The document discusses the budget process in the Philippines government. It begins with the origins and definitions of the terms related to budgets. It then outlines the four main phases of budget management: preparation, legislation, execution, and accountability. In the preparation phase, government agencies submit proposed budgets to be reviewed and consolidated into the President's Budget. This is then submitted to Congress for legislation and approval as the General Appropriations Act. In the execution phase, funds are released and spent to implement programs. The accountability phase involves monitoring and evaluation of budget usage.

1. For the subject: FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN
GOVERNMENT
STEPHANIE A. GRANATIN - Discussant

2.  Budget
 BOWGETTE (Middle English Word)
 BOUGET (Middle French Word)
leather bag
 Used by King’s Treasurer
(Exheguer) to carry documents
explaining the King’s fiscal
needs
 BULGA (Latin) A bag or purse

3.  According to Prof. Philip E. Taylor, An American
Economist has tendered the following
understanding of the term BUDGET.
 The Budget is the master plan of government. It
brings together estimates of anticipated revenues
and proposed expenditures, implying the
schedule of activities to be undertaken and the
means of financing those activities. In the
budget, fiscal policies are coordinated, and only
in the budget can a more unified view of the
financial direction which the government is going
to be observed.

4.  It is a financial plan to pursue priority
programs & projects of the government in
line with its economic growth & human
development thrusts. (E.O. 292, s. 1997.
Book VI, Chapter 2, Sec. 4)
 It is an instrument for good governance, as
government agencies are accountable for the
delivery of measurable results through their
respective budgets.

5.  The financial blueprint of the country’s
development plan.
◦ To ensure that the public resources are managed
more efficiently and with the greatest degree of
discipline
◦ Under the Aquino Administration, it seeks to
bring the budget closer to the people, by
channeling resources on programs that accelerate
economic growth, but more importantly, to re-
directs funds to programs that would be
responsive to the needs of the people especially
those in regions beset by poverty

6.  To ensure that public resources are managed
more efficiently and with the greatest degree of
discipline.
 Under the Aquino administration, it seeks to
bring the budget closer to the people, by
channeling resources on programs that
accelerate economic growth, but more
importantly, to re-directs funds to programs that
would be responsive to the needs of the people
especially those in regions beset by poverty.

7.  Section 22, Article VII of the 1987 Constitution sets the tone for the
budgetary process.
 The procedure in the preparation of the national budget is
regulated by law. On or before October 20 of each year, each
department secretary submits to Department of Budget the
estimated income and expenditures of the bureaus and
offices under his department for the next fiscal year.
 Upon receipt of all budget estimates of income and
expenditures, the Department of Budget and Management
prepares the national budget.
 Prior to this, however, the Budget secretary can investigate,
revise, examine, assemble, coordinate, and reduce or
increase the budget estimates of the different departments,
bureaus and offices of the government.

8.  After preparing the budget, the Budget secretary submits it to
the President, who in turn submits it to Congress within 30
days before the opening of the regular session.
 The 1987 Constitution specifically provides that the President
"shall submit to the Congress within thirty days from the
opening of every regular session, as the basis of the general
appropriations bill, budget of expenditures and sources of
financing, including receipts from existing and proposed
revenue measures" ( Sec. 22, Art. VI). Congress uses the
budget submitted by the president as the basis for the annual
appropriation.
 According to the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Congress "may
not increase the appropriation recommended by the President
for the operation of the Government as specified in the
budget" (Sec. 25(1), Art. VI).

9.  Section 21, Article VI, which states that all
appropriations, revenue or tarriff bills increase of
the public debt, bills of local application and
private bills shall originate in the House of
Representatives, but the Senate may propose or
concur with amendments
 Section 25 (1), Article VI states that the Congress
may not increase the appropriations
recommended by the President for the operation
of the government as specified in the budget.
The form, content, and manner of preparation of
the budget shall be prescribe by law.

