The document provides information on four different eagle species: the bald eagle, white-tailed eagle, harpy eagle, and Steller's sea eagle. It describes their physical characteristics such as size, weight, coloring, habitat, and diet. Key details include that the bald eagle is the national bird of the US, the white-tailed eagle is found in Eurasia, the harpy eagle lives in tropical rainforests and is the largest raptor in the Americas, and the Steller's sea eagle is on average the heaviest species of eagle in the world.

1. Eagles

2. Bald Eagle
The bald
eagle (Haliaeetus
leucocephalus, from
Greek hali "sea", aiētos "ea
gle", leuco "white", cephalo
s "head") is a bird of
prey found in North
America. A sea eagle, it has
two known subspecies and
forms a species pair with
the white-tailed
eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla).
Its range includes most of
Canada and Alaska, all of
the contiguous United
States, and northern
Mexico. It is found near
large bodies of open water

3. The bald eagle is an opportunistic feeder
which subsists mainly on fish, which it
swoops down and snatches from the water
with its talons. It builds the largest nest of
any North American bird and the largest
tree nests ever recorded for any animal
species, up to 4 m (13 ft) deep, 2.5 m (8.2 ft)
wide, and 1 metric ton (1.1 short tons) in
weight.[2] Sexual maturity is attained at the
age of four to five years.
Bald eagles are not actually bald; the name
derives from an older meaning of the word,
"white headed". The adult is mainly brown
with a white head and tail. The sexes are
identical in plumage, but females are about
25 percent larger than males. The beak is
large and hooked. The plumage of the
immature is brown.

4. The bald eagle is both the national
bird and national animal of the United
States of America. The bald eagle appears on
its seal. In the late 20th century it was on the
brink of extirpation in the contiguous
United States. Populations have since
recovered and the species was removed from
the U.S. government's list of endangered
species on July 12, 1995 and transferred to
the list of threatened species. It was
removed from the List of Endangered and
Threatened Wildlife in the Lower 48 States
on June 28, 2007.

5. White Tailed
Eagle
The white-tailed
eagle (Haliaeetus
albicilla), also known as
the ern, erne, gray
eagle, Eurasian sea
eagle and white-tailed
sea-eagle[citation needed], is a
large bird of prey in the
family Accipitridae which
includes other raptors such
as hawks, kites,
and harriers. They are
found in Eurasia, near large
bodies of open water with
an abundant food supply
and old-growth trees for
nesting. They are
considered a close cousin

6. The first formal description of the white-
tailed eagle was by the Swedish
naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth
edition of his Systema Naturae under
the binomial name Falco
albicilla.[2][3] The genus Haliaeetus was
introduced in 1809 by the French
naturalist Marie Jules César Savigny in
the Description de l'Égypte.[4] The
name Haliaeetus is New Latin for "sea-
eagle", from Ancient Greek hali-, "sea-"
and aetos, "eagle". The specific albicilla,
"white-tailed", is from New Latin albi-,
"white" and cilla, "tail".

7. The white-tailed eagle is a very large bird. It
measures 66–94 cm (26–37 in) in length
with a 1.78–2.45 m (5.8–8.0 ft) wingspan.
The wingspan, with a midpoint of 2.18 m
(7.2 ft), is on average the largest of any
eagle.[6][7] The Steller's sea eagle, larger in
both weight and total length, is the closest
rival for median wingspan amongst living
eagles.[6] The bald eagle is roughly the same
size as the white-tailed eagle, although has a
shorter average wingspan and usually longer
total length, due to a longer tail.[6] Females,
typically weighing 4–6.9 kg (8.8–15.2 lb), are
slightly larger than males, which weigh 3.1–
5.4 kg (6.8–11.9 lb).[6] The record weight for
the species was 7.5 kg (17 lb) for a specimen
from Scotland, while a more recent huge
female from Greenland reportedly spanned
2.53 m (8.3 ft) across the wings

8. Among standard measurements, the wing
chord is 55.2–71.7 cm (21.7–28.2 in),
the tail is 25–33 cm (9.8–13.0 in),
the tarsus is 9.2–10.1 cm (3.6–4.0 in) and
the exposed culmen is 6–6.5 cm (2.4–
2.6 in).[6][10] Size variation is generally
a clinal trend: measurements of eagles from
Greenland are in general larger than in other
populations of the species, while those from
the (now discontinuous) population in
the Middle East, at the southern extreme of
this species distribution, are the smallest in
the species.[6][11] The white-tailed eagle is
sometimes considered the fourth largest
eagle in the world [12] and is on average the
fourth heaviest eagle in the world.[6][13]

