This is a presentation based on the summarization of three separate papers I've completed for a college biology course. Each paper was a critical analysis of presentations published by several authors.
Các xoang có nhiệm vụ làm ấm không khí, là một bộ phận quan trọng tham gia vào hoạt động hô hấp của cơ thể. Nếu bạn để xoang bị tắc nghẽn, viêm nhiễm trong thời gian dài sẽ dẫn đến tình trạng xuất hiện mủ. Điều này cho thấy bệnh viêm xoang của bạn đang ở mức báo động. Vậy viêm xoang có mủ thực sự nguy hiểm như thế nào? Bài viết này sẽ giúp bạn hiểu rõ hơn về căn bệnh viêm xoang phiền toái này.
Nguồn: Trích https://venusglobal.com.vn/viem-xoang-cap-mu/
#viêm_xoang_mũi_có_mủ
#viêm_xoang_cấp_mủ
#viêm_xoang_hốc_mủ
#viêm_xoang_mủ_cấp
Đa số chúng ta thường gặp những ca viêm xoang ở người lớn nhưng điều đó không có nghĩa là không xuất hiện ở trẻ em. Bệnh viêm xoang ở trẻ nhỏ thường gặp ở trẻ từ 6 tuổi trở xuống, cơ địa gầy gò ốm yếu, sức đề kháng kém, cơ địa dễ mắc bệnh viêm mũi và viêm mũi dị ứng bẩm sinh… Vậy cha mẹ cần làm gì khi con mình có trong những trường hợp trên? Hãy cùng Venus Global tìm hiểu một số liệu pháp chữa viêm xoang ở trẻ nhỏ ngay sau đây.
Nguồn: Trích https://venusglobal.com.vn/chua-viem-xoang-cho-tre-em/
#viêm_xoang_ở_trẻ_nhỏ
#chữa_viêm_xoang_cho_trẻ_em
#cách_chữa_viêm_xoang_cho_trẻ_em
#chữa_bệnh_viêm_xoang_cho_trẻ_em
#viêm_xoang_mãn_tính_tuổi_trẻ
Kathryn Maitland describes the challenges faced with oxygen therapy as an emergency intervention in critical illness in African children.
Where Kathryn works, in East Africa, there is no access to intensive care. Caring for critically ill children is all done in the Emergency Department.
70% of the global burden of disease and deaths from pneumonia occurs in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The WHO has published guidelines as to what classifies as pneumonia, severe pneumonia, and very severe pneumonia.
These classifications rely on clinical signs. However, Kathryn in her research has discovered that these classifications are rarely correlated with the actual underlying disease process.
Clinical signs are non-specific for the diagnosis of pneumonia. Oxygen is recommended for severe and very severe pneumonia.
This has led to calls to prioritise oxygen delivery in African hospitals. However, it has not led to change from a health department or funding viewpoint.
There are also oxygen delivery practicalities to consider. Often there is only one source of oxygen on a ward (if at all) with patients clustered around it.
The production of Oxygen may only happen in a few places.
Poor cylinder quality leads to leaks and therefore, low supply.
Concentrators are useful however they need regular servicing. They also rely on power, and in a region that experiences regular power outages, this can be problematic. When the power goes off, there is no oxygen available.
Kathryn asks – do all children actually need oxygen? There is still however a hidden burden of hypoxia.
Outside of Africa, Kathryn discusses the current state of equipoise on oxygen therapy.
Moreover, oxygen can be harmful if given inappropriately. This leads to concerns more broadly on the harms of oxygen therapy.
Kathryn concludes her talk by looking to the future. She discusses ongoing research and the implications for future practice in resource poor settings, and indeed the world.
Effects of moderate doses of vitamin A as an adjunct to the treatment of pneu...ISAMI1
Effects of moderate doses of vitamin A as an adjunct to the treatment of pneumonia in underweight and normal-weight children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Các xoang có nhiệm vụ làm ấm không khí, là một bộ phận quan trọng tham gia vào hoạt động hô hấp của cơ thể. Nếu bạn để xoang bị tắc nghẽn, viêm nhiễm trong thời gian dài sẽ dẫn đến tình trạng xuất hiện mủ. Điều này cho thấy bệnh viêm xoang của bạn đang ở mức báo động. Vậy viêm xoang có mủ thực sự nguy hiểm như thế nào? Bài viết này sẽ giúp bạn hiểu rõ hơn về căn bệnh viêm xoang phiền toái này.