10.  Section 25 (2), Article VI states that no provision
or enactment shall be embraced in the General
Appropriations Bill unless it relates specifically to
some particular appropriation therein. Any such
provision or enactment shall be limited in its
operation or enactment shall be limited in its
operation to the appropriations to which it
relates
 Section 25 (4) Article VI: “A special appropriations
bill shall specify the purpose for which it is
intended, and shall be supported by funds
actually available as certified by the National
Treasurer, or to be raised by a corresponding
revenue proposal therein.”

11.  Section 25 (5), Article VI: “No law shall be passed
authorizing any transfer of appropriations, however, the
President, President of the Senate, Speaker of the House of
Representatives, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and
the Heads of the Constitutional Commissions may, by law,
be authorized to augment any item in the general
appropriations law for their respective offices from savings
in other items of their respective appropriations.
 Section 25 (7), Article VI: “If by the end of the fiscal year,
the Congress shall have failed to pass the General
Appropriation Bill for the ensuing fiscal year, the General
Appropriations Law for the preceding fiscal year shall be
deemed re-enacted and shall remain in force and effect
until the General Appropriations Bill is passed by the
Congress.

12. Agency Program will be supportive of the
identified priority areas which include the
following:
 Modernization of the agricultural sector to
augment farmer income, bolster production
and attain food security
 Improvement of the quality of basic social
services like health and sanitation, nutrition,
education, social welfare and housing

13.  Acceleration of countryside infrastructure
development.
 Enhancement of global competitiveness
through liberalization, deregulation and
privatization.
 Provision for the macroeconomic stability by
instilling fiscal discipline, prudent
government spending and efficient revenue
generation.
 Reform in governance to make it responsive
to the current domestic and global
environment.

15.  There are four phases in managing the National Budget:
 Budget Preparation
 Budget Legislation
 Budget Execution
 Budget Accountability
 During the preparation phase, the Executive prepares the
proposed National Budget. This is followed by the legislation
phase where the Congress authorizes the General
Appropriations Act. In the execution phase, agencies utilize
their approved budgets and during the accountability phase,
the executive monitors and evaluates the use of the budget.

16. PREPARATION
LEGISLATION
EXECUTION
ACCOUNTABILITY

17. DBCC sets
parameters
Budget
Call
Stakeholders
Consultation
Agency
Budget
Proposals
Technical
Budget
Hearings
Executive
Review
Consolidation,
Validation &
Confirmation
Presentation
To President
& Cabinet
The
President’s
Budget

18.  At the beginning of the budget preparation year, the
Department of Budget and Management (DBM) issues
the National Budget Call to all agencies (including state
universities and colleges) and a separate Corporate
Budget Call to all GOCCs and GFIs.
 The Budget Call contains budget parameters (including
macroeconomic and fiscal targets and agency budget
ceilings) as set beforehand by the Development Budget
Coordination Committee (DBCC); and policy guidelines
and procedures in the preparation and submission of
agency budget proposals.

20.  A new feature in budget preparations which seeks to increase
citizen participation in the budget process, departments and
agencies are tasked to partner with civil society organizations
(CSOs) and other citizen-stakeholders as they prepare their
agency budget proposals.
 This new process, which was piloted in the preparation of the
2012 National Budget, is now being expanded towards
institutionalization.

21. ORIGINAL SET (Piloted in 2012) NEW SET (Starting 2013)
Department of Health
Department of Education
Department of Social Welfare and
Development
Department of Public Works and Highways
Department of Agriculture
Department of Agrarian Reform
National Food Authority
National Housing Authority
National Home Mortgage and Finance Corp.
Department of Tourism
Department of Transportation and
Communication
Department of Interior and Local
Government
Department of Justice
Department of Labor and
Employment
Department of Environment and
Natural Resources
Light Rail Transit Authority
National Electrification
Administration
National Irrigation Administration
Departments & GOCCs mandated to conduct consultations
Note: All other departments and agencies are highly encouraged to undertake the process.

