Bricks intensive reading 3 pt.2

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the snowcausedby u+ avalanche?

',r avalanche
r,, trigger
, , vibration
,. aCCOUnt for
descend
humidity
gradation
variance
residual
facet
cascade
inverted
slab
fortified
cohesive
velocity
steepness
leeward
crucial
n. a fall or slide of a large inass of snow, ice, or rock down a mountainside
v. to start or initiate -syn. activate, cause
n. a shaking or quivering nrotion or movement
idiom. to be responsible or the cause for -syn. bring about, result in
,: to move from a higher place to a lower place *ant. ascend
n. a condition of wetness or dampness of the air -qyn. moistness
/r. a process or change thror"rgh a number of degrees or levels
,r. a state of being different or able to change -syn.variation
rl acqumulated adj. being built up or prled -syn. gathered, collected
adj.beingthe leftover or characteristic of something that remains -syn.lingering
n. a smooth, flat surface
rr falling or flowing of something -e.g,wate:1:all,
adj.beingplaced or positioned so that the top and bottom are reversed
-s7n. upside-down
n. aflat, tliick, solid piece of something -e.g. stone
adj.b'eingincreased in strength or power -s7n. strengthened, toughened
adj. sticking or staying together -syn. unified
,?. a measlrrement of a distance travelled per unit of time -syn. speed
n. the state or degree of a decline or incline of something -q7n gradient
adj. movingtoward the direction in which the wind is blowing -ant.windward
adj.l>eing important, severe, or dangerons -syn. critical
30

Complete lhe sentences using lhe words in the box with the appropriate lorm.
avalanche
trigger
descend
gradation
vartance
accumulated
residual
inverted
fortified
ieelvard
4-
L Hundreds of people were made homeless by the flood, and many residents were still
lvorried about its effects.
l. The army constructed the fort with massive walls and a heavily
gateway.
swept Cown a major summit in the Mont Blanc range"
We started a bonfire on the
being blown out.
side of the hillto keeP it from
-;. The government is trying to discover new ways of lolt'ering income tax rates rn
depending on the tax basis.
6. Nearly 50 people rvere kilied in the landslide by the heavy
rainfail.
The
this area.
S.
q
grou'n in
The skier
through the flags with ease.
in season temperatures affect the quality of the crops
down the slope at maximum speed, zigzaggtng
paper on my desk, there is no
Because of the amount of
space for me to #ork.
10. There are various reasons why bats choose to iive an
lifestyle.
rJrite the appr0priate word in the blanks using the synonym Glues'
l. speed:
L unified:
-3. bring about, result in:
31

WhenSnowslides
ffiffiffi
Taking Notes
While reading, note the factors that bring about an
avalanche.
Mfing a Chart
While reading, make a chart of the differences between a
sluff and slab avalanche.
An avalanche is the sudden sliding or movement of alarge atea
of earth down a mountain. It consists of a mixture of materials, such
as snow, ice, rock, and soil. Avaianches are usually triggered by changes
in temperature, sound vibrations, or vibrations in the earth. The size
and force of most avalanches pose serior:s dangers for both life and .'
property and account for many iives lost each year.
In order to understand hotv avalanches occur, it is important to
understand the properties of snow that enable tons of snow to descend
down a mountainside. f'he most important of the properties is the
shape of the snow crystals. Depending on humidity, temperatllre, or
other atmospheric conditions, snow crystals can aPPear in many dif-
ferent shapes. The most common shape, and the one that creates the
most stable snow layer, is the hexagon. However, the shape of a snow
crystal can change due to ternperature gradation, or variances in tem-
perature, within an accumulated amount of snow or snowpack. Snow
crystals that are closer to the grouud's residual heat form facets, or
rounded areas, which reduce a snow crystal's abiliry to form a strong
layer- Heavily faceted crystals,located deep in the snowpack, make the
snow highly unstable, leading to avalanches.
10
'15

Weak layers of snow directly lead to an avalanche. If the weak
,-.:r is located near the top of the surface, it can cause a sluff, or a
:rt cascade of loose, powdery snow that forms an inverted V-shape
,, i: moves down a mountain. If the weak layer of snow is located deep-
,- -.'ithin the snolvpack, it can cause a far more dangerous avalanche
.--,-rivri as a slz,b avalanchJ. In this tlpe of avalanche, a fortified and
- - resive layer of snow rrakes up the avalanche, whose strength
-.pends on properties of the slab and the depth of the weak layer.
: -,bs that contain wet or moist snow will generally move at slower
..rcities but will impact objects with a greater force than other slabs.
.:,rth-$-
-' i:
..r ',
. :.
lt
25
33

Lastly, an avalanche needs a certain steepness to a slope to be
able to occur as well as a trigger to set it off. Avalanches usually occLrr
on slopes that are between 25 and 60 degrees to the ground. Slopes
that are less than 25 degrees are not steep enough for an avalanche.
Slopes beyond 60 degrees generally only have sluff avalanchei because
there is no opportunity for a slab avalanche to develop. Most avalanch-
es occur on mountainsides with 35 degree slopes. They also take place
on leeward slopes that are facing against the winds direction"
Although factors, such as the snow crystal shape, depth of the
failure layer, and slope steepness, are all crucial comPonents that can
bring about an avalanche, what an avalanche stili needs is a catalyst to
get it a1l going. Surprisingly, most avalanches are triggered not by
nature but by humans who also end up becoming victims by getting
caught in the path of an avalanche.
ffiffi
1'slab avalanche an avalanche that occurs rvhen stronger snorv overlies weaker snolv
'sluff avalanche an avalanche of loose snow dorvn a Ilountainside
35
40

E
EC
tf
I
--Je cr False
Write T if statements are true or F il statements are lalse according to the passage.
1.
).
4.
5.
Avalancires consist of only snorv and ice.
Avalanches can occllr and develop on any degrees of slopes.
A sluff avalanche is less dangerous than a slab avalar-rche.
Vibration in temperature causes the shape of a snow crystal to change.
The stronger the layer of snorv is, the more dangerous ihe avalanche will
become.
: "':rcn5im & Relerence
Choose the best answers.
1 The word "properties" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to
a. houses
b. belongings
c. attributes
d- securities
-t
The word "unstatrle" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to
a. changeable
b. reversible
c. shaky
d. unsteady
The word "irnpact" in the third paragraph is ciosest in meaning to
a. connect
b. compact
c. influence
d. bump
The word "it" itr the fifth paragraph refers to
a. an avalanche
b. a trigger
c. a factor
d. the failure layer
,).
+.
35

Insight & UnderstanrJing
1' which of the following is NoT mentioned as a calrse of an avalanche?
a. changes in temperature
b. sound yibrations
c. mankind
d. lightning
2- According to the passage, rvhich of the folowing can affect the shape of snow
crystals?
a. amount of snou.fall
b. angle of mountain slope
c. weather condition.s
d. height of a mountain
3' According to the second paragraph, what is the best ,vay to understand how
ayalanches occur?
a. sampling difference cases in which avajanches occurred
b. measuring tlie speed of snow falling fiom the sky
c' studfng the different types of snow crystals and their af,Fects on avalanches
' d. measuring different wind speeds and their effects on avaranches
What i, th" *oi, idea of the thirci paragraph?
a. Weak layers of snow affect the occurrence of avalanches.
b' Slab avalanches cause bigger probrems than sluffavaranches.
c. To u,derstand how avalanches occ,rr, it is iinportant to ,nderstancl the
properties of snow.
d' Avalanches need a slope that is betrveen 25 and,60 degrees to occur.

5. Vl4rich of the foilowing is NOT a major factor for causing avalanches?
a. amount of snow
b. shape ofsnow
c. position of the weak laYer
d. slope steePness
Why is an avalanche more dangerous when it is caused by a weak layer of snow
located deeper within the snowpack?
a. because it is hard to notice the beginning of the avzLlanche
b. because a more fortified and cohesir-e layer of snow makes up the avalanche
c. because it usually makes an inverted V-shape crevice
d. because it runs down on the slop faster
7. What is the best angle a slope should have in order for avalanches to occur?
a . a 20 degrce sloPe
b. a 65 degree sloPe
c. a 35 degree sloPe
d. a 90 degree sloPe
What topic can 6e added after the last paragraph?
a. Human causes that trigger avalanches
b. The direction of wind that causes avalanches
c . The erperiences of people who survived avalanches
d. Countries where avalanches frequently occur
37

Writing & Paraphrasing
Answer the lollowing questions with complete sentences.
l. What substinces are consisted in avalanches?
How does the difference in the shape of snow crystals cause avalanches?
3. What are the characteristics of a sluff avalanche?
What are the cha,racteristics of a slab avalanche?
5. In reiation to the wind, -where do rnost avalanches take place on the mounlain?