Nguồn: Trích https://venusglobal.com.vn/viem-xoang-cap-mu/
#viêm_xoang_mũi_có_mủ
#viêm_xoang_cấp_mủ
#viêm_xoang_hốc_mủ
#viêm_xoang_mủ_cấp
Đa số chúng ta thường gặp những ca viêm xoang ở người lớn nhưng điều đó không có nghĩa là không xuất hiện ở trẻ em. Bệnh viêm xoang ở trẻ nhỏ thường gặp ở trẻ từ 6 tuổi trở xuống, cơ địa gầy gò ốm yếu, sức đề kháng kém, cơ địa dễ mắc bệnh viêm mũi và viêm mũi dị ứng bẩm sinh… Vậy cha mẹ cần làm gì khi con mình có trong những trường hợp trên? Hãy cùng Venus Global tìm hiểu một số liệu pháp chữa viêm xoang ở trẻ nhỏ ngay sau đây.
Nguồn: Trích https://venusglobal.com.vn/chua-viem-xoang-cho-tre-em/
#viêm_xoang_ở_trẻ_nhỏ
#chữa_viêm_xoang_cho_trẻ_em
#cách_chữa_viêm_xoang_cho_trẻ_em
#chữa_bệnh_viêm_xoang_cho_trẻ_em
#viêm_xoang_mãn_tính_tuổi_trẻ
Kathryn Maitland describes the challenges faced with oxygen therapy as an emergency intervention in critical illness in African children.
Where Kathryn works, in East Africa, there is no access to intensive care. Caring for critically ill children is all done in the Emergency Department.
70% of the global burden of disease and deaths from pneumonia occurs in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The WHO has published guidelines as to what classifies as pneumonia, severe pneumonia, and very severe pneumonia.
These classifications rely on clinical signs. However, Kathryn in her research has discovered that these classifications are rarely correlated with the actual underlying disease process.
Clinical signs are non-specific for the diagnosis of pneumonia. Oxygen is recommended for severe and very severe pneumonia.
This has led to calls to prioritise oxygen delivery in African hospitals. However, it has not led to change from a health department or funding viewpoint.
There are also oxygen delivery practicalities to consider. Often there is only one source of oxygen on a ward (if at all) with patients clustered around it.
The production of Oxygen may only happen in a few places.
Poor cylinder quality leads to leaks and therefore, low supply.
Concentrators are useful however they need regular servicing. They also rely on power, and in a region that experiences regular power outages, this can be problematic. When the power goes off, there is no oxygen available.
Kathryn asks – do all children actually need oxygen? There is still however a hidden burden of hypoxia.
Outside of Africa, Kathryn discusses the current state of equipoise on oxygen therapy.
Moreover, oxygen can be harmful if given inappropriately. This leads to concerns more broadly on the harms of oxygen therapy.
Kathryn concludes her talk by looking to the future. She discusses ongoing research and the implications for future practice in resource poor settings, and indeed the world.
Effects of moderate doses of vitamin A as an adjunct to the treatment of pneu...ISAMI1
Effects of moderate doses of vitamin A as an adjunct to the treatment of pneumonia in underweight and normal-weight children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Running head: PICOT 1
PICOT 6
PICOT STATEMENT AND LITERATURE SEARCH
Student’s Name: Idalmis Espinosa
Institutional Affiliation: Grand Canyon University
Date: 04/23/17
EBS PROCESS
The nurses ought to measure the blood pressure of the patients depending on the evidence-based process to ensure accuracy. Accurate measurements are a crucial factor in the effective treatment of diabetes, pediatric and dialysis. The method used to measure the blood pressure in children is different from that employed in adults. In children, the process includes an auscultatory strategy that compares the results with those in the oscillometric tool.
PICOT STATEMENT
P – Population: Children about 8 to 15 years with a clinical diagnosis of diabetes, pediatric and dialysis.
I – Intervention: The subjects will be randomized to have management in different time frames of 2, 4, 6 and eight weeks.