9. This species has broad "barn door" wings, a
large head and a large thick beak. The adult
is mainly grayish-brown except for the
slightly paler head and neck, blackish flight
feathers, and distinctive white tail. All bare
parts are yellow in color, including both
the bill and the legs. In juvenile birds, tail
and bill are darker, the tail becoming white
with a dark terminal band in sub-
adults.[14][page needed] The combination of
mousy-brown coloration, broad, evenly held
wings, white tail, strong yellow bill and
overall large size render the white-tailed
eagle essentially unmistakable in its native
range.[6]
Second year birds have paler bellies and
third year birds are darker. It has four or five
body moults before reaching adult plumage.
Only a proportion of the flight feathers are
moulted each year. Moults more or less
continuously, although it may pause in
winter if food is in short supply.[15]
Some individuals have been found to live
over 25 years,[16] 21 years being the average.

10. Harpy Eagle
The harpy eagle (Harpia
harpyja) is
a neotropical species
of eagle.
It is sometimes known as
the American harpy
eagle to distinguish it from
the Papuan eagle, which is
sometimes known as the
New Guinea harpy eagle or
Papuan harpy eagle.[3] It is
the largest and most
powerful raptor found in
the Americas,[4] and among
the largest extantspecies of
eagles in the world.

11. It usually inhabits tropical
lowland rainforests in the upper
(emergent) canopy layer. Destruction of its
natural habitat has caused it to vanish from
many parts of its former range, and it is
nearly extirpated in Central America.
In Brazil, the harpy eagle is also known as
royal-hawk (in Portuguese: gavião-real).

12. The harpy eagle was first described
by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae in 1758
as Vultur harpyja,[6] after the mythological
beast harpy. The only member of
the genus Harpia, the harpy eagle is most
closely related to the crested
eagle (Morphnus guianensis) and the New
Guinea harpy eagle (Harpyopsis
novaeguineae), the three composing the
subfamily Harpiinae within the large
family Accipitridae. Previously thought to be
related, the Philippine eagle has been shown
by DNA analysis to belong elsewhere in the
raptor family, as it is related to
the Circaetinae.

13. The species name harpyja and the
word harpy in the common name harpy
eagle both come from Ancient
Greek hárpuia (ἅρπυια). They refer to
the Harpies of Ancient Greek mythology.
These were wind spirits that took the dead
to Hades, and were said to have a body like
an eagle and the face of a human

14. The upper side of the harpy eagle is covered
with slate-black feathers, and the underside
is mostly white, except for the
feathered tarsi, which are striped black. A
broad black band across the upper breast
separates the gray head from the white belly.
The head is pale grey, and is crowned with a
double crest. The upper side of the tail is
black with three gray bands, while the
underside of it is black with three white
bands. The iris is gray or brown or red, the
cere and bill are black or blackish and the
tarsi and toes are yellow. The plumage of
males and females are identical.
The tarsus is up to 13 cm (5.1 in) long

15. Female harpy eagles typically weigh 6 to 9 kg
(13 to 20 lb).[9][11] One source states that adult
females can weigh up to 10 kg (22 lb).[12] An
exceptionally large captive female, "Jezebel",
weighed 12.3 kg (27 lb).[13] Being captive, this
large female may not be representative of
the weight possible in wild harpy eagles due
to differences in the food
availability.[14][15] The male, in comparison, is
much smaller and weighs only about 4 to
4.8 kg (8.8 to 10.6 lb).[9][11] Harpy eagles are
86.5–107 cm (2 ft 10 in–3 ft 6 in)
long[10][11] and have a wingspan of 176 to
224 cm (5 ft 9 in to 7 ft 4 in).[9][10] Among the
standard measurements, the wing chord
measures 54–63 cm (1 ft 9 in–2 ft 1 in), the
tail measures 37–42 cm (1 ft 3 in–1 ft 5 in),
the tarsus is 11.4–13 cm (4.5–5.1 in) long, and
the exposed culmen from the cere is 4.2 to
6.5 cm (1.7 to 2.6 in).