Summary
Summarize the passage in your own words.
:-::-i YS be a,'r.,u},: to vs ci:t-i,]ili
"can" is used to describe both ability and probability and can be replaced by "be able
to.' But when used in the past tense, "could" and "was/were able to" are r-rsed differently;
"'could" is used in a general situation which could have occurred at any time because
:.rmeone has potential ability. However, "was/were able to" is used to describe a special
ability for a particular situation-
[hoose the best appropriate word in the parentheses as shown in the example.
:.,- It ( is able to / can ) cause a far more dangerous avalanche known as a slab avalanche.
A young boy fell into the river, but fortunately we ('rvere able to / could) rescue him.
n. Don't forget that accidents (can / are able to) happer,.
able to) beat anYbodY.
,1. lv{s. Baker did not want to get involved r,vith the current project at first, but rny boss
(could / was able to) to persuade her'.
39

'.,:,:i:.r:r.1.:
r::r:li::.r:
hemisphere
biome
habitat
inhospitable
stretch
coniferous
thrive
hibernate
adapted
layer
plain
permafrost
nutrient
scarce
scavenge
adjacent
shrub
patch
cluster
n. a ha-lf of the Earth, either Northern or Southern by the equator, or Eastern or
Western divided by a meridian
n. an arear,vhere different plant and animal species survive under different climatic
conditions -e.g. tundra, desert, prairie
n. a natural environment lvhere people or living things are found
adj.hadngunfavorable conditions for getling food, sheiter, or water
-syn. desolate, harsh
z to spread or widen over an area or place -s7n. ertend
adj. relattngto or being part of trees or shrr-rbs that bear cones and evergreen ieaves
v. to do well, develop, or multiply -s7n. flourish
v. to sleep or rest in seclusion dr-rring the rviltcr months
adj.betng changed or improved to better fit an environnent or situation
-s7n. adjusted
n. a covering of thickness that a body or surface
n. a large, relatively flat, and usually treeless area of land -syn. prairie
n, an area of iand that has been frozen for rwo or more years
n. a chemical, inorganic, or organic substance, essential for life or living
adj.beroghard to find or rare -syn. insufEcient, few
z to take or remove fiom discarded material
adj.l>eingnear or conuected to something -syn. bordering
n, a plant smaller than a tree, usually hal'ing many stems growing {iom or near the
ground -s7n. bush
n. a small area of land, especially one which has a specific group of plants growing
?. to conle or grow ciosely together in the same arca -syn. bunch, group, gather
40

Comptete the sentences using the words in the box with the appropriate lorm.
hemisphere cluster Plain
stretch hibernate inhosPitable
scarce
scavenge
permafrost
adjacent
of the highest
l. A hole is drilled 60 meters deep into the
mountain to keep an eye on climate change-
The Earth is divided into the Northern and Southern
the equator
-r. Ve have been forced to for food in garbage dumpsters
because we cannot afford to buy food.
The ranks of Anrericas wealthy are beginning to
and reshape American sociefY.
together
!" Bears are prowling around neighborhoods as they are unable to
-
due to the unseasonable weather.
People gasped at the r.iew of the broad
t-trey looked on fiom the rnountaintop-
The forests which for hundreds of miles are a source of
pride in our towr.
Because the resort was firlly booked, we stayed in a 1og cabin
to it.
To protect the inc.eusinglY native grasslands from
;evelopment, the local government declared thetn natural preservations'
- group of scientists will attempt to tlavel across the South Pole, the coldest and
rnost continent, to collecr samples of unidentified species'
tnile the appropriate word in the blanks using the synonym clues.
iourish:
.aiusted:
::sh:
by
in amazernent as

Alhere It NeverMelts
I
I
ffi?mfrBwffi
Comparing & Contrasting
Find differences of the taiga and tle tundra to
understand the rrvo regions.
Focusing on Specific Information
Find information about the transition zone that exists
between the taiga and the tundra.
In the Northern Hemisphere, there are trvo areas that separate
lhe Polar regions of the north from the warmer regions of the south.
These biomes are naturar habitats knolvn as the taiga and the tundra.
These two regions are both very cold and inhospitabre for most peo-
ple, but for organisms capabre of surviving the extreme concritions. s
these habitats are the places they cail home. The further north one
goes to look for life, the less likeiy one is to find it. IJut even in the
harshest and most desolate places on Earth, some iife can stil be
The taiga is the worrd's rargest biome and is named after the 10
Russian word meaning "f,orest] The taiga stretches across siberia,
Alaska, canada, and parts of Northern Europe. Througho,t the
world, the taiga looks nearly the same. It is a large belt of coniferous
trees like the fii, pine, and sprucJ. the animals that are able to thri,,-e
in the taiga are ones that ca, resist the extreme cord and store large
amounts of energy as body fat. Another trait contributing to survivar
of the taiga species is the ability to hibernate through the coldest
months- An exampre of an animar that can thrive in the taiga is the
American black bear- The American black bear is weil acrapred to the
cold weather because of its multiple layers of fur. They are arso able to
i!! {i t:
:: ii

IJCIT
::, re enough caiories as body fat to keep them alive throughout win_
- -_1.
The tundra draws its na,re fi-om the Finnish word .,tunturil,
--jch means "treeless plaini' It is known for its efirerne and almost
:::=rt-like conditio,s. The tu,dra region is covered with permafiost
.-d;h is land frozen nearly all year. The ground r.emains frozenmost
. - ihe ,vear and melts partially in the summer. very little plant life
.i r-,v's in the tundra si,ce the temperatures are too coid and the soil
- -trients are scarce. For this reason, there are very few animals found
-- the tundra. Al example of an animal that is able to live in the harsh
- rditions of the tundra is the arctic fox, which has long fur that
--'rnges color with the seasons and is able to live by scavenging off of
.:=er hunters like the polar bear.
"?
43

Betlveen the taiga and the tundra, there is a transition zone
which is called the forest-tundra. The forest-tundra is an ecotond that
divides the area between hvo adjacent biornes and is the northern-
most point where tr:ees are able to grow. The forest-tundra can take
t',vo diffbrent forms.. The first is a v;icle area of ]oosely scattered trees
separated by some low-lying shrubs. The second is an area with
patches of trees clustered together, separated by wide and nearly
empfF spaces.
eiRN
*fi1 a cor.riferous trec characterized by its triangrrlar-style of gronth, flat need.les, and erect
cones
- spruce a coniferous tree characterize<1 by its drooping cones ancr soft wood
x ecotone the area betr'veen tlvo different piant env.ironrnents with its orvn characteristics
44
35
,{0

! -i,e 0r FalSe
Write T if statements are true or F if statements
1.
-)
{.
_;.
It is impossible to find any life in
are false according to the passage.
the harshesI environrner-rts in the
Northern Hemisphere.
The taiga covers the area of Siberia, Alaska, and parts of Northen'r Europe.
The ground of the tundra stays frozen for the majority of the year causing
plant life to be scarce.
The arctic fox is an example of atr animal that is able to live in the tundra.
The name "taiga" comes from the Russian word meaning "treeless plaini'
i
:,:cnym & Reference
l. The word "it" in the first paragraph refers to
a. north
b. taiga
c. life
d. tundra
l. The word "draws" in the third paragraph is closest in meatritrg to
a. acquires
b. illustrates
c. fills up
d. discovers
-1. The worri "scarie" in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to
a. demanded
b. abundant
c. rare
d. necessary
-1. The word "transition" in the fourth paragraph is closest in meaning to
a. cxchange
b. shift
c. empty
d. move
45

f= Irrsight & UrrcierslarrcJirrrt
L", Choose the best answers.
1. Which of the following is mentioned in the first paragraph?
a. the types of species that inhabit the Polar regions
b. the climate conditions of the taiga and tundra
c. the difference befiveen the taiga and tundra
d. the dimensions of the biomes
What is a commonality between the taiga and tundra?
a. The two regions are unsuitable for animals.
b. Both regions are made of frozen lands.
c. Pine trees can be found in the tlvo regions.
d. The two regions are uninhabitabie for most people.
Which of the tbllowing distingr-rishes befween the taiga and the rundra?
a. the period of rvinter season
b. thc shai:e of each region
c. the range of each region
d. the existence of trees
4. What is the correct order of the regions from the warmest to the coldest?
a. tundra ' -
taiga forest-tundra
b. forest-tundra tundra taiga
c. tundra forest-tundra taiga
d. taiga forest-tundra tundra
46

Which of the following is NOT a means of survival by taiga animais?
a. storing large amounts of energ,y
b. hibernating during the coldest months
c. living in holes dug by the animals
d. having fur made of many layers of hair
According to the passage, what is correct about the tundra?
a. The climate of the tundra is the coldest in the world.
b. The ground of the tundra is permanently frozen-
c - The soil is too infertile for trees to grow
d. It is one of the biggest ecotones in the Northern Hemisphere.
What is the best way the forest-tundra can be classified?
a. a place for animals to hibernate
b- an area that provides arrimals rvith sufficient food
c. a boundary between the land and the Arctic Sea
d. a boundary that separates the taiga and the tundra
8. What is the position of the forest-tundra in respect to other biomes?
a. It is the north€rnmost point '"r'here animals are able to live.
b. It is the northernmost point where crops are able to grow'
c. It is the area wheie permafrost begins.
d. It is the northernmost point u'here trees are able to grow.
7.
47

Writing & Paraphrasinq
Answer the following
l. How are animals
questions with complete senlences.
able to surwive in the taiga?
2. What species of trees can be found in the taiga?
Why are there not r.rrany plants growing in the tundra?
what are the meanings of the words "tund.ra" and "taiga,, and rvhat are their
origins?
What are the two forms of the forest-tunclra?

Summary
Summarize
I
l the passage in Your own words.
DonfusinE Words
scarce insufficient in quantitY
scare to frighten
nearly almost or not comPletelY
merely only, and nothing else or more
throughout in everypart of something
thorough ertremelY .u.efi-il
further more or additional
farther describes something distant in space
or time
partially in a certain degree(to some extent)
partly not completely but in part(referring to
a part or parts of somethilg)
Dircle the appropriate word t0 complete each sentence'
n. Please be patient and stay home until (farther / further) notice.
l. Water is very (scarce / scare) in our town because of the infectious disease.
l. He did not understand the concept of the book because he only (partially I parily)
participated in the editing.
4. I (merely / nearly) had an accident on my way home fiom work'
5. Nowadays, most companies and organizations (throughout / thorough) the world
conduct business using computers'
49

tsef ore Ysu $tudy
r opinions with your
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'-]:il :', ,t::.--.::,:,:
Have you ever had a conflictlrithin yourself? Did you ever lrant to do
something that you knew was not right? Why do some people struggle with
their inner conflicts?
,ffi "',t',tt.,,151
Are adults always right? What types of things do adults and children view
differently? Why do you think adults and children have such different
perspectives?

i':;.:,':::r!,:rr,:,
;:.,:<ijl-:: i:;r'
:r i::
adj. b eing lvell-known or celebrated -syn. famous
idiom. to put one's attention on something -syn. focus on
n. a special praise or acknowledgement for being the best -syn. award
adj.benggready sought after -syn. desired
n. an atea of land lvith little variation in elevation
adj. relatrng to the author's biography or his own life
n. a main character in a book, movie, play, etc.
idiom.to be annoyed or tired with someth *g -ryn.be sick of
adj.bebg,living, cr doing things alone -syn. isolated
,1. a state of being or having tvvo parts or characteristics
adj. relatingto animal characteristics, appetites, desires, etc. -ant- humanistic
n. a man wl'ro is not married -syn. single man
ad.i.having a problem, grear difficulry, or challen ge -syn. triclcy
adj. attracting a group of followers
rg an unusual, Lrnaccountable, or extraordinary event or occurrence
-syn. incident
n. the culture or lifesryle that opposes the traditional behaviors of sociery
-anf, mainstream culture
idiom. to be unhappy with or distrustfi.rl of -syn. be disappointed with
y, to choose or seiect -syn. accept,embrace
n. a person or thing that excites and influences the mind or feelings
- sy n. rr]otiv ation, encouragemen t
adj.beingset apart or separated frorn -syn. remote, solitary
adj. being highly praised or liked by many people
-s7n. farnous, acknowledged
counterculture
(be) disillusioned with
adopt
inspiration
isolated
acclaimed