22.  For the first time in history, the National Budget for 2013 will
be prepared using a breakthrough “bottom-up” approach. As
opposed to the conventional way of allocating resources from
top to bottom, grassroots communities will be engaged in
designing the National Budget.
 The Aquino government, through the Cabinet Cluster on
Human Development and Poverty Reduction, has identified
300 to 400 of the poorest municipalities and will engage these
in crafting community-level poverty reduction and
empowerment plans. This initial salvo of “bottom-up”
budgeting will focus on rural development programs and the
conditional cash transfer program, and will thus involve DA,
DAR, DENR, DSWD, DepEd and DoH. These agencies will
then include the community plans in their proposed budgets.

23.  These are conducted after departments
and agencies submit their Agency Budget
Proposals to the DBM. Here, agencies
defend their proposed budgets before a
technical panel of DBM, based on
performance indicators on output targets
and absorptive capacity. DBM bureaus
then review the agency proposals and
prepare recommendations.

24.  The recommendations are presented before an
Executive Review Board which is composed of the DBM
Secretary and senior officials.
 Deliberations here entail a careful prioritization of
programs and corresponding support, vis-à-vis the
priority agenda of the national government.
 Implementation issues are also discussed and resolved.

25.  DBM then consolidates the recommended agency
budgets and recommendations into a National
Expenditure Program and a Budget of Expenditures and
Sources of Financing (BESF).
 As part of the consolidating process, the deliberations by
the DBCC will determine the agency and sectoral
allocation of the approved total expenditure ceiling, in
line with the macroeconomic and fiscal program. Heads
of major departments are invited to this meeting.

26.  The proposed budget is presented by
DBM, together with the DBCC, to the
President and Cabinet for further
refinements or reprioritization. After the
President and Cabinet approve the
proposed National Expenditure Plan, the
DBM prepares and finalizes the budget
documents to be submitted to Congress.

27.  The budget preparation phase ends with
the submission of the proposed national
budget — the “President’s Budget” — to
Congress.
 The President’s Budget consists of the
following documents, which help
legislators analyze the contents of the
proposed budget:

28.  President’s Budget Message (PBM)
This is where the President explains the policy framework and priorities in the budget.
 Budget of Expenditures and Sources of Financing (BESF)
Mandated by the Constitution, this contains the macroeconomic assumptions, public
sector context (including overviews of LGU and GOCC financial positions),
breakdown of the expenditures and funding sources for the fiscal year and the two
previous years.
 National Expenditure Program (NEP)
This contains the details of spending for each department and agency by program,
activity or project, and is submitted in the form of a proposed General Appropriations
Act.
 Details of Selected Programs and Projects
This contains a more detailed disaggregation of key programs, projects and activities
in the NEP, especially those in line with the national government’s development plan.
 Staffing Summary
This contains a summary of the staffing complement of each department and agency,
including number of positions and amounts allocated for the same.

29. Submission of
Budget
To Congress
HOUSE
DELIBERATIONS
- Appropriations of
Comm. Hearings
- Plenary Deliberations
- Approval of GAB
SENATE
DELIBERATIONS
- Finance Comm.
Hearing
- Plenary Deliberations
- Approval of Senate
GAB
Bicameral
Conference
Committee
Ratification of
Harmonized
Version of GAB
Veto and
Enactment of
GAA
Reenactment
(Partial or Full)
Alternatively called the “Budget Authorization phase,” this starts upon
the House Speaker’s receipt of the President’s Budget and ends with the
President’s enactment of the General Appropriations Act.

30.  The House of Representatives, in plenary, assigns the President’s
Budget to the House Appropriations Committee. The Committee and
its Sub-Committees then schedule and conduct hearings on the
budgets of the departments and agencies and scrutinize their
respective programs and projects. It then crafts the General
Appropriations Bill (GAB).
 In plenary session, the GAB is sponsored, presented and defended
by the Appropriations Committee and Sub-Committee Chairmen. As
in all other laws, the GAB is approved on Second and Third Reading
before transmission to the Senate. (Note: In the First Reading, the
President’s Budget is assigned to the Appropriations Committee.)