16. It is sometimes cited as the
largest eagle alongside
the Philippine eagle, that is
somewhat longer on average
and the Steller's sea eagle, that
is slightly heavier on
average.[8] The wingspan of the
harpy eagle is relatively small,
an adaptation that increases
maneuverability in forested
habitats and is shared by other
raptors in similar habitats. The
wingspan of the harpy eagle is
surpassed by several large
eagles who live in more open
habitats, such as those in
the Haliaeetus and Aquila gen
era.[9] The extinct Haast's
eagle was significantly larger
than all extant eagles,
including the harpy.[

17. This species is largely silent away from the
nest. There, the adults give a penetrating,
weak, melancholy scream, with the
incubating males' call described as "whispy
screaming or wailing".[19] The females' calls
while incubating are similar, but are lower-
pitched. While approaching the nest with
food, the male calls out "rapid chirps, goose-
like calls, and occasional sharp screams".
Vocalization in both parents decreases as
the nestlings age, while the nestlings
become more vocal. The nestlings call chi-
chi-chi...chi-chi-chi-chi, seemingly in alarm
in response to rain or direct sunlight. When
humans approach the nest, the nestlings
have been described as uttering croaks,
quacks, and whistles

18. Stellers Sea
Eagle
Steller's sea
eagle (Haliaeetus
pelagicus)[2] is a large bird of
prey in the
family Accipitridae that lives in
coastal northeastern Asia and
mainly preys on fish and water
birds. On average, it is the
heaviest eagle in the world, at
about 5 to 9 kg (11 to 20 lb),
but may be below the harpy
eagle (Harpia harpyja)
and Philippine
eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) in
some standard
measurements.[3] It is named
after the German
naturalist Georg Wilhelm
Steller.

19. This species was first described as Aquila
pelagica by Peter Simon Pallas, in either 1811
or 1826 depending on the source.
Subsequently, many generic and specific
names have been variously spelled,
e.g., Haliaetus pelagicus, Haliaetos
pelagica, Faico leucopterus, Faico
imperator, Thalassaetus
pelagicus, Thalassaetus
macrurus, Haliaeetus macrurus, and most
recently Thallasoaetus pelagicus. Besides its
normal common name, the species has
sometimes been referred to as the Pacific
eagle or white-shouldered eagle.
In Russian, the eagle has been
called morskoi orel (sea eagle), pestryi
morskoi orel (mottled sea eagle)
or beloplechii orlan (white-shouldered
eagle). In Japanese, it is called ō-washi (large
eagle or great eagle

20. Steller's sea eagle is the biggest
bird in
the genus Haliaeetus and is
one of the
largest raptorsoverall. Females
vary in weight from 6,195 to
9,500 g (13.658 to 20.944 lb),
while males being rather
lighter with a weight range of
4,900 to 6,800 g (10.8 to
15.0 lb).[3][6][7] The average
weight is variable, possibly due
to seasonal variation in food
access or general condition of
eagles, but has been reported
as high as a mean mass of
7,757 g (17.101 lb) to a median
estimate weight of 6,250 g

21. (13.78 lb), excluding expired eagles that were
poisoned by lead and endured precipitous
weight loss by the occasion of their
deaths.[3][6][7][8][9] At its average weight, the
Steller's seems to outweigh the
average harpy by approximately 500 g (1.1 lb)
and the average Philippine eagles by more
than 1,000 g (2.2 lb).[3][7][10] Steller's sea eagle
can range in total length from 85 to 105 cm
(2 ft 9 in to 3 ft 5 in), apparently males
average about 89 cm (2 ft 11 in) in length,
while females average about 100 cm (3 ft
3 in), marginally shorter on average than the
harpy eagle and about 65 mm (2.6 in)
shorter than the Philippine eagle.[3][8] The
wingspan is from 1.95 to 2.5 m (6 ft 5 in to
8 ft 2 in) and the wing chord measurement
is 560 to 680 mm (22 to 27 in).