Complete the sentences using the words in lhe box with the appropriate lorrn.
reno.w'ned
coveted
1. The
protagonist
solitary
duality problematic acclaimed
bachelor adopt (be) disillusionecl with
has been published worldwide as well as in the U.S.
2. She was repetitious work, so she decided to venture into a
new career.
3. Teenagers are easily influenced by pop stars and tend to
their viervs.
4. Winston Smith is a fictional character and the
Orwell's novel, Nineteen Eighty - Four.
5. The U.S. retailers expect this year's holiday shopping season to be
due to slower consumer spending.
6. In the auditorium, people are gathering to hear the r.vorld
pianist, Greg I lopper
7. I like hiking in the mountains because of its calm and
atmosphere.
novel, A Tlrcusand Splendid Stms,by Khaled Hosseini
of George
8. Norah |ones won five awards in total including the
of The Year Award.
The married man rfrorglr, about the clays back when he was a
of war and peace is a contradiction that has existed
since the history of mankind.
Album
9.
10.
Write the appropriate word in the blanks using the synonym clues.
1. remote, solitary:
2. be sick of:
3. focus on:
3.1

Herneann F{esse's Intermal
Conflict
Hermann Hesse was a renowned German poet and novelist. He
was born in 1877 in the town of Calw in southern Germany. Hesse
wrote many novels during his lifetime, concentrating on themes of
spirituality and Eastern religions, such as Hinduism. He was awarded
many accolades for his works, including the coveted Nobei Prtze for
Literature in I946. one of }{esse's most popular and well-read works
is a novel titled steppenwolf, a name derived fron-r the lonesome
wolves of the steppes, or flatlands. It was first published in 1927 and
has since become a classic in literature and is considered one of the
most famous literary works of the 20th century.
Steppenwolf is a novel that is partly autobiographical and partly
fictional. Hesse wrote the novel shortly after the breakup of his first
marriage, ayery dififrcult period in his life. For this reason, the novel
reflects on both the spiritual and personal
crises which he was going through at the
time of his writing. The main protagonist of
the story, Harry Haller, is a lonesome man
who is fed up with society and prefers to live
a solitary life. His life is changed, however,
when he meets a woman named Hermine,
ffimffiffi
Determining the Main Ideas of Hesse's Novel
While reading, determine what }lermarur Hesse's novel,
Stepp e nw olf, refl ected.
Thking Notes the Effect of Steppenwolf
Focus on and note how Steppenwolfaffected society.
til

- t introduces him to the pleasures of a sociai life, such as dancing
-
- music.
3 Orr. of the main themes, presented in Steppenwolf as well as
- :tany of Hesse's other works, is the duality(two natures) that exists
- ruman nature.
s Thir is portrayed in Hatry Haller, who is torn
:-.reerr his animalistic nature, represented by the wolf, and his iife as
. -.:ldle-class bachelor.
c Th. internal conflict is made rnore prob-
-- =ric when Harry meets Hermine and begins to enjoy different
- :,::ts of society.
e
-lthough stepperu,+tolf was written in the late 1920s, it would
- -e until the 1950s that it gained cult status, making it a national
. ,"
:---,,rrnefron. During that time, the younger generation of the
Ir:rculture Movement in the U.S., disillusioned with the tradi-
'l ;ulture, adopted the book as one of their guides. Hesse would
-t-rrrrrr€ot that many followers of this movement who claimed 3s
- -,ok was a source of inspiration grossly misunderstood it- He felt
:-rrnv of his readers focused on the difficulties and hardship of
--,in character but did not appreciate the character's journey into
t-
3B
55

However, despite the misunderstanding of Steppenwolf's true
essence, it is recognized by many readers as a literary classic. Even
high-profile public figures, such as Pope Benedict XVI who named
Steppenwotf one of his favorite novels, have spoken about the book.
According to the P,ope, Hesse's masterpiece ex?oses the problems of
an isolated and self-isolating human being. Even to this day, the high-
ly acclaim ed Steppenwolf continues to grow in popularity, crowning
Flermann Hesse as one of the most read German authors in the
world.
ffi
* Counterculture Movement(r960-1973) a movement thtrt began in thc u.s. as a
reactron against the con.senative government, social nornts of the 1950s, the political
conservatism of the Cold War period, and the U.S. government's extensive rnilitary
tension with Vietnam. Its adherents, mostly the young, rvhite middle class, tidopted a
lifestyle that ernbraced personal freedom'wlu1e rejecting tl.re prir.rciples of capitalism,
conformity, and repressive sexttal mores.
56
40
-rio11
4f,

fr
Itr
True or False
Write T if statements are true or F if statements are false according to the passage.
1. Hermann Hesse refused to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.
There are both autobiographical and fictional aspects in Steppentolf.
In Steppenwolf,Harry Hailer was able to resolve his personal problem
through his encounter with Hermine.
Steppenwolfwas appreciated worldwide when it was first published.
Steppenwolfwas ack:rowledged as an importarrt book by those involved
in the U.S. Counterculture Movement.
Synonym & Reference
l. The word "classic" in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to
a. Qpical
b. ideal
c. masterpiece
d. study
2. The word "fictional" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to
a. existing
b. imaginary
c. popular
d. worth
l. The word ".oofli.a" in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to
a. clash
b. bond
c. combination
d. agreement
+. The lvord "it" in the fourth paragraph refers to
a. Steppenwolf
b. a source
c. the U.S. Counterculture Movement
d. the younger generation
.,
3.
4.
5-
I
57

lrrsiglht & UrrrJerstaiidiitl,l
l. what them6(s) did Hermann Hesse mostly focus on in his writing?
a. unconditional love
b. social justice
c. Asian cuJture
d. spirituality and Eastern religions
2. How did Hermann Hesse come up with the titre, steppenworf?
a. It is one of Hesse's nicknames.
b. It is from a combination of an animal and its habitat_
c. It is fiom the traditional story of a werewolf,
d- It is from the name of the place where Hermann Hesse wrote steppenwolf.
According to the passage, rvhat is one main theme of steppenu,olf?
a. the importance of making an effort to protect endangerecl anirnals
b. the need for keeping in contact with society
c . the existence of trvo conflicting natures in people
d. the growing pains of becoming an adult
According to the passage, r,vhat was the main conflict within Harry Haller in
Steppenwolf? .
a. whether to love Hermine or not
b. whether to believe in Christianity or Hinduism
c - whether to be solitary and &ee or be connected to society
d. whether to support the German government or not
5B

_4. Where can the following sentence be inserted in the third paragraph?
in. -otf riac of hisnaturc vants to Lrc alone n,rJ fi"" f,ronr socieryi, ,,,1"s. but the other
side of his nature desires social contact.
a. (Ij:
D. c{!.
c. ''.$:l;
d.#
What can be inferred fiorn the passage?
a.}Jarry Haller's character in Steppenvolf isvery similar to its writer, Hermann
Hesse.
b. Hermann FIesse led the Counterculture Movement.
c. Hermann Hesse wrote the book to express the conflict he had with his ex-rvife's
social class.
d. Hermann Hesse did not have the least interest in the Counterculture lvlovement.
What two themes rvere used by Hennann Hesse in Steppenwof? Choose two
answers.
a. the strltggles of internal conflict
b. being reborn frorn religious belief
c. exploration of freedom
d. searching for the meaning of l-ruman exi'stence
Why clid Hermann Ilesse feel that many of his reaclers misunderstood Steppenwolf i
a. because his readers used his book only as a guide for the U.S. Counterculture
Movement
b. because his readers focused on ttnly the relationship between Henry and
Hermine
c - because his readers understood only the rnain character's personality disorder
d. because his readers appreciated only one aspect in his book
59

Answer the following questions with comprete sentences.
1. What is Hermann Hesse,s background?
2. lvhy is steppenwolfconsidered partly autobiographical and partly fictional?
3. How was H.arry Haller,s life changed after ineeting Hermine?
How is Steppenwoift populariry related to the Counterculture Movenrent of the
i960s?
5. What was the Pope's opinion in regards to Stepperu,volf?