C – Comparison: A standardized subject would be used as a control to make active comparisons. This strategy will help us to minimize effects related to not attending the clinic.
O – Outcome: Changes in the blood pressure and blood sugar level.
T – Time: The outcome would be assessed weekly for eight weeks.
Chavers, B. M., Li, S., Collins, A. J., & Herzog, C. A. (2002). Cardiovascular disease in pediatric chronic dialysis patients. Kidney international.
According to Chavers and the rest, there is little information regarding the mortality rate of the children with diabetes and renal diseases. The study evaluated the mortality rate in children suffering from pediatric chronic dialysis. Children of ages ranging from 2 to 17 years were identified from the data system of the United States Renal Data system. A sum of 1500 children was eligible for the enclosure. 31 percent of the kids developed cardiac related diseases, while the rest developed other conditions that are related to either diabetes or pediatric dialysis. The study concluded that cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of child mortality and morbidity in pediatric chronic dialysis.
Brenner, B. M., Cooper, M. E., & Shahinfar, S. (2001). Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. New England Journal of Medicine.
Brenner et al. contend that nephropathy is the leading source of renal disease. The researchers evaluated the function of the receptor antagonist in the type 2 diabetes patients and nephropathy. A sum of 1500 patients was randomly selected for assessment over the period of 3 years. The receptor antagonist indicated substantial benefits to the renal in the type 2 diabetes patients and nephropathy. The researchers, therefore, concluded that nephropathy could ca ...
1. In a study, 28 adults with mild periodontal disease are assesseTatianaMajor22
1. In a study, 28 adults with mild periodontal disease are assessed before and 6 months after the implementation of a dental-education program intended to promote better oral hygiene. After 6 months, periodontal status improved in 15 patients, declined in 8, and remained the same in 5.
Choose one answer:
Assess the impact of the program statistically (use a two-sided test).
We do not reject H_0 at the 5% level and conclude that patients have not significantly changed on the program.
We reject H_0 at the 5% level and conclude that patients have significantly changed on the program.
We reject H_0 at the 5% level and conclude that patients have not significantly changed on the program.
We do not reject H_0 at the 5% level and conclude that patients have significantly changed on the program.
2. data can be ordered but do not have specific numeric values. Thus, common arithmetic cannot be performed on ordinal data in a meaningful way.
Choose one answer:
ordinal
interval
ratio
nominal
3. A ______________ design is a type of randomized clinical trial in which each participant is randomized to either group A or group B which receive different treatments, then later switch treatments.
Choose one answer:
cross-over
case-control
prospective
retrospective
4. Suppose researchers do an epidemiologic investigation of people entering a sexually transmitted disease clinic. They find that 160 of 200 patients who are diagnosed as having gonorrhea and 50 of 105 patients who are diagnosed as having nongonococcal urethritis have had previous episodes of urethritis.
Are the present diagnosis and prior episodes of urethritis associated? (Hint: a chi-square test with Yates' correction)
Choose one answer:
Gonorrhea patients are significantly more likely to have prior episodes of urethritis than NGU patients.
Gonorrhea patients are not significantly more likely to have prior episodes of urethritis than NGU patients.
5. The _______ rate is defined as the proportion of participants in the placebo group who actually receive the active treatment outside the study protocol.
6. I DID IT
7. I DID IT
8. I DID IT
9. For any sample point ( x subscript i, y subscript i), the ___________________ of that point about the regression line is defined by ( stack y subscript i with hat on top minus top enclose y). (Hint: the blank is two words)
10. The following statistics are taken from an article by Burch relating cigarette smoking to lung cancer. The article presents data relating mortality from lung cancer to average cigarette consumption (lb/person) for females in England and Wales over a 40-year period. The data are given in the table below.
Cigarette consumption and lung-cancer mortality in England and Wales, 1930-1969
Period
log_{10} mortality (over 5 years), y
log_{10} annual cigarette consumption (lb/person), x
1930-1934
-2.35
-0.26
1935-1939
-2.20
-0.03
1940-1944
-2.12
0.30
1945-1949
-1.95
0.37
1950-1954
-1.85
0.40
1955-1959
-1.80
0.50
1960-1 ...
