The document discusses how small changes or variations can lead to big effects, using examples from nature like singing sand and opal. Singing sand produces sound when wind passes over the grains, which occurs when the grains are a certain size and humidity. Opal refracts light of different colors due to the ordered structure of its silica spheres. The document suggests organizations look for small variations that could impact performance, as these may reside in the long tail and be overlooked by competitors. It recommends a trial-and-error approach to experimentation to find variations that make efforts more effective.