E
Summary
l:ai-ilrsler PEr-iS
:,'ri:ig vs l,,rltiie
'-during' and "while" are used to describe the time lvhen something happens. However,
--during" is a preposition and "while" is a conjunction. Therefore,..during,, is followed by
3 noun or noun phrase, and "while" is followed by a clause or a participle phrase.
t
trile "during" 0r "while" t0 complete each sentence as shown in the example.
:t - Durin€i that time, the younger generation of the Counterculture Moyement in the
U.S., disillusioned with the traditional culture.
reading this article.
Christrnas break, what are you going to <Jo?
my stay at the hospital, the nurses and doctors took good care of me,
especially I r,vas in the intensive care unit.
voll are
61

C
preYalent
contrary
literary
extol
exploit
ordinary
transcendent
depict
innocence
puritf
ecstatic
from afar
utter
trailing
illustrate
admit
sibling
aclcnowledge
n, a sudden, important change in sonrething, such as art, culture, or government
-s7n. relbrmation
y. to make aware or to become active -syn. stir, arouse
adj.beingdominant or commonly accepted -syn. widespread
ad] opposite in ideas, attitudes, or reactions
adj. relattng to writers or literature
v. to higtrly praise or glorify
n. a heroic or brilliant action -,yn. feat, deed, achievement
adj. rtorntil. and not special -syn. usual, cornmon
adj. gttng beyond rvhat is normal or expected
1,. to portray or describe somethi,ng in lvords or pictures -s_,1,n. shorv, represent
n. the state of being fiee liom wrong, guilt" or crime -syn. goodness, virtue
a. the state of being free of sin or mcral lvrongness -slrr. pureness
adj. feebng or expressing great joy -s7n. thrilled
idiom. fiorn a long rvay or distance
^way
-syn. from a distarrce
adj.being great in eltent, degree, or amoLrnt -syn. absolute, total
ad7'. following. coming afterward, or coming behind
v, to explain or clarifi, thror.rgh the ttse of artlvork or writing -s7n. make ciear
y. to acknolviedge that something is real or tr:ue -syn. profess
n. one of rwo or more people rvho share the same parents
-ag. a brother, sister
y, to admit or recognize that sornething is true or exists
-s7n. perceive
l,:' I.
62

Complete the
revolution
arvaken
sentences using
prevalent
literary
the words in lhe box
exptoit
utter
with the appropriate form.
ecstatic sibiing
admit extol
1. Although he knew he made a terrible mistake, he could not
that he had failed.
2. The pop star's death caused by drug abuse helped
to the dangers of drugs.
3. The government would prefer gradual development as opPosed to an unexpected
lle was about his long awaited prornotion as a partner.
The media the people who had done so much to help the
Chinese who lost their families and homes from the Sichuan earthquake-
6. Bill Gates is admired by many CEOs of businesses from all over the world because
of his
7.
8-
9.
You should take preventive drugs for malaria rvhetl you travel to countries rvhere
the disease 1S
To the amazement <jf her family and friends, she
announced that she would
A young girl, car5Ying her
marry next month.
on her back, cries as she looks
for their Parents.
10. She was often told that she inherited her
mother, who was a best selling author'
Vrlrite the aPProPriate word
1. show, present:
2. from a distance:
3. perceive:
in the blanks using lhe synonym clues-
society
4.
5.
talent from her
63

A Poet of Childhood trnnocence
ffiffi
Underlining Wordsworth's Poetical Style
Focus on what was reflected in Wordsrvorth's works and
what ideology affected Wordsworth.
Appreciating the Poems
While reading, visualize lvhat Wordsworth's poems
illustrate.
@
Wi[iu* Wordsworth was a British poet famous for the poetry iroit
that he wrote during the Romantic era of English literature. a At the
turn of the 19m century, intellectuals and artists r^/ere greatly influ-
enced by the spirit of revolution that was awakening around the
worlcl. @
Revolutionary thinking was prevalent in Europe and this 5
was reflected in Wordsworths poetrl,. o His work was contrary to the
styles and themes popular with the literary eiites, intellectuals, and
artists, mostly concerned with extolling those with power. Instead of
ernphasizing the erploits of the elite, such as those of kings and gen-
erals, Wordsworth's poetry looked to nature and common life for inspi- r 0
ration. His literary work showed that the creative eye and imaginaticn

iLCTE
. - .e to reveal the most ordinary objects and ideas to be transcen-
., common theme irr the poetry of Wordsworth is the exploration
- difference between the personal experience of life and the
-.: of childhood. Wordsworth depicts early childl-rood tn Ode:
"..'tions of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood as a
- -,f innocence and puriry that is lost as an individual enters adult-
:. The visions of a child are ecstatic and filled with deep wonder
..,-se the birth of a child'represents a miracle from heaven that has
. -,. down to the Earth. in the poem, Wordslvorth rvrites;
Cur birth is but a sleep and forgetting:
The Soul that rises with us, our life's Star,
i-{ath elsewhere its setting,
and comes from afar:
Not in entire forgetfirlness,
.nd not in utter nakedness,
Iiut trailing ciouds of glory do we come
From God, who is our home.
20
b5

Another poem in which Wordsworth depicts childhood as a time
of innocence and purity is entitled We Are Seven;
"Sisters and brothers, little maid,
How many mayyou be?"
"How many? Ser,rn in alll'she said,
And wondering looked at me.
In this poem, Wordsworth tells a simple story that illustrates the faith
of a child. Throughout the poem, the voice of an aduit is shown ques-
tioning a young child from the countryside about the number of sis-
ters and brothers she has. FIer answer to this question, as it is put to
her again and again in various ways, is always the same, "we are
sevenl'Nthough the adult finally gets the child to admit that two of
her siblings have died and are buried in the graveyard, he cannot get
her to acknowledge their death. From the point-of-view of the child,
her siblings are not dead at all but are known as spirits in heaven.
gfttt$ ' hath pre.sent tense of the third person singlrlarr ftrrnr ol"hurve"
30
35
40

Frieo
T il stalements are true 0r F if statements are lalse according to the passage.
William Wordsrvorth was not only a poet but also a revolutionist'
'l From the late 1800s to early 1900s, revolutionary spirit rvas rvidespread
in Europe.
wordsrvortlis poetry used styles and themes popular with the literary
elites, intellectuals, and artists.
wordsworth's poetry focused more on personal erperience influenced by
childhood rather than adulthood'
The narrator of the poem /e Are Seven is a child'
: :.';ncrrYm & Reierence
Chosse the best answers.
1. The word "this" in the first paragraph refers to
a. revolutionary thinking that was prevalent in Europe
b. great changes occurred involving the rights of kings
c. style popular with the literary elites
d. theme emphasizing the exploits of the generals
2. The word "emphasizing" in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to
a ' relating
b- differentiating
c. stressing
d. erPosing I
j.Thelvord..utter',inthesecorrdparagraphisclosestinmeaningto
a. iimited
b. bare
c. total
d. emPtY
f. The expression "point-of-view" in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to
a. scenery
b' edge ofan area
c. oPtimal vielv
d. PersPective
| ) of
Write
i.
f.
),
67

insight & Understanding
1. What ideology rvas predominant
lvrote his poems?
a. romanticism
b. realism.
c. classicism
d. idealism
in English literature during the time Wordsworth
According to the passage, what is the source of lVordslvorth's inspiration?
a. the sryles and themes popular among elites
b. creative eye and imagination
c. exploits of elite people
d. nature and common life
3. A4rere can the following sentence be inserted in the first paragraph?
In places like France, great changes occurred involving thc rights of kings versus
rights of individuals.
a. ii,
b. ,s
L . 'ill
d. j,,B
According to the passage, what can we get from William Wordsrvorth's literary
r,vork?
a. The general ideas about life can make people stable.
b. Romantic poems and thoughts can make people more passionate and
revolutionary.
c. The imaginative eye and power can make the most common objects and ideas
trar-iscendent.
d. Innocent spirit and idea can mzrke ordinary objects superior.
the i
I
I
6B

5. What can be inferred about Wordsrvorth'J
a. William Wordsworth r,vas from a poor family in the countryside.
b. Wiiliam Wordsworth enjoyed natural scenery and socializing with colnmotl
people.
c. William Wordsrvorth preferred to write poems for the privilegecl.
d. William Wordsworth enjoyed ciose relationships with many famous intellectuals
and artists.
Arhat common theme is portrayed in Wordsworth's &vo poems mentioned in the
passage'l
a. revolution against dictatorship
b. importance of personal experience of life
c. immortality of early childhood
d. irnocence and purity of childhood
7. Which words are used to describe the yisions of the child liom the second
paragraph'? Choose trvo anslvers.
a. excitement
b. playfrrlness
c. innocence
d. curiosity
Which of the fbllowing can be inferred fiom the last paragraph?
a. Children and adults portray dcath differeritly.
b. Children do not understand the concept of death.
c. The child in the poem does not believe her siblings are dead.
d. The child in the poem loves her sibling more than her parents-
69

Writing & Paraphrasinq
Answer the following questions with complete sentences.
t. What is theldeological background of William Wordsworth?
2. What did the majority of poets r,vrite about during William Wordsworth's time?
3. What does Wordsworth envision in Ocle: Intirnntions of Immortality?
How did Williain Wordsworth depict innocence and puriry of childhood in We Are
Seven?
5. In We Are Seven, how is the child's interpretation of her siblings' death different
fiom the adult's?

-_,.. j
Srummarize the passage in your own words.
I -:ii;sielg Words
poet somebodY rvho rt'rites Poems
poetry literary rvorks rvritten in verse
era a period of time
error mistake or fault
subtitle to give a secondary title to a book or play
entitle to give name to something,such as a
book
literary relating to literature, rvriting' or the
studY of Literature
literature written lvorks, such as fiction, drama,
Poetry
acknowledge to recognize the reality or truth of
something
knowledge information and understanding
about something
ilircle the appropriale word l0 somplete each sentence'
l. The music was used as the background music to the recitation of the (poet / poetrf)'
:. He inheritecl his (literature / literary) talent and passion from his father
-i. The breakout of World War i nrarked a new (era / error) in world history'
{. The book, (subtitled / entitled) Harry Potter,was published in Korean to market to Koreans'
_.). He did not want to (acknowledge / knowledge) his defeat because of his egregious mistake'

What are other ways of healing pain and treating illnesse5
medicine? what do you think about acupuncture? Do you believe iri
effectiveness? Why do you think some people do not believe that acupuncture
is a legitimate medical procedure?