Acute otitis media (AOM), a viral or bacterial infection of the middle ear, is the common infection for which antibiotics are prescribed for children in the United States [1]. Direct and indirect costs of treatment and time lost from school and work because of acute otitis media totalled nearly $3 billion in 1996 Acute otitis media is most common between six and 24 months of age; by age three, more than 80 percent of children have been diagnosed. Otitis media with effusion is middle ear effusion in the absence of acute infection. About 2.3 million cases of otitis media with effusion occur annually in the United States. Chronic supportive otitis media is persistent infection and typically resultant perforation of the tympanic membrane [
The international survey on the management of allergic rhinitis by physicians...Georgi Daskalov
ORIGINAL RESEARCH Open Access
The international survey on the management of
allergic rhinitis by physicians and patients
(ISMAR)
Carlos E Baena-Cagnani
1
†
ˆ
, Giorgio W Canonica
2*
, Mohamed Zaky Helal
3
†
, René Maximiliano Gómez
4
†
,
Enrico Compalati
2
†
, Mario E Zernotti
5
†
, Mario Sanchez-Borges
6
†
, Fabio F Morato Castro
7
†
,
Margarita Murrieta Aguttes
8
†
, Aida López-Garcia
9
†
, Faheem A Tadros
10
†
and ISMAR Study Group
The STUDY of the DISTRIBUTION and DETERMINANTS of HEALTH-RELATED STATES in specified POPULATIONS, and the application of this study to CONTROL of health problems."
Mortality meeting is a practice in all hospitals. In ours, we try to discuss the case in depth, so that the management can become better. This is one such case.
Section 1 Definition of Epidemiology httpswww.cdc.govophs.docxbagotjesusa
Section 1: Definition of Epidemiology
https://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section1.html
Lesson 1: Introduction to Epidemiology
In fact, epidemiology is often described as the basic science of public health, and for good reason. First, epidemiology is a quantitative discipline that relies on a working knowledge of probability, statistics, and sound research methods. Second, epidemiology is a method of causal reasoning based on developing and testing hypotheses grounded in such scientific fields as biology, behavioral sciences, physics, and ergonomics to explain health-related behaviors, states, and events. However, epidemiology is not just a research activity but an integral component of public health, providing the foundation for directing practical and appropriate public health action based on this science and causal reasoning.(2)
A. Distribution
Epidemiology is concerned with the frequency and pattern of health events in a population:
a. Frequency refers not only to the number of health events such as the number of cases of meningitis or diabetes in a population, but also to the relationship of that number to the size of the population. The resulting rate allows epidemiologists to compare disease occurrence across different populations.
b. Pattern refers to the occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and person. Time patterns may be annual, seasonal, weekly, daily, hourly, weekday versus weekend, or any other breakdown of time that may influence disease or injury occurrence. Place patterns include geographic variation, urban/rural differences, and location of work sites or schools. Personal characteristics include demographic factors which may be related to risk of illness, injury, or disability such as age, sex, marital status, and socioeconomic status, as well as behaviors and environmental exposures.
Characterizing health events by time, place, and person are activities of descriptive epidemiology, discussed in more detail later in this lesson.
B. Determinants
Determinant: any factor, whether event, characteristic, or other definable entity, that brings about a change in a health condition or other defined characteristic.
Epidemiology is also used to search for determinants, which are the causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of disease and other health-related events. Epidemiologists assume that illness does not occur randomly in a population, but happens only when the right accumulation of risk factors or determinants exists in an individual. To search for these determinants, epidemiologists use analytic epidemiology or epidemiologic studies to provide the “Why” and “How” of such events. They assess whether groups with different rates of disease differ in their demographic characteristics, genetic or immunologic make-up, behaviors, environmental exposures, or other so-called potential risk factors. Ideally, the findings provide sufficient evidence to direct prompt and effective publ.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Running head: PICOT 1
PICOT 6
PICOT STATEMENT AND LITERATURE SEARCH
Student’s Name: Idalmis Espinosa
Institutional Affiliation: Grand Canyon University
Date: 04/23/17
EBS PROCESS
The nurses ought to measure the blood pressure of the patients depending on the evidence-based process to ensure accuracy. Accurate measurements are a crucial factor in the effective treatment of diabetes, pediatric and dialysis. The method used to measure the blood pressure in children is different from that employed in adults. In children, the process includes an auscultatory strategy that compares the results with those in the oscillometric tool.
