Blood Tranisfusion

1. administrating blood(blood
transfusion)
Replacing fluids IV with crystalloid solutions.
Or Giving of one person's blood to another.
Some client may require whole blood, blood
products, or other substance found in plasma.
 Transfusion of blood or its components such as
blood cells & plasma from on person to another.
purpose
• To increase the oxygen caring capacity.
• During major surgery
organized by abas .m

2. purpose…ctd’
• To maintain blood pressure and blood volume
during hemorrhage.
• To replace blood platelets and clotting factors
in haemopillia.
• To provide anti-bodies and leucocytes in
severely ill patients.
• Burns

3. purpose…ctd’
• Accidents
• Abnormal vaginal bleeding
• To provide anti-bodies.
• and leucocytes in severely ill pt.
• For severe anemia from cancer.

4. Blood Groups & Blood types:-
• The person who donates blood is called donor.
• and the person who receives blood is called.
recipient.
• the blood of both should be compatible.

5. Types of Blood group
• Human blood is classified broadly in to 4 main
groups. A, B, AB, & O groups
• Each group have antigen & antibodies.

6. Types of Blood group …ctd’
• Group „A‟& „O‟commonly found in Europe.
• Since blood group “O”has no antigen for the
reaction it gives blood for all group so it is
called universal donors.

7. Types of Blood group …ctd’
• Since blood group “AB”is with out antibodies
in the plasma, it can receive blood from all
• blood- groups (A, B, AB & O) is called
universal recipient.
The Rh-factors
• another factor exist in the blood are called
rhesus facters.

8. Blood group …ctd’

9. The Rh-factors…ctd’
• people who possess Rh-factors are called Rh-
positive (Rh +ve)
• people who lacks Rh factors are called Rh
negative.
• Cross match of blood includes Rh- factors of
grouping.

10. The Rh-factors…ctd’
• A- Receive from “A”& “O”groups
• B- Receive from “B”& “O”groups
• AB- Receive from A, B, AB, Or O.
• O- Receive only from “O”
• Rh tve receive from Rhtve and Rh-ve
• Rh-ve receive only from Rh-ve

11. Blood transfusion reaction
They may be:-
1. Hemolysis
2. Pyrexia or fever
3. Allergic reaction
4. Circulatory over load
5. Transmission of infection (malaria, syphilis,
hepatitis & AIDS.)
6. Minor problems like haematoma at IV
cannulation site etc.
.

12. Blood reaction
In general the reaction may be
• Hemolytic
• Febrile
• Allergic

13. Hemolytic reaction:-
• Agglutination (clumping) of erythrocytes .
• May leads to capillary blockage ;
• And disintegration of RBC occur.
• hemoglobin is release in to the circulatory system
• Reach the kidney tubules become concentrated
precipitates and plugs the tubules,.
• death may occur from renal shut dawn .

14. Clinical manifestation
• chills, fever, headache, back pain,
heamoglobinnemia (red urine), oligouria,
jaundice,
• dyspnea, cyanosis, chest pain, hypotension,
vascular collapse.
Cause:-.
• Mismatched or.
• incompatibility of ABO or Rh factors.

15. Medical management:
1. Large quantity of fluids to promote diuresis.
2. Diuretics- to increase flow of tubular fluids
3. Administration of heparin to compact IV
coagulation.
4. Indwelling catheter to monitor urinary out put.
5. Oxygen & epinephrine for wheezing & dyspnea.
6. Treatment of shock
7. Sedation for restlessness.

16. Nursing Responsibilities:
• Observe the pt for the first 10 minutes.
• Dis/continue blood immediately when reaction
arise.
• Notify physician about pt‟s V/s & symptoms.
• Notify laboratory for cross match test
• Maintain IV infusion with N/s.
• Record In/Out put to assess renal function.
• Give treatment as prescribed.

17. Febrile reaction:
• A reaction which occur due to contaminated
blood with gram-ve bacteria
• xiczd by flushing of the skin .

18. Clinical manifestation
• shaking chills
• warm flushed skin
• headache, backache
• nausea
• confusion or delirium

19. Medical management:-
1. Vassopressor drugs
2. Corticosteroids- to treat inflammations.
3. Antibiotics
4. Catheterization
5. IV fluid
6. Antipyretics.

20. Nursing measurement:-
For acute reaction
1. Observe patient for the first 10min
2. Stop transfusion
3. Maintain IV infusion with saline
4. Check the V/S Q 30min
5. Notify the physician
6. Notify the laboratory technology
7. Tiped spong PR

21. Allergic reactions
• The donors blood is allergic to recipients blood
• Rarely leads to anaphylactic shock.
Clinical manifestation
 urticaria(itchy,swolen,red areas of skin.)
 wheezing
 arthraligia.
 generalized itching
 nasal congestion
 bronchospasm
 severe dyspnea
 circulatory collapse

22. Medical treatment:-
For mild reaction .
1 anti histamin
2. Antipyretics.
for sever reaction
1. Epinephrine
2. Corticosteroids
3. Vassopressors

23. Nursing reactions:-
For mild reaction
• Slow the transfusion.
• Give therapy as prescribed by Dr.
For severe reactions
• stop transfusion
• Notify physician
• Maintain IV infusion with salins
• Check V/s frequently

24. Immediate blood reaction:-
• Headache
• Chills
• Pyrexia
• Rash on the skin (urticaria)

25. Late blood reactions
• Dyspnea
• Renal shut down in severe cases
• heamaturia
• Chest pain
• Rigor (rigidity)

26. Precautions
A. The donor should be
1. An adult of age 17 to 45 or 21 to 60 years old.
2. weight 50kg & aboves
3. Hgb count 12.5gms & aboves
4. blood may be donated every 6 months
5. blood is drawn from the vein.

27. Precautions…ctd’
B. Contraindicated to the donors:-
1. Syphilis
2. Mphoid
3. Malaria
4. AIDS
5. Post partum mothers
6. Abortion or lactating mothers
7. Hepatitis

28. Precautions…ctd’
C. Storage of blood
1. stored for 20-21 days a temperature of 4 to 6
2. It has to be fresh, as blood platelets disintegrate with
in 24hours.
3. One unit (bag) is about 240-300ml or 500ml( 450ml).
Other precaution
1. The transfusion should be sterile
2. Prevent air in to the apparatus.
3. 18g or more is preferred to prevent damage to RBC
and to provide adequate flow rate

29. Precautions…ctd’
4. No medicines, should be given through the
same Iv route.
5.vital signs of the pt should be recorded.
6.The flow rate is 5-10 drop/min for 30 minutes
7.If iv is needed use isotonic saline to prevent
hemolysis of blood.
8.Do not heat the blood,

30. Precautions…ctd’
10. monitored the pt through out transfusion.
11. Use sterile technique
12. Adjust isotonic solution (0.9 saline) beside
13. Never discard the blood gets any reaction.

32. MANY THANKS