31.  As in the House process, the Senate conducts its own
committee hearings and plenary deliberations on the GAB.
Budget deliberations in the Senate formally start after the
House of Representatives transmits the GAB. For
expediency, however, the Senate Finance Committee and
Sub-Committees usually start hearings on the GAB even as
House deliberations are ongoing.
 The Committee submits its proposed amendments to the
GAB to plenary only after it has been formally transmitted by
the House.

32.  Once both Houses of Congress have finished their
deliberations, they will each constitute a panel to the
Bicameral Conference Committee. This committee will
then discuss and harmonize the conflicting provisions of
the House and Senate Versions of the GAB. A
Harmonized Version of the GAB is thus produced.

33.  The Harmonized or “Bicameral” Version is then
submitted to both Houses, which will then voted to ratify
the final GAB for submission to the President. Once
submitted to the President for his approval, the GAB is
considered enrolled.

34.  The President and DBM then review the GAB and
prepare a Veto Message, where budget items subjected
to direct veto or conditional implementation are
identified, and where general observations are made.
Under the Constitution, the GAB is the only legislative
measure where the President can impose a line-veto (in
all other cases, a law is either approved or vetoed in
full).

35.  When the GAA is not enacted before the fiscal year starts, the
previous year’s GAA is automatically reenacted. This means
that agency budgets for programs, activities and projects
remain the same. Funding for programs or projects that have
already been terminated is realigned for other expenditures.
Because reenactments are tedious and prone to abuse, the
Aquino Administration—with the support of Congress—has
committed to ensure the timely enactment of a new GAA
every year.

36.  This is where the people’s money is actually
spent. As soon as the GAA is enacted, the
government can implement its priority programs
and projects.

37.  The budget execution phase begins with DBM’s
issuance of guidelines on the release and
utilization of funds.

38.  Agencies are required to submit their BEDs at the start
of budget execution. These documents outline agency
plans and performance targets. These BEDs include the
physical and financial plan, monthly cash program,
estimate of monthly income, and list of obligations that
are not yet due and demandable.

39.  To ensure that releases fit the approved Fiscal Program, the DBM
prepares an Allotment Release Program (ARP) to set a limit for
allotments issued to an agency and on the aggregate.
 The ARP of each agency corresponds to the total amount of the
agency-specific budget under the GAA, as well as Automatic
Appropriations. A Cash Release Program (CRP) is also formulated
alongside that to set a guide for disbursement levels for the year
and for every month.

40.  Allotments, which authorize
an agency to enter into an
obligation, are either released
by DBM to all agencies
comprehensively through the
Agency Budget Matrix
(ABM) and individually via
Special Allotment Release
Orders (SAROs).

41.  Agency Budget Matrix (ABM)
 This document disaggregates
all programmed appropriations
for each agency into two main
expenditure categories: “not
needing clearance” and
“needing clearance.”
 The ABM is the comprehensive
allotment release document for
appropriations which do not
need clearance, or those which
have already been itemized
and fleshed out in the GAA.

42.  Allotment Release
Orders (SAROs)
 Items identified as “needing
clearance” are those which
require the approval of the
DBM or the President, as the
case may be (for instance,
lump sum funds and
confidential and intelligence
funds).
 For such items, an agency
needs to submit a Special
Budget Request to the DBM
with supporting documents.
Once approved, a SARO is
issued.

43.  In implementing programs, activities
and projects, agencies incur
liabilities on behalf of the
government. Obligations are
liabilities legally incurred, which
the government will pay for.
 There are various ways that an
agency “obligates:” for example,
when it hires staff (an obligation to
pay salaries), receives billings for
the use of utilities, or enters into a
contract with an entity for the supply
of goods or services.