. : . . , .- 1 . .1 .
y. to introduce or receive someone as a member -sln. inaugurate
idiom. to stop living -s7n. die
,r. a statement or evidence in support of a fact -qyn; proof, verification
,r. a state of being worthy of esteem -tlrl respectability
adj.berngimpaired in the body or mind -sya. handicapped
adj.beingof great strength or power -syn. impressive
fl. a state of always trying and never giving ,rP -syn. persistence, determination
ailj.betngfree from control or restraint -ant. restrictei,d
adj. havtng strong purpose, b elief, or determina tion - sy n. determined
1,. to start or apply something with a purpose -syn. execute
adj.lnavinga physically strong and healthy body
v. to aIlow or authorize an action
n. an impression or track on a ground caused by repeated usage
adj.havtngthe ability to perform an action -qyr. qualified
v. to give something to someone as an honor or gift -q7n award
rr. to improve, advance, or make greater -syn. heighten
adj.hadnggreat respect or a high position -sytt. rcspected, significant
v. to be ",vorthy or qualified for something -syrr. merit, warrant
u to lry or attempt using great effort -syn, endeavor
n. a thinking or awareness of -syn. view-, opinion
n. anything provided or given by a past ancestor or predecessor
adj.bengimpossible to do or win -syn. unbeatable
74

Complete the sentences using the words in the box with the appropriate form.
induct
dignity
disabled
implement
testimony
prestigious
enhance legacy
perception insurmountable
I. The Turner Prize is widely regarded as one of the most
arvards.
2. The CEO had many business plans for the new year, but ultimately they were never
3. The young geisha rvas
young age.
into the ways of her profession at a
4. Tlie company's sales were dropping significantly, so a meeting was held to discuss
ways to their products.
The soldier carried himseif with
his medal.
as he walked up to receive
Michael Jordan's slrccess as a basketball player lvas a to his
rvork ethic.
;. Thirteen years after his assassination. people still gather at the square to remember
the Prirrie Minister who left a of profound leadership.
Having nuclear weapons comes with a great amount of risks.
The general publiis' of North Korea is that it is a direct
menace to world Peace.
10. Insufficient welfare proglams and convenient facilities fbr
veterans should be imProved'
write the appropriate w0rd in the blanks using the synonym clues.
l. determined:
). die:
-1. impressive:
art
8-
9.
75

Diana Golden: Ptrysically
Disabled, Spiritually
Unbreakable
Diana Golden, a severely handicapped skier, is unquestionably
one of the greatest athletes to ever compete in olympic sports. In
2o06,she was inducted into the u.s. olyrnpic Hall of Farne. Although
she passed away in 2a07, her astonishing story has not been forgotten,
and she remains an inspiration to millions of people. Her life is a testi- s
mony to her unbreakable human spirit. Diana will be remembered for
raising awareness and digniry for disabled athletes.
Diana's early life showed clear signs of the formidable spirit ;rnd
tenacity within her. she was born in 1963 in Lincoln, Massachusetts.
An energetic youngster, Diana learned to ski at the age of five, taking
to the sport with unbridled enthusiasm and passiorr.. o Seven years
later, she would be faced with the first of many obstacles in her life
when she lost her leg to bone cancer. @
with resoiute and fixed deter*
mination, Diana continued skiing and kept in shape by jogging with
crutches. s a high school ski coach was so impressed with her spirit
that he asked her to join the school downhiil ski team. {}
A y"u, latcr,
Diana ''.von the downhill in the world championships for athletes with
disabilities.
Following her success as a disabled downhill skier, Diana strug-
15
ffiffimE
Listing Words for Representing Diana
Find the rvords t-hat are used to represent characteristics
of Diana Golden and list them.
Ivlaking Inferences
Make inferences about Diana Golden by drawing logical
conclusion.
'1
0

.:hardtobeallowedtoskiagainstathleteswhodidnotfacethe
- .sical challenges she did' She persuaded companies to sponsor
- promote athletes rr4ro were disabled. she also helped to in-rple-
-.:ltlre..GoldenRule],whichenablesdisabledskierscompetingin
:-bodied events to race as early seeds in all events sanctioned by
.UnitedStatesSkiAssociation.Thisruleallowsdisabledskiersto
.,1 ruts that form throughout the cor-npetition. Throughout her
,.:r,Dianawouidraceagainsttheworld'sbestskiers'andalthough
.
. :lever Von a race, She proved that she was capable of challenging
'.:)estskiersintheworld'Withgreatdeterminatiotl'Dianawenton
.. in 10 world and 19 u.S. downhiil championships for athletes rvith
.:iiitiesandbecamestronglyinvoivedir-rpronrotingdisabledath_
:: and sPorts for the disabled'
?L
25
30

After winning a gold medal in the handicapped giant slalorri in
the Calgary Olympics in 1988, Diana was bestowed the downhill skier
of the year award by the United States Otympic Committee. Diana
also enhanced the recognition of disabled atiletes by winning an award
traditionally given to able-bodied cornpetitors. in 1991, she received
the Flo Hyman Memorial Award from the Female Sports Association,
recognizing her as one of the top female athletes in the world. This
put her in the company of great female athletes, such as tennis legends,
Martina Navratilova and Chris Evert, fi,vo previous honorees of the
prestigious award.
Diana firmly believed that all individuais deserve to be treated
with digniry and respect. Before her death, at the age of 38, Diana
established the Golden Opportunities Fund, which gives financial
support to young disabled athletes who are striving to be the best.
Throughout her attrietic career, Diana fought for the dignified treat-
rnent and perception of the disabled. Her legacy is one of individuals
who refused to give in to seemingly insurmor-rntable challenges. Her
life wili continue to inspire people all over the world.
Weffi
+ slalom a downhill ski race in rvhich comprgllloy5 follow a winding course and zigzag
throrigh flags on poles or othcr obstacles
' Flo Hyman Memorial Award Ihe Flo i-lyrnirr.r lVlerrorial Award was conferred
annua-lly between i 987 and 2004 by the lVomen's Sporls Fourrdation in Washingrorr,
D.C., United Srares.
7B
35
JO
.15
50

tl
iiiI+;i.'5;r:i,:ii:ii; j;l
-
-: lr False
$/riie T il statements are true or F il
1.
t-
Diana rvas inducted
statements are lalse according to the passage.
into the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame when she rvas
aiive.
Tor,vards the end of her life, Diana rvas too weak from her disease to
fight for the dignified treatment of the disabled.
Diana losr her leg to bone cancer when she was 12 years old"
Diana was famous for winning against non-disabled skiers'
Diana proved that she was capable of racing against the best able-bodied
skiers.
+.
i
- ionym & lleierence
Choose the best answers'
l. The word "inducted" in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to
a. requested
b. voted
c. inaugurated
d. interpreted
2. The word "passion" in the second paragraph is closest in rneaning to
a. caring
b. zeal
c - tage
d. indifference
3. The word "Persuaded" irt
a. pressured
b. cheated
c. solicited
d. convinced
the third paragraph is closest in meaning to
4. The word "This" in the fourth paragraph refers to
a. The Female SPorts Association
b. Receiving the Flo Hyman Memorial Award
c. The top female athlete
d. The U.S. OlYmPic Cornmittee

Irrsighl & I,Jrtrjerstandirrg
Choose the besl answers.
l. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characterisric of Diala?
a. formidable spirit
b. tenacity
c. unbridled enthusiasm
d. undignified manner
where can the following sentence be inserted in the second paragraph?
[:"t ru;"*. g r" r*rr. r*.""gty
"d;;;.i;"*#;;rh* fril";a
a, r;:9
b.s
c. S
d.@
3. What is the n-rain idea of the third paragraph?
a - Diana had a difficult tirne con'rpeting against non-disabled athletes.
b. Diana won many championships in downhili skiing.
c. Diana ,,vorked hard to be able to compete in non-handicapped competitions.
d. Diana became a legend as a ski athlete.
Acco.ding to the passage, what is the "Golden Rule" implemented by Diana?
a. Treat others the way you would like to be treated.
b. Companies should sponsor and promote disabled athletes.
c - A competition should allow athletes to join without enor:gh money.
d. Disabled athletes are placed in early seeds so they can avoid the worn olrt race
paths.

5. According to the passage, what was er.:traordinary about I)iana receiving the Flo
Ilyman Memorial Award?
a. She was the first wornen to receive the award'
b'Itwasherfirsttimetoreceiveaninterrrationalaward.
c . The a ar<l had traditionaliy been granted to athletes without a handicap'
d. it r,vas the first time for a ski athiete to receive the award.
What is the mission of the Golclen Opportunities Fund founded by Diana?
a. to give financial support to young female athletes
b. to support potential skiers living in poor conditions
c. to provide financial support for disabled athletes
d. to shovr people that nothing is impossiblc
:. which of the follorving is an accoinplishment achieved by Diana?
a. she competed against able-boclied athletes and rvon several times against thetn'
b. She won 3 gold medals in the irandiczrpped giant slalom during the calgary
Olyrnpics.
c. she won 10 worid championships against athletes with disabilities'
d. She broke several,,n'orld records competing in dorvnhill races against able-bodied
skiers.
E. What CANNOT be inferred from the passage'/
a. Diana was an outstancling athlete who cared also about other disabled athletes'
b. Diana had strong beliefs in the self-worth of all people'
c. Diana,s death had a greater impact than what she accomplished during her
lifetime.
d. Ur1ited States Olympic Committee respected I)iana as one of the most valuable
athletes.
B1

l. What exerriplary event during Diana's academic years illustrates her unbreakable spirit?
2. What action did Diana take to be allowed to ski against athletes without physical
chailenges?
3. How did Diana help other disable athletes?
4. How does tlre "Golden Rule" help disabled skiers?
5. How did Diana contribute to the increased recognition of disabled athletes?

Summary
_''_-+.!1 !i:;,1i.
i-!,1{r! : :i;i:.
:r'
'later" is used to refer to
-.lking about or after the
a time or situation that occurs after the
present one.
one that vou have been
::vrile lhe sentences using "later" as shown in the example-
- Diana learnecl to ski at'the age of five. When she became 12 years old, she would be
faced with the first of many obstacles in her life'
-+ I)iana learled to sl<i at the age of 1ive. Seven ye-ars later, slre u'ottlcl be facc'd u'ith tl're
first of many obstacles in her iife.
Wb planned to buy our house in 3 years. After the 3 years passed, we bought our own house'
:. I got the station at noon, but he was not there. He showed up at 12:30.
, My school soccer team lvas defeated in every game last year. But this year,'are made it to
the finals by defeating all the opponents.
o2

c
filiform
prolifierate
skepticism
therapy
predate
be associated with
maintain
achieve
manifestation
disharmony
principle
rejuvenate
merifian
organ
considerable
sFmptom
intestine
relieve
painkilling
proof
adj.l>eing the form of a thin srring or thread
v. to rapidly increase in number or produce by multiplying
rl. a state of doubt or questionin g *syn. disbelief
,r. a treatment process for a sickness, illness, or disability -sl,n. treatnlent
r,. to happcn or occur at an earlier time -s72. precede
idiom. to be joined or allied with -syn. be linked with
v, to keep or sustail in a particular state -sl/r. retain
v. to bring abor-it a successfi-rl result or end *syn. accomplish
z. a clear understanding of the reality or existence of sometl.rlng
-syn. indication, sign
r. a presence ofconflict or difference -s7n. clash
adj.bengan essential or basic quality -syn. fundamental
y. to return or restore something to its former state
n. a pathway in the body where essential energy flows
n. an essential part of a living thing that does a special task or job
re.{. heart,liver, kidney
adj.beinglarse or great in locatron, distance, or size -s7n. significant
n. a sign or indication of sickness, illness, or disease
n. the tubular part of the body that connects the ston-rach to the anus
y. to free frorn pain, harm, or fear -syn, reduce, ease,lessen
adj.kavingthe ability to relieve or lessen pain
n. sornething that provides evidence or truth -syn. evidence, confirrnation
B4

