The document discusses product life cycles and the Boston Matrix. It describes the stages a product typically goes through from development to decline, including introduction, growth, maturity, saturation, and withdrawal. It then explains how the Boston Matrix can be used to analyze a company's product portfolio by classifying products into four categories - stars, cash cows, dogs, and problem children - based on their market share and market growth. This helps inform strategic decisions about where to allocate resources and which products require more or less support.
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Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
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Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
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Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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2. http://www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2004 – Biz/ed
Product Life Cycles and the Boston
Matrix
• Product Life Cycle – shows the stages
that products go through from
development to withdrawal from the
market
• Product Portfolio – the range of
products a company has in
development or available for consumers
at any one time
• Managing product portfolio is important
for cash flow
3. http://www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2004 – Biz/ed
Product Life Cycles and the Boston
Matrix
• Product Life Cycle (PLC):
– Each product may have a different life cycle
– PLC determines revenue earned
– Contributes to strategic marketing planning
– May help the firm to identify when a
product needs support, redesign,
reinvigorating, withdrawal, etc.
– May help in new product development
planning
– May help in forecasting and managing cash
flow
4. http://www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2004 – Biz/ed
Product Life Cycles and the Boston
Matrix
• The Stages of the Product Life
Cycle:
– Development
– Introduction/Launch
– Growth
– Maturity
– Saturation
– Decline
– Withdrawal
5. http://www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2004 – Biz/ed
Product Life Cycles and the Boston
Matrix
• The Development Stage:
• Initial Ideas – possibly large number
• May come from any of the following –
– Market research – identifies gaps in the market
– Monitoring competitors
– Planned research and development (R&D)
– Luck or intuition – stumble across ideas?
– Creative thinking – inventions, hunches?
– Futures thinking – what will people be
using/wanting/needing 5,10,20 years hence?
6. http://www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2004 – Biz/ed
Product Life Cycles and the Boston
Matrix
• Product Development: Stages
– New ideas/possible inventions
– Market analysis – is it wanted? Can it be
produced at a profit? Who is it likely to be
aimed at?
– Product Development and refinement
– Test Marketing – possibly local/regional
– Analysis of test marketing results and
amendment of product/production process
– Preparations for launch – publicity,
marketing campaign
7. http://www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2004 – Biz/ed
Product Life Cycles and the Boston
Matrix
• Introduction/Launch:
– Advertising and promotion campaigns
– Target campaign at specific audience?
– Monitor initial sales
– Maximise publicity
– High cost/low sales
– Length of time – type of product
8. http://www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2004 – Biz/ed
Product Life Cycles and the Boston
Matrix
• Growth:
– Increased consumer awareness
– Sales rise
– Revenues increase
– Costs - fixed costs/variable costs,
profits may be made
– Monitor market – competitors
reaction?
9. http://www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2004 – Biz/ed
Product Life Cycles and the Boston
Matrix
• Maturity:
– Sales reach peak
– Cost of supporting the product declines
– Ratio of revenue to cost high
– Sales growth likely to be low
– Market share may be high
– Competition likely to be greater
– Price elasticity of demand?
– Monitor market –
changes/amendments/new strategies?
10. http://www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2004 – Biz/ed
Product Life Cycles and the Boston
Matrix
• Saturation:
• New entrants likely to mean market is ‘flooded’
• Necessity to develop new strategies becomes more
pressing:
– Searching out new markets:
• Linking to changing fashions
• Seeking new or exploiting market segments
• Linking to joint ventures – media/music, etc.
– Developing new uses
– Focus on adapting the product
– Re-packaging or format
– Improving the standard or quality
– Developing the product range
11. http://www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2004 – Biz/ed
Product Life Cycles and the Boston
Matrix
• Decline and Withdrawal:
– Product outlives/outgrows its
usefulness/value
– Fashions change
– Technology changes
– Sales decline
– Cost of supporting starts to rise too far
– Decision to withdraw may be dependent on
availability of new products and whether
fashions/trends will come around again?
12. http://www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2004 – Biz/ed
Product Life Cycles and the Boston
Matrix
Sales
Time
Development Introduction Growth Maturity Saturation Decline
15. http://www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2004 – Biz/ed
The Boston Matrix
• The Boston Matrix:
– A means of analysing the product portfolio
and informing decision making about
possible marketing strategies
– Developed by the Boston Consulting Group
– a business strategy and marketing
consultancy in 1968
– Links growth rate, market share and cash
flow
16. http://www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2004 – Biz/ed
The Boston Matrix
• Classifies Products into four simple
categories:
• Stars – products in markets
experiencing high growth rates
with a high or increasing share of
the market
- Potential for high revenue growth
17. http://www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2004 – Biz/ed
The Boston Matrix
• Cash Cows:
– High market share
– Low growth
markets –
maturity stage of
PLC
– Low cost support
– High cash revenue
– positive cash
flows
18. http://www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2004 – Biz/ed
The Boston Matrix
• Dogs:
– Products in a low
growth market
– Have low or declining
market share (decline
stage of PLC)
– Associated with
negative cash flow
– May require large
sums of money to
support
Is your product starting to
embarrass your company?
19. http://www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2004 – Biz/ed
The Boston Matrix
• Problem Child:
- Products having a
low market share in
a high growth
market
- Need money spent
to develop them
- May produce
negative cash flow
- Potential for the
future?
Problem children – worth spending
good money on?
21. http://www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2004 – Biz/ed
The Boston Matrix
• Implications:
• Dogs:
– Are they worth persevering with?
– How much are they costing?
– Could they be revived in some way?
– How much would it cost to continue to
support such products?
– How much would it cost to remove from the
market?
22. http://www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2004 – Biz/ed
The Boston Matrix
• Implications:
• Problem Children:
– What are the chances of these
products securing a hold in the
market?
– How much will it cost to promote
them to a stronger position?
– Is it worth it?
23. http://www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2004 – Biz/ed
The Boston Matrix
• Implications:
• Stars:
– Huge potential
– May have been expensive to develop
– Worth spending money to promote
– Consider the extent of their product
life cycle in decision making
24. http://www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2004 – Biz/ed
The Boston Matrix
• Implications:
• Cash Cows:
– Cheap to promote
– Generate large amounts of cash – use for
further R&D?
– Costs of developing and promoting have
largely gone
– Need to monitor their performance – the
long term?
– At the maturity stage of the PLC?
25. http://www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2004 – Biz/ed
The Product Life Cycle and the
Boston Matrix
Sales
Time
A
B
C
D
The product
portfolio – four
products in the
portfolio
(1)
(1) ‘A’ is at maturity
stage – cash cow.
Generates funds for
the development of
‘D’
(2)
(2) Cash from ‘B’ used
to support ‘C’ through
growth stage and to
launch ‘D’. ‘A’ now
possibly a dog?
(3)
(3) Cash from ‘C’ used
to support growth of ‘D’
and possibly to finance
extension strategy for
‘B’?
Importance of
maintaining a
balance of products
in the portfolio at
different stages of
the PLC – Boston
Matrix helps with the
analysis