44.  The Aquino Administration plans to design the annual General
Appropriations Act as the comprehensive allotment release
document itself. This is being pursued in order to significantly
speed-up the process of releasing the Budget and
implementing the programs and projects that it funds.
 The 2013 National Budget, is designed in such way. This
entails the disaggregation of all budget items into full detail,
as well as the elimination of all lump-sum funds, save for a
few exceptions such as the Calamity Fund. In other words,
this reform significantly reduces the need for SAROs.

45.  To authorize an agency to pay
the obligations it incurs, DBM
issues a disbursement
authority.
 Most of the time, it takes the
form of a Notice of Cash
Allocation (NCA); and in
special cases, the Non-Cash
Availment Authority (NCAA)
and Cash Disbursement
Ceiling (CDC).

46.  Notice of Cash Allocation (NCA)
 This is a cash authority issued
periodically by the DBM to the operating
units of agencies to cover their cash
requirements.
 The NCA specifies the maximum
amount of cash that can be withdrawn
from a government servicing bank for
the period indicated.
 The release of NCAs by DBM is based
on an agency’s submission of its
Monthly Cash Program and other
required documents.

47.  Others Disbursement Authorities.
 In contrast to NCAs, Non-Cash
Availment Authority (NCAA) are
issued to authorize non-cash
disbursements.
 Cash Disbursement Ceiling (CDC)
are meanwhile issued to departments
with overseas operations, allowing
them to use income collected by their
foreign posts for their operating
requirements.

48.  This is the final step of the budget execution phase, where
government monies are actually spent. The Modified
Disbursement Scheme is mostly used, where
disbursements of national government agencies
chargeable against the Treasury are made through
government servicing banks, such as the Land Bank of
the Philippines.
 The budget process, of course, does not end when
government agencies spend public funds: each and every
peso must be accounted for to ensure that is used
properly, contributing to the achievement of socio-
economic goals.

49.  This phase happens alongside the Budget
Execution phase.
 Through Budget Accountability, the DBM
monitors the efficiency of fund utilization,
assesses agency performance and provides a
vital basis for reforms and new policies.

50.  Agencies are held accountable not only for
how these use public funds ethically, but
also on how these attain performance
targets and outcomes using available
resources.
 These performance measures are set
alongside the preparation of the National
Budget; and these are indicated in the
OPIF Book of Outputs.
 Prior to the execution of the enacted
National Budget, these performance
targets are firmed up during the
preparation of BEDs.

51.  Submitted by agencies on a
monthly and quarterly basis, BARs
are required reports that show how
agencies used their funds and
identify their corresponding physical
accomplishments.
 These include quarterly physical
and financial reports of operations;
quarterly income reports, a monthly
statement of allotments, obligations
and balances; and monthly report of
disbursements.

52. • Starting 2012, the DBM will be withholding certain fund
releases to agencies if these fail to submit their Budget
Accountability Reports. In particular, these will be funds from
the Miscellaneous Personnel Benefits Fund (MPBF) for
compensation adjustments under the Salary Standardization
Law, provisions for unfilled positions and employee clothing
allowances.
• These funds to be withheld are only limited to agencies’
MPBF allotments so that only the agencies are penalized and
that the implementation of critical programs and projects will
not be disrupted. Errant and compliant agencies will also be
posted online for public scrutiny.

53.  The DBM regularly reviews the financial and
physical performance of agencies. Actual
utilization of funds and physical
accomplishments, as indicated in the
agencies’ BARs, are evaluated against their
targets as identified via OPIF and in the
agencies’ BEDs. Agency Performance
Reviews (APRs) are conducted quarterly or
every semester, as the case may be.
 An annual Budget Performance Assessment
Review (BPAR) is conducted to determine
each agency’s accomplishments and
performance by the year-end. The DBM
regularly reports results to the President.

54.  Auditing is not within the DBM’s
jurisdiction, and is instead lodged
under the Commission on Audit
(COA). Nonetheless, auditing is critical
in ensuring agency accountability in
the use of public funds.
 The DBM uses COA’s audit reports in
confirming agency performance,
determining budgetary levels for
agencies and addressing issues in
fund usage.