sentences using the words in the box with the appropriate form.
Complete the
therapy
skepticism
predate
manifestation
principle
symptom
disharmony
proliferate
painkilling
considerable
I. According to Eastern beliefs, our bodies are thrust into
rvhen our immune systems are weakened.
l. The city's plan to build three more foreign schools is drawing
because it is already overflorving with foreign schools.
-1. Because of his allergic reaction to peanuts, the man can suffer from a number
like hives and r-tausea when he comes into contact with
+. Although there is no accurate evideirce, music and the arts are believed to have
agriculture and perhaps even language.
Children are taught all the rules of the English language
early on during their education.
Scientists are alr.vays trying to discover
use in surgery.
of
them.
6. nelv medicines to
people's lives, is
8.
9.
7. Sleep. which takes up a amount of time in
still a mystery to scientists.
Many simple dishes that were once regional have now
variation across the country.
The institution offers educational conrses on physical
issues certificates for those who want to become a physical
10. The of physical sl,rnptoms, such
a sign of the disorder.
and sleep disturbance, may be
Write the appropriate word in lhe blanks using lhe synonym clues.
evidence, confirmation:
be linked with:
retain:
in
and
therapist.
as muscle tension, fatigue.
1.
)
3.
B5

Marvels ofAcupuncture
{ilg^tilllt$t{ilii{{S
Making Associations
Focus on what yin and yang represent and ryhat they are
associated with.
Highlighting the Process of Acupuncture
Highlight how acupuncturists perform acupuncture in
details.
Acuprrncture is a technique used to cure disease, treat pain, and io'i
improve general well-being. It requires the use of filiform, or thread-
like needles, which are inserted in particular points around the body
ca11ed acupuncture points. Acupunbture ,vas first practiced in China
over 4,500 years ago and has since proliferated throughout the world. a
However, lvhile commonly usecl and widely accepted as an effective
medical treatment in many Asizrn countries, it is still met with skepti-
cisrn and criticisra in the Western world.

-.-- --Lruncture therapy predates the use of scientific methodolog}},
::..,- of the practices are scientificaliy unexplainable by using 1u
. ,natomf. Despite its mystery, acupuncture is considered to be
: in treating a variefy of health problems'
--. the root of acupullcture, there is an ancient Chinese belief
,-ng the nature of the universe and humanity. This universal
-ship is represented by the y-in and yang which symbolizes the
.':s of the universe. The half, called the yin, represents the
.-e" principle and is passive, dark, and associated with the earth.
: r'11g, opposite to the yin, is the "ma1e" elernent that is active,
rnd related to the heavens. This belief e).presses the idea that the
, rtate of health is accomplished by maintaining balance and achiev-
-,,rnonybetweentheoppositeforces.Accordingtothisprinciple,
,-ness rises from a manifestation of disharmony and is the result of
.:.ibalance betweel the two forces in the body. Therefore, the objec-
- oI an acupuncture treatment is to bring tl-re principle elerrents
_.. into balance and allow the "chil' a life-force, to flow freely and
,.-'-enate health.
oi

An acupuncture treatment involves the insertion of needles into
any of the hundreds of points located on the body's twelve basic
meridians. These ur.u, ,r. associated,"vith various organs and systems
of the body. s Typically, the acupuncturist will insert the needle to
depths ranging from 3mm to 10mm. @
O.r." the needles are placed in
the appropriate acupuncture points, the acupuncturist will frequently
twist the needles or even apply a smail electric charge to them. s Th.
acupuncture needles are usually inserted at a considerable distance
away from the actual areas that are manifesting signs of illness or
showing sFmptoms.
e Fo, example, the points on the thumb are punc-
tured with needles to treat illnesses in the stomach or the intestines.
How acupuncture works is stili a mystery to Western scientists
and doctors. Many scientists theorize that acupuncture works by
relieving pain. They believe when the needles are inserted at certain
points, it causes the body to release natural painkilling chemicals like
endorphins or enkephalins. Others
theorize that acupuncture works
through a "placebo effecil' or the
power of belief. However, for much
of the -arorld, the simple knowledge
that acupuncture wt,rks for them is
proof enough of the effectiveness
of this mysterious practice.
ffi
* methodolog,F a set of procedures, rules, and practices used in a scientific process
* anatomy thc body and structure of a living thing
* placebo effect tlie beneficial eflect in a patient following r particular treatment thal
arises from the patientt expectations concerning the treatment rather than from the
treatment itself
ilrll f
30
,iB
BB

,- -: Faise
/Erite T if statements are true or F if statements are lalse according to the passage'
Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles where the patn rs
located.
In the Western countries, acupuncture has not been fully accepted yet'
The yin-yang spnbolizes the struggle between two opposites'
Although the effectiveness of acuPuncture has not been scientifically
proved, many people believe its effectiveness'
Accor<ling to acupuncture, various bodily organs are represented by
different points of the bodY.
-,:rrm & Refeience
i. The lvord "particular" in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to
a. partial
b. sPecific
c. aPProximatelY
d. severai
]'Theword..practices,,inthesecondparagraphisclosestinrneaningto
a. apPlications
b. exercises
c. repetitions
d. customs '
i. The wortl "them" in the fourth paragraph ref'ers to
a. electric charge
b. needles
c. acuPuncture Points
d. organs and sYstems
1. The word "effectiveness" in the fifth paragraph is closest in meaning to
a. possibilitY
b. abilitY
c. consequence
d. effi-cacY
B9

!
1
t,
lnsight & Understanding
1. According fo the passage, rvhy is acupuncture still criticizedby the West?
a. because it is not as effective as modern medicine
b. because it is only suited for the Asian people
c . because,it is an ancient form of medicine that predates medical science
d. because many of its practices are not fully explained by science
2. According to ancient Chinese belief, what causes illness in humans?
a. invasion of viruses to the body
.b. irfl.,.".r.e of spirits on the mind
c . imbalance of forces in the body
d. lack of exercise
3. Which of the following is an INCORRECT nratch regarding the yin and yang?
a . yin-female, yang-male
b. yin-light, yang-dark
c . yin-earth, yang-heaven
d. yin-passive. yang-acti're
fhich of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the effects of acupuncture?
a. curing diiease
b. treating pain
c. rejuvenating health
d. decreasing chi
90

5. What can be inferred about chi fiom the passage?
a. The amount of chi we have is important.
b. It is what brings yin-yang into balance.
c. Increasing chi in your body will increase yin-yang.
d. The flow of chi determines the condition of one's health.
6. Which of the foliowing is NOT an attribute of acupuncture?
a. It is sometimes used combined with electric charge.
b. The depths of inserting needles are various.
c. It involves inserting needles directly into organs like the stomach or the
intestines.
d. Acupuncturists usually twist the needle once it is inserted into the patientt bod.y.
7. Where can the following sentence be inserted in the fourth paragraph?
I Occasiorra.liy. thc acupuncturist vrill reach depihs as decp as 25mm to treat severe
i'
I illnesses.
t__
a. 69:
b.@
L. sg
d.s
8. What two theories are drawn up by Western scientists regarding how acupuncture
works? Choose two answers.
a. Acupuncture causes the release of natural painkilling chemicals.
b. Painkiiling chemicals are released from the needles during acupuncture.
c. The placebo effect causes the body to react physically during the acupuncture
Process.
d. The pain from the needles distress the body from the original illrress.
I
I

Answer the following questions wilh complele sentences.
1. What is thdhistory of acupuncture and where is it commonly used?
Z. What is the principle behind the power of the yin-yang and what does it represent?
3. What is the main procedure of acupuncture?
4. What is associated with various borliiy orgrm or systems according to the practice
of acupunctr-rre?
5. According to the yin-yang theory, what is the objective of acupuncture?

: -ii-nmary
Sonfusing Words
insert to place somethhg inside something
insult to be offensive to somebody
apply to put something on
imply to involve something as a necessary part
medicinal being curative or curable for illness
medical reiating to the treatment illnesses and
injuries
object a material thiag that you can touch or see
objective an aim or goal you are trying to
achieve
considerable iarge enough irr amount or degree
considerate mindful of the needs, rvishes, or
feelings of others
Eircle the appropriate word t0 complete each sentence.
n. The initial (object / objective) of the Gettysburg address was to consecrate the National
Cemetery.
The advancement of modern (medical / medicinal) science has made it possible to
discover new treatments for some intractable diseases.
Cut the stem of the florver underwater and then (insult / insert) the stem into the drive.
You must (imply I apply) the ointment on rhe sunburn vigorously.
The city government expended (considerable / considerate) funds on a new skating rink.
+.
i
s3

ffiffiffiffiBmr
ffiw
ffiffi.
}E.H
s*ql
a.-€ ffi
effi i+'6.&Y
E#A--&g
t*+E->PE€-:it
€F]iW

$
i,.1
ri
l| Y-- ,ll
Before Ysu Study
Think about the questions below and share your opinions with your Partnell,,
' : : a: ::.'
;'..:.
Do you know of any interesting ways plants acquire nutrients besides from the Sun
and the soil? Are there any plants that are carnivorous? Can you describe how
plants can consume Iiving organisms without having any teeth, muscles, or a
digestive system?
Are you right-handed or left-handed? What makes you either right-handed or left-
handed? Can someone who is right-handed train themselves to be left-handed, or
vice versa? How does your brain determine if you are right-handed or left-handed?
nr:-J
..,,liri