PICOT STATEMENT
P – Population: Children about 8 to 15 years with a clinical diagnosis of diabetes, pediatric and dialysis.
I – Intervention: The subjects will be randomized to have management in different time frames of 2, 4, 6 and eight weeks.
C – Comparison: A standardized subject would be used as a control to make active comparisons. This strategy will help us to minimize effects related to not attending the clinic.
O – Outcome: Changes in the blood pressure and blood sugar level.
T – Time: The outcome would be assessed weekly for eight weeks.
Chavers, B. M., Li, S., Collins, A. J., & Herzog, C. A. (2002). Cardiovascular disease in pediatric chronic dialysis patients. Kidney international.
According to Chavers and the rest, there is little information regarding the mortality rate of the children with diabetes and renal diseases. The study evaluated the mortality rate in children suffering from pediatric chronic dialysis. Children of ages ranging from 2 to 17 years were identified from the data system of the United States Renal Data system. A sum of 1500 children was eligible for the enclosure. 31 percent of the kids developed cardiac related diseases, while the rest developed other conditions that are related to either diabetes or pediatric dialysis. The study concluded that cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of child mortality and morbidity in pediatric chronic dialysis.
Brenner, B. M., Cooper, M. E., & Shahinfar, S. (2001). Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. New England Journal of Medicine.
Brenner et al. contend that nephropathy is the leading source of renal disease. The researchers evaluated the function of the receptor antagonist in the type 2 diabetes patients and nephropathy. A sum of 1500 patients was randomly selected for assessment over the period of 3 years. The receptor antagonist indicated substantial benefits to the renal in the type 2 diabetes patients and nephropathy. The researchers, therefore, concluded that nephropathy could ca ...
1. In a study, 28 adults with mild periodontal disease are assesseTatianaMajor22
1. In a study, 28 adults with mild periodontal disease are assessed before and 6 months after the implementation of a dental-education program intended to promote better oral hygiene. After 6 months, periodontal status improved in 15 patients, declined in 8, and remained the same in 5.
Choose one answer:
Assess the impact of the program statistically (use a two-sided test).
We do not reject H_0 at the 5% level and conclude that patients have not significantly changed on the program.
We reject H_0 at the 5% level and conclude that patients have significantly changed on the program.
We reject H_0 at the 5% level and conclude that patients have not significantly changed on the program.
We do not reject H_0 at the 5% level and conclude that patients have significantly changed on the program.
2. data can be ordered but do not have specific numeric values. Thus, common arithmetic cannot be performed on ordinal data in a meaningful way.
Choose one answer:
ordinal
interval
ratio
nominal
3. A ______________ design is a type of randomized clinical trial in which each participant is randomized to either group A or group B which receive different treatments, then later switch treatments.
Choose one answer:
cross-over
case-control
prospective
retrospective
4. Suppose researchers do an epidemiologic investigation of people entering a sexually transmitted disease clinic. They find that 160 of 200 patients who are diagnosed as having gonorrhea and 50 of 105 patients who are diagnosed as having nongonococcal urethritis have had previous episodes of urethritis.
Are the present diagnosis and prior episodes of urethritis associated? (Hint: a chi-square test with Yates' correction)
Choose one answer:
Gonorrhea patients are significantly more likely to have prior episodes of urethritis than NGU patients.
Gonorrhea patients are not significantly more likely to have prior episodes of urethritis than NGU patients.
5. The _______ rate is defined as the proportion of participants in the placebo group who actually receive the active treatment outside the study protocol.
6. I DID IT
7. I DID IT
8. I DID IT
9. For any sample point ( x subscript i, y subscript i), the ___________________ of that point about the regression line is defined by ( stack y subscript i with hat on top minus top enclose y). (Hint: the blank is two words)
10. The following statistics are taken from an article by Burch relating cigarette smoking to lung cancer. The article presents data relating mortality from lung cancer to average cigarette consumption (lb/person) for females in England and Wales over a 40-year period. The data are given in the table below.
