the Earth is active geologically, it will continue producing heat that can be tapped into as a renewable energy source through technologies like geothermal power plants. The heat source is replenished naturally so geothermal energy is considered renewable.
Geothermal energy is renewable because the Earth continually generates heat from radioactive decay and residual heat from its formation. As long as the Earth is active geologically, it will continue producing heat that can be tapped into as a renewable energy source through technologies like geothermal power plants. The heat source is replenished naturally so geothermal energy is considered renewable.
Energy left over from the original formation of the planet along with heat from radioactive decay slowly escapes from within the Earth every day. In some areas where the increase in temperature with depth is high enough, this geothermal energy can be used to generate electricity, but is limited to only a few locations worldwide and faces technical challenges. Another form of geothermal energy is using the Earth's relatively constant subsurface temperature via heat pumps for heating and cooling buildings, which can reduce other energy needs for temperature regulation but cannot produce electricity.
Energy left over from the original formation of the planet along with heat from radioactive decay slowly escapes from within the Earth every day. In some areas where the increase in temperature with depth is high enough, this geothermal energy can be used to generate electricity, but is limited to only a few locations worldwide and faces technical challenges. Another form of geothermal energy is using the Earth's relatively constant subsurface temperature via heat pumps for heating and cooling buildings, which can reduce other energy needs for temperature regulation but cannot produce electricity.
The document provides information about an exception handling course for the subject of C++ during the second semester. It includes details about try, catch, and throw keywords used for exception handling in C++ as well as custom exceptions using exception classes. Standard exceptions and namespaces are also briefly discussed.
This document discusses the relational model and relational database concepts. It covers domains and relations, relational keys like primary keys, candidate keys, foreign keys and their rules. It also discusses relational operators, relational algebra, relational calculus, and the SQL language. Key types like alternate keys, candidate keys, compound keys, primary keys, superkeys, and foreign keys are defined. Relational algebra operations like selection, projection, renaming, union, intersection, difference, cartesian product, and join are explained. Tuple relational calculus and domain relational calculus are introduced. Examples of queries using relational algebra and calculus are provided. Components of SQL like DDL, DML, DCL are listed
This document discusses different concepts related to the relational model including domains and relations, relational data integrity, keys such as primary keys, candidate keys, foreign keys and their rules. It also discusses relational operators, relational algebra, relational calculus and SQL. Finally, it describes different types of relational algebra operations including unary operations like select, project and rename and binary operations like join, union, intersection, difference and cartesian product.
This document discusses the relational model and relational database concepts. It covers domains and relations, relational keys like primary keys, foreign keys, and candidate keys. It also discusses relational algebra operations like selection, projection, join, and set operations. Relational calculus is introduced. The SQL language components of DDL, DML, and DCL are mentioned for data definition, manipulation, and control. Key concepts like views, nested tables, and correlated subqueries are also summarized briefly.
1. C++ arrays allow storing multiple values of the same type in contiguous memory locations accessed via an index. Multidimensional arrays can store arrays of arrays.
2. Pointers store the address of other variables in memory. Pointer variables can be initialized with the address of another variable using the & operator and dereferenced using *.
3. Classes in C++ are user-defined data types that can contain data members and member functions. Class objects can be declared to access members.
This document provides an introduction to object oriented programming concepts in C++. It covers key topics such as classes, objects, data members, methods, inheritance, constructors, destructors, static variables, function overloading, access specifiers, and abstract classes. The document contains 31 multiple choice questions to test understanding of these fundamental OOP concepts when programming in C++.
This document provides an introduction to an object oriented programming course in C++. The course objectives are to provide fundamentals of OOP using C++, covering topics like syntax, semantics, loops, decisions, functions, classes, inheritance, files and streams. The course is divided into 5 modules covering these concepts. It also describes the examination scheme which includes internal assessment based on assignments, lab work, and an external exam evaluating programming skills and viva.
This document provides information about a C++ course for the second semester. It includes the course name "B Sc IT", subject name "C++", and semester "II".
The document discusses the IOstream library in C++. It provides 3 key points:
1) The IOstream library provides input and output functionality using streams and includes classes like ostream for output and istream for input that inherit from ios_base and ios.
2) File handling in C++ uses classes like ofstream for output files, ifstream for input files, and fstream for both. These classes inherit from ostream and istream.
3) The open() member function is used to associate a file stream object like ofstream to an actual file. It takes a filename and optional mode flags to open the file.
The document provides an overview of various C++ concepts including control statements, functions, scope, storage classes, and more. It defines concepts like break, continue, switch, and goto statements. It describes function definitions, prototypes, parameters, return types, and how to call functions. It discusses global and local scope, and how the scope operator can access global variables from local scope. It also outlines the different storage classes in C++ including auto, register, extern, and static.