.,,:.+ll.;.1. il.::{.1
a,--.ir.jj: jr.,i: jr1'I
r: bog
ir swampy
,-r imprison
r-: hapless
r-: lure
L:i ensnare
i: entice
a,l'secrete
,,.! trigger
r,, la*"onr"
It endeavor
r-- edible
= inanimate
= metamorphose
rr ingest
i-r fluid
discard
intrigue
dexterity
allure
entrancing
n. awet and spongy area composed mostly of moss and peat -syn. marsh
adj.being a low, seasonally wet and spongy area -syn. marshy
y. to lock up, restrain or limit something -s7n. confine
adj. unlacl<y or unfortunate
y. to attract by arousing or tempting -syn- attract
y. to take or catch
^ -tyn. capture
y. to attract by stimulating hope or desire -9rn. lure, tempt
y. to let go or release a substance -syn. discharge
u. to start or initiate an event or events -q/rr. cause, activate
n. people who are not experts or members .any professions, such as science or
medicine -ant. exp erts, professionals
v. to try hard or make great effort to do something -syn. strive
adj.beinggood enough to be eaten as food -s7n. consumable
adj. not having the qualities of movement like living things
v, to change the form or appearance of sornethin g -syn.transfornr, alter
v, to take into the body to consurne as food -sr,rr. consume
n. a substance that can flow easily and conform to the shape of its enyironment
-s7n, liqr-rid -e.g. water, gas
y. to throlv out or release something unwanted -vn. dispose of, throw ar,vay,
y. to arouse interest or curiosity -s72, fascinate
n. a skill, smoothness, and quickness in movement
n. an abiliry to attract or tempt -syn. appeal,charm
adj.havrrlgqr-ralities that cause delight, wonder, and interest
- sy n. captl ating, enchantin g
+t?i**ris;+tun+
96

Complete the sentences using the words in lhe box with the appropriate form.
b,rg haPless
imprison ensnare
secrete
endeavor
ingest
inanimate
discard
intrigre
5.
6.
1. The governor has
countrY.
to end poverty and hunger of the
2. The people in Pakistan, who lost their homes due to the typhoon last year, could
not help but feel dejected and
3. Officials said that the people being released from jail were not invoived in violent
crimes and were by mistake.
4. The ministry has a-lready introduced traP systems to
mobile sPammers and hackers-
The old path went through a filled with moss.
Some plants toxic substances irom their stems or leaves, so
you should be carefirl rvhen handling unidentiEed plants'
7. Unlike animals, which obtain energF by acquiring and
food, plants obtain energy through photosynthesis'
8. My sister seems to consider everything in the world, even
objects are significant to her.
g. Scald tomatoes in hot water for a short time, then
unwanted skin-
10" The splendid setting,luxurious costumes, and romantic music of the performance
lesttors.
Write the aPProPriate word in the
1. fascinate:
2. appeal, charm:
3. consumable:
blanks using the synonym clues-
the
97

The Mysterious Ientrs Fll.t"ap
ffiffifl,qRffi
Highlighting Venus Flytrapt Digestion Process
While reading, highlight the digestion process of the
Venus Flytrap.
Underlining the Surprising Phenomenon
Find the most surprising phenomenon related to the
Venus Flytray's digestion process and urderline it.
ir or-r
The Venus Flytrap, the world's
most commonly recognized carnivorouJ
plant, is native to North and South
Carolina in southeastern United States.
The Venus Flytrap's ideal home is
found in bogs and swampy wetlands-
Since it lacks the abiliry to prodr.rce its
own essential nutrients, it requires
nourishment from elsewhere. As a
result, the Venus Flytrap has evolved
jaw-like leaves to imprison hapless
insects from which if gets its additional source of energy. This myste-
rious phenomenon makes it one of the least understood plants in the
world- To imagine what the trap is 1ike, place your hands together
with your paims facing up. 4ren you snap your hands together, you
imitate a Venus Flytrap's leaf, which uses built-up mechanical tension
in its leaves to snap shut in one-tenth of a second.
Since it does not move, the Venus Flltrap must somehow lure
its prey. such as flies, caterpillars, spiders, and crickets, to come close
enough so that they can be ensnared. To entice its prey, the plant
oa
10
la
2A

.,.:! sreet-smelling nectar ott its leaves' When an unsuspecttng
..rdsoiltheleafexpectingatastytreat'itsmovementtriggers
- .','e l-iairs that cause tl-re leaf to snap shr-rt' Since the time of
.:edbiologistCharlesDarwin,scicntistsandlaypeoplehave
r':r leayored to understanci how this plant manages to attract' kili' 25
and absorb its PreY.
u]ncetheplanthascaptureditsprey,ithastodeterminewhether
::e,-v is edible or not. If the hairs on the Flltrap are triggered by the
.: s rrlov€rrlent after the leaf has closed, the plant knows that the
' . . rtunate victirn is ir-rdeed edible' However' inanimate objects' 30
--.- as leaves and twigs, can also be caught in the trap' Butbecause
,,: objects are motionless, the trap rvill reopen and release the indi-
' :bie catch. This process can take up to 12 hours'
ilorr

If the plant has determined its prey is consumable, it begins the
digestive process by metamorphosing and releasing digestive juices
from glandd locatei within the leaves. The digestion can last for a
period of five to ten days during which the victims' nutrients are
extracted. Once theplant has ingested all the nutrients, it reabsorbs its
digestive fluid. This signals the plant to open its leaves once again' The
plant, however, does not ingest the insect's outer covering, and the
waste is discarded from the leaf when it opens'
Wtiat is most surprising about how the Venus Flytrap catches its
prey is that it does this without any nerves or muscles' This phenome-
rron has intrigued scientists for years as they try to determine exactly
how the plant is able to close its trap with such blinding dexterity'
This remains one of the great mysteries of the plant kingdom and
adds to the allure of this entratrcing plani'
ffi.ffi * carnivorous flesh-eating; meat-eatlng
* Charles Darwin(1S09-1882) an English naturalist who presented evidence that all
' species of life have evolved over time flom a common ancestor through a process he
called natural selection
" gl*d an organ of the body or of a plant which produces chemical substances for the
body to use
35
{c

fi, -:-e 0r Faise
Write T if siatements are true or F if slatements are false according to the passage.
I. The Venus Flytlap consumes insects for their nutrients because it iacks
the abiliry to produce its own nutrients.
It takes 12 hours for a Venus Flytrap to digest one prey.
The Venus Irlytrap decides if a prey is edible by the scent of the prev'.
]uices from glands of the Venus Flytrap are used in the digestive process.
The Venus Flytrap catches its prey using nerves and muscles.
a Svnonvm & Reierence
l) Choose the best answers"
1. The word "nourishment" in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to
a- energF
b. prey
c. nulrienl
d. substance
2. The word "endeavored" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to
a. realized
b. tried
c. struggled
d. opposed
3. The word "inanilnate" in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to
a. inactive
b. lively
c. sluggish
d. enormous
4. The word "w'aste" in the fourth paragraph refers to
a. the Venus Flprap
b. the digestion process
c. the digestive juices from glands
d. the insect's outer covering
2.
4.
5.
101

)
lnsig[t & Unclerst;inditrg
Ghoose the best answers'
1. What makes the Venus Flltrap one of the least understood plants in the world?
a. the abundant nutrients that the venus Fl1'trap provides by itseif
b. the mysterious phenomenon of the Venus Flytrap's ability to capture its preys
with its leaves
the special nectar that is released from the nvigs of the ventis Flytrap
the areas that the Venus Flytrap inhabits
According to the passage, what is the venus Flytrap's habitat?
a. wet and muddY land
b. arid land
c. grassy land
d- snolv-covered land
How are the leaves of the Venus Flytrap abie
a. by using a very sensitive llerYous systen-l
b. by using its thin muscle
c. by using mechanical tension in its leaves
d. by using its sweet-smelling nectar
to snap shut so quicklY?
4. How does tL" V.rrr,, Ftytrap attract insects?
a. It uses its blinding dexterity to attract the iesects'
b. Its sensitive hairs attract insects'
c. It gi"es off an attractive smell'
d. Its colorftil leaves entice insects'
-1.
.'1
:,i
:-l
.1
:
._l
r:1
.r'i
102

5. How does the Venus Flytrap determine if its prey is edibie?
a. by sensing the prey's shape
b. by sensing the prey's size
c. by sensing the prey's body temperatlrre
d. by sensing the prey's movements
6. What is the shortest time it takes to open the Venus Flytrap's leaves up again once
they are closed?
a. about one-tenth of a second
b. at least 12 hours
c. at least one day
d. at least five days
7. What happens after the Venus Flltrap sucks out all the nutrients f,-om an insect?
a. It swaliorvs the body whole.
b. It reieases toxic gas which is produced during digestion.
c. It throws away t-he outer covering of the insect.
d. It eats the thorax and throws a-wav the iread and abdomen.
According to the plr.rg", how Iong does it take for the Venus Flytrap to digest its
prey?
a. about twelve hours
b. about one day
c. about three to iive days
d. about five to ten days
103

Writrng & ParaPhrastng
lnswer the following questions with
1. What do the leaves of the Venus
complete sentences.
FlytraP look like?
) In the first paragraph, what mysterious phenomenon
Venus F$raP?
is mentioned regarding the
FIow does the Venus Fl1'trap catch its prey?
Why do
they are
you think leaves and twigs are not consumed by the Venus Fll,trap when
caught bY it?
5. What is most surprising to the author regarding the Venus Flytrap,s abiliry to catch
and digest its PreY?