22. The sea eagle's wingspan is one of the largest
of any living eagle, at a median of 2.13 m (7 ft
0 in) per Ferguson-Lees (2001) or a median
of 2.2 m (7 ft 3 in) per Saito
(2009).[3][8] Closest are the closely
related white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus
albicilla), at reported median wingspans of
2.1 and 2.18 m (6 ft 11 in and 7 ft 2 in) and the
unrelated wedge-tailed eagle (Aquila audax),
at reported average wingspans of 2.04 and
2.23 m (6 ft 8 in and 7 ft 4 in); nonetheless,
both other eagles are rather smaller in
overall size, particularly body
mass.[3][8][12] The Steller's sea eagle's absolute
maximum wingspan is less certain; many
sources place it at up to 2.45 m (8 ft 2
in).[13][14] However, less substantiated records
indicate that it may also reach up to 2.74 m
(9 ft),[15] if true this would make it one of the
largest eagles in the world by wingspan as
well as body size

23. As in most Haliaeetus eagles,
the tarsus and tail are
relatively short compared to
other very large eagles at 95–
100 mm (3.7–3.9 in) and 320–
390 mm (13–15 in) in length,
respectively, the Philippine
eagle besting it by up to
40 mm (1.6 in) and 110 mm
(4.3 in) apparently.[3][16] In all
sea and fish eagles, the toes are
relatively short and stout, with
the bottom of the foot covered
in spiracles and the talons
being relatively shorter and
more strongly curved than in
comparably sized eagles of
forests and fields, such as the
"booted eagle" group (i.e. Aquila)
or "harpy eagles

24. all of these specializations developed in the
aid of capturing fish rather than medium-
sized mammals and large birds, although
clearly these are not excluded from
capture.[3][16] As in all fish and sea eagles, as
well as the majority of the world's fish-
eating raptors, Steller's sea eagle has
spiracles, which are bumpy waves all along
the bottom of their feet, which allow them
to hold fish that may otherwise slip out of
their grasp.[3] The feet are very powerful
despite not bearing talons as long as those of
a harpy eagle. In one case, a wildlife
veteranian was badly injured when a female
eagle grabbed his arm and embedded her
talons, piercing through to

25. the other side of his arm.[17] Perhaps the
most noted physical feature of Steller's sea
eagle, other than its overall great size, is its
extremely large bill and prominent head.
The skull is around 14.6 cm (5.7 in) in total
length, the culmen is from 62 to 75 mm (2.4
to 3.0 in) and the bill from the gape to the
tip is around 117 mm (4.6 in).[18][19] Steller's
sea eagle's bill is probably the largest of any
living eagle, just surpassing to the Philippine
eagle with a sole known culmen
measurement (from a mature female) of
72.2 mm (2.84 in), and are similar in
robustness (if slightly shorter in culmen
length) to those of the largest accipitrids,
the Old World vultures

26. Crowned Eagle
The crowned eagle, also
known as the African
crowned eagle or
the crowned hawk-
eagle (Stephanoaetus
coronatus) is a large bird of
prey found in sub-Saharan
Africa; in Southern Africa it is
restricted to eastern areas.[2] Its
preferred habitats are
principally riparian woodlands
and various forests.[2] The
crowned eagle is the
only extant member of
the genus Stephanoaetus. A
second species, the Malagasy
crowned eagle (Stephanoaetus
mahery) became extinct after
humans settled
on Madagascar

27. At least 90 per cent of the diet
is mammalian;[4][5] the usual prey taken by
populations shows pronounced regional
differences. Throughout its range the
principal prey items are
small ungulates (such
as duikers, chevrotains), rock hyrax and
small primates such as monkeys.[6] Birdsand
large lizards are barely taken

28. Although the crowned eagle's long tail
imparts an overall length up to 90 cm
(35 in), it is somewhat less massive and has a
considerably shorter wingspan than Africa's
largest eagle, the martial eagle (Polemaetus
bellicosus). It is nevertheless considered
Africa's most powerful eagle when measured
in terms of the weight of its prey items.[6] It
often preys on mammals such
as bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus),
exceptionally weighing up to 30 kg (66 lb)
albeit usually much less.[6][7] The crowned
eagle possesses unusually large talons and
strong legs, and may kill by crushing the
skull. The eagle is also ferocious; some
records from beneath a nest show the
remains of a large, male Sooty
mangabey weighing 11 kg (24 lb)

29. Due to their ecological similarities, the
crowned eagle is Africa's best analogue of
the harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja). Thanks to
its bold and highly conspicuous behavior, it
is exceptionally well-studied for a large,
forest-dwelling eagle. Due to a relatively
high level of habitat adaptability, it was until
recently considered to be faring well by the
standards of large, forest-dependent
raptors.[9] However, today it is generally
thought that it is decreasing far more than
was previously perceived due to the almost
epidemic destruction of native tropical
African forest.[1] It is now listed by
the IUCN as Near Threatened.