t.1i j
: 1,.::- tlrr:e co::ir,iili:tioc i,s ca;_r.(ie 8l eff*ct conjliiacti*n
.irrce" is often used to describe the beginning of some action or situation as
:,-rnjunction, but it can also be used to describe the reason of a certain action
:" effect conjunction.
a tirne
as a cause
-:mbine the two sentences into one using "since" and identify whelher it is used as a .,time
::rjunction" or as a "cause & eflect G0niuncti0n:,
Since it does not move, the Venus Flytrap must somehow lure its prey to come close to
it. (cause & effect conjunction)
Since th.e time of renowned bioiogist Charles Darwrn, scientists haye endeavored to
understand horv this plant manages to attract its prey. (time conjunction)
There are lights fiom street lamps. Therefore, it is ail right to go to the park at night.
(,
- It was a very blustery day. So the umbrelia was useless.
-)lt
My brother crashed his car in the past. After it happened, he has lost his desire to drive.
-)()
105

i-':
noticeable
identical
frrnction
significantly
organize
cognition
favor
utensil
preference
input
laterally
dorninant
favoritism
defect
lobe
scar
logical
methodical
cerebral
exaggerated
adj. attractins attention or being able to be seen -syn. clear,evident
adj. bengexacdy alike in appearance
n. the action or activitF that is appropriate of a person or thing
/. to operate or firlfiIl a task, roie, or action
adv. rn an important way in effect or meaning
y- to put or arrange in a tidy systematic pattern or structure -sln. arrange
n. the action of knorving, tliinking, or reasoning -.q72. understanding, awareness
v. to Like, approve, or prefer -s7n. choose
n. a vessel or tool that is used for eating or cooking
-e.& spoon, fork, knife, chopsticks
n. the act of favori-ng one thing over another
n. information or signais rhat go into something
adv. in a direction at, to, from, or on the side -syn. horiz<-rntally, sideways
adj.being a stronger, ruling, or controlling part -syn. superior
n. an act of iiking an idea or situation more than others -syrz. preference
n. a ftult,lack, problem, or imperfection of something -syn. flaw, deficiency
n. a projected part of the body that is some-what rounded
y. to mark, damage. or injure after healing -s7r. wound, blemish
adj.bengreasonable, clear, or correct in thinking --s7n. rational
adj. doingor perfolming in an orderly or systematic way -syn. precise, systematic
adj. of or pertaining to the bra.in or cerebrum
adj.beingstated or expressed in an unrealistically magnified way -srln. overstated
106

,[omplete the sentences using the words in the box with the appropriate form.
identical
cognition
favor
utensil
dorninant
defect
scar
methodical
function
exaggerated
According to a qualifying examination, she has proven to be good at
anci systemic work.
Humans have a process of that is superior to animals.
Hormones, which are made in the body, are chemicals that regulate bodily
Specialists report that the majority of all weight-loss claims are greatly
r. He was very self-conscious because his face had been
acne.
There was a small
it exchanged.
on the netv computer screen, so we had
It is said that nails grow faster on the
fingers.
hand and on longer
by
The couple requested an erpensive set of silver
rvedding registry.
on their
gold pendants, each adorned with an emerald and a
pearl, are now on display at the jewelry museum.
10. Although most of the employees did not like the new poliry, there lvere a few who
were ln of it.
'll{riie the appropriate word in the blanks using the synonym clues.
l. rational:
l. arrange:
-1. clear, evident:
107

DiscoYer Your Second tsrain
A noticeable feature of the human
brain is that it is divided into two distinct
hemispheres, or halves that look nearly
identical to one another. A small area of
space separates most of the two hemi-
spheres, which are connected by a bridge.
The two halves, though similar in looks, function in significantly dif-
ferent ways. There are noticeable differences in the way each half of
the brain handles intbrmation and organizes the process of cognition,
particularly in the part of the brain responsible for managing higher
functions, such as language, reasoning, and creativiry.
Consider, fo.
"ru*ple,
the fact that people are either right or left
handed, or that they favor one hand o.,,er the other in performing tasks,
such as writing, using eating utensils, or playing a musical instrument.
T'he cause for this preference is in the way the two halves of the brain
handle information to control the body. The brain handies input from
the body and exercises control over it laterally. This mear-rs that the 1eft
side of the brain is responsible for controlling the actions of the right
side of the body and vice versa. Researchers believe that people are
mmr]Mffi
Ivlaking an Inference
lhile reading focus on Dr. Paul Broca's discovery and
think about what can be inferred from his discovery-
Finding the Differences
Distinguish between the publiCs corunon belief and
neurologists' opinions regarding the relationship between
the brain and personality.
r.rot!
10
{c

,: ight or left handed based on which brain hemisphere is domi-
nd;t. ,-)r favored over the other. The importance of such left-right
-.:-sm in the brain is not fully understood.
:.:ientists have been able to learn much about the divided brain
-:,ing patients suffering from brain injuries or defects. A famous
, .:om 1862 involved a man suffering fror,t a brain disfunctiorr
. , - aphasia that left hirn unabie to find words to use to communi-
: ..rs thoughts. From this case, Dr-. Paul Broci discovered that the
r, - .:-,ntal lobe of the brain, later named "Broca's area','controls the
,L --:.. to use language. He determined this when he discovered that
:ain of the patient was scarred in that area fiom a childhood
.:1.1.
109

There is a common belief by the general public that the distinc-
tion between the left brain and right brain influences personality or
ability. @
For example, people who are right-brained are commonly
described as being creative in casual conversation, whereas, people
who are left-brained are generally described as being logical and
methodical.
u?
However, the functions of the brain and its connections
to the cerebral divisions have not been scientifically proven by neurol-
ogisti.
@
In fact, because the brain is so complex, statements regarding
discoveries about it are often very general, exaggerated, and not true
of ail people. * Therefore, simply because a personaliry is either cre-
ative or methodical does not mean that they are necessarily right or
left brained.
m]Era-r::
l.il*1t:1,i:i-t tl " Dr. Paul Broca(1824-lBB0) Paul Pierre Broca, a French physician, anatomist, and
anthropologist, lvas bortr in Sainte-Foy-la-Grandc, Gironde. He is most far-nous for his
cliscovery of the Ilrocti:rreir. He is irlso l<rrorvn ars a pionccr in ll're.str-rdy of pl-rysical
anthropology.
r-rreurologist a person who str:dies the body's nervor-rs systen-r
35
40

-'te 0f Falss
Write T il slatements are true or F if statements are lalse according to the passage.
There is a bridge that connects the different hemispheres of a brain.
Tlre two hemispheres of the brain organizelang]uage, reasoninE, and
thought differently.
If a person is lefl-handed, the le{l side of the brain is more dominant
than the right.
The location in the brain rvhere language usage is controlled was
discovered by studying patients with brain injuries.
Scientists have been able to prove why people who use the right side of
their brain are creative in casual conversation.
l
t.
4.
5.
Synonyni & Reference
l. The word "identical" in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to
a. sin'rilar
b. identifiable
c. indistinguishable
d. inconsistent
2. The word "dominant" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to
a. superior
b. inferior
c. occupied I
d. dormant
3. The following words from the third paragraph refer to the same person except for
a. a man
b. him
c. he
d. the patient
4. The word "exaggerated" in the fourth paragraph is closest in meaning to
a. incorporated
b. implied
c. embellished
d. simplified
111

Insight & Unclcrstanding
1. vvhat aspecl of the human brain does the author focus on?
a. The more the brain is used, the more it evolves.
b. There is a bridge-like structure in the brain.
c. The human brain is much larger than those of animals.
d. There are fwo parts in the brain rvith different firnctions.
2, what can be inferred about how the brain manages higher functions?
. .a. Both sides of the brain have parts that handle higher functions.
b. Higher functions can only be handled on one side of the brain.
c. Higher functions are only handled on the smarter side of the brain.
d. Higher functions cannot be handled on both sides of the brain at the same time.
3. According to the passage, rvhat determines a person to be either left-handed or
right-handed?
a. left-right favoritism in situations
b. whether there is damage in the right hernisphere of the brain
c. which part of brain is relatively used more
d. whether the person has a brail probiern called aphasia
4- According to'the passage, horv have scientists been able to learn about the different
functions in different parts of the brain?
a. by studying the brains of chimpanzees which are quite close to a human's
b. by researching DNA patterns of different brains suffering from brain damage
c. by inter-viel'ing pcople who are ieft-handed and right-handed
d. by studying patients with brain injuries

5. what CANNOT be inferred from Dr. Paul Broca',s discovery?
a . Damage to the 1eft flontal lobe of the brain impairs a person's abiliry to use vocal
cords.
b. Damage to the left frontal lobe of the brain causes impairment in a person's
communication abilitY.
c. Dr. Broca's discovery led to many other discoveries of sectional fi-rnctions of the
brain.
d. The brain is composecl of separate divisions that specialize in controlling specific
functions.
What is the main idea of the fourth paragraph?
a. Statements of discoveries about the brain are often very general and exaggerated'
b. people who use their right side of the brain are creative in casual conversation"
c . Personaliqv and abilify cannot be used to determiue the dominant side of the
brain.
d. There are scientific evidences about how the left brain and right brain distinctior-r
influences personaliry and ability'
7. According to the passage, which of the following is a fact?
a. Left-handed people onlv use the right side of the brain'
b. Distinction behveen the left brain and right brain is determined by a person's
personalitY or abilitY'
c. R:ght-brained peopie are more creative in casuai conversation than left-brained
peoPle'
<1. The right side and left sicle of the brain are not completely separated.
where can the fbllowing sentence be ir-rserted in the fourth paragraph?
a, Q_r-r
c. &
b.&
d.&
113

Writinq & Paraphrasrng
l. What are the physical features of the human brain?
2. FIow do the two halves of the brain control the body?
3. Why did the patient suffer from aphasia in the third paragraph?
What is the publiis common belief in regards to the relationship befween the brain
and personality?
5. Why is the notion that distinction between the left brain and right brain influences
personality t-rr ability not accurate?

->.Jmmary
Sumrnarize the passage in your own words.
I ::iusilig Words
lobe a round part of something, such as the brain
robe a loose clothing covering the whole body
iunction the role of something
iunction a place where roads join
Iater following an earlier stage
latest most recent
defect an irnperfection or disorder
defeat a flailure in a battle, Barrre. or cont€st
identical being exactly alike in appearance
identifiable able to be recognized
X,rule lhe appropriale word to complete each sentence'
These day, it is not uncommon to pierce other areas of the ear besides the (lobe / robe).
_ I could not understand the (function / junction) of the red triangular button.
yerba Buena was founded by the Spanish in 1835 but was taken over by the II-S' in 1846
and (later / latest) renamed San Francisco'
,. Scientists found that (identifiable / identical) twins who were brought up together were
more similar than those brought up apart'
, More than 50,000 babies are born in the U.S. each year rvith alcohol-related (defeats /
defects).
115

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d when different
favorite
cultu
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W!3t cor
havd a ce,
..-d:-
,Gypsiqg?
of Gnrsies? Why do you think pe
2,
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