Cigarette consumption and lung-cancer mortality in England and Wales, 1930-1969
Period
log_{10} mortality (over 5 years), y
log_{10} annual cigarette consumption (lb/person), x
1930-1934
-2.35
-0.26
1935-1939
-2.20
-0.03
1940-1944
-2.12
0.30
1945-1949
-1.95
0.37
1950-1954
-1.85
0.40
1955-1959
-1.80
0.50
1960-1 ...
Acute otitis media (AOM), a viral or bacterial infection of the middle ear, is the common infection for which antibiotics are prescribed for children in the United States [1]. Direct and indirect costs of treatment and time lost from school and work because of acute otitis media totalled nearly $3 billion in 1996 Acute otitis media is most common between six and 24 months of age; by age three, more than 80 percent of children have been diagnosed. Otitis media with effusion is middle ear effusion in the absence of acute infection. About 2.3 million cases of otitis media with effusion occur annually in the United States. Chronic supportive otitis media is persistent infection and typically resultant perforation of the tympanic membrane [
The international survey on the management of allergic rhinitis by physicians...Georgi Daskalov
ORIGINAL RESEARCH Open Access
The international survey on the management of
allergic rhinitis by physicians and patients
(ISMAR)
Carlos E Baena-Cagnani
1
†
ˆ
, Giorgio W Canonica
2*
, Mohamed Zaky Helal
3
†
, René Maximiliano Gómez
4
†
,
Enrico Compalati
2
†
, Mario E Zernotti
5
†
, Mario Sanchez-Borges
6
†
, Fabio F Morato Castro
7
†
,
Margarita Murrieta Aguttes
8
†
, Aida López-Garcia
9
†
, Faheem A Tadros
10
†
and ISMAR Study Group
The STUDY of the DISTRIBUTION and DETERMINANTS of HEALTH-RELATED STATES in specified POPULATIONS, and the application of this study to CONTROL of health problems."
Mortality meeting is a practice in all hospitals. In ours, we try to discuss the case in depth, so that the management can become better. This is one such case.
Section 1 Definition of Epidemiology httpswww.cdc.govophs.docxbagotjesusa
Section 1: Definition of Epidemiology
https://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section1.html
Lesson 1: Introduction to Epidemiology
In fact, epidemiology is often described as the basic science of public health, and for good reason. First, epidemiology is a quantitative discipline that relies on a working knowledge of probability, statistics, and sound research methods. Second, epidemiology is a method of causal reasoning based on developing and testing hypotheses grounded in such scientific fields as biology, behavioral sciences, physics, and ergonomics to explain health-related behaviors, states, and events. However, epidemiology is not just a research activity but an integral component of public health, providing the foundation for directing practical and appropriate public health action based on this science and causal reasoning.(2)
A. Distribution
Epidemiology is concerned with the frequency and pattern of health events in a population:
a. Frequency refers not only to the number of health events such as the number of cases of meningitis or diabetes in a population, but also to the relationship of that number to the size of the population. The resulting rate allows epidemiologists to compare disease occurrence across different populations.
b. Pattern refers to the occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and person. Time patterns may be annual, seasonal, weekly, daily, hourly, weekday versus weekend, or any other breakdown of time that may influence disease or injury occurrence. Place patterns include geographic variation, urban/rural differences, and location of work sites or schools. Personal characteristics include demographic factors which may be related to risk of illness, injury, or disability such as age, sex, marital status, and socioeconomic status, as well as behaviors and environmental exposures.
Characterizing health events by time, place, and person are activities of descriptive epidemiology, discussed in more detail later in this lesson.
B. Determinants
Determinant: any factor, whether event, characteristic, or other definable entity, that brings about a change in a health condition or other defined characteristic.
Epidemiology is also used to search for determinants, which are the causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of disease and other health-related events. Epidemiologists assume that illness does not occur randomly in a population, but happens only when the right accumulation of risk factors or determinants exists in an individual. To search for these determinants, epidemiologists use analytic epidemiology or epidemiologic studies to provide the “Why” and “How” of such events. They assess whether groups with different rates of disease differ in their demographic characteristics, genetic or immunologic make-up, behaviors, environmental exposures, or other so-called potential risk factors. Ideally, the findings provide sufficient evidence to direct prompt and effective publ.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Bio-Sem Assay.pptx
1. S Y N O P S I S O F
A C A D E M I C
M AT E R I A L S F R O M
T H R E E A N A LY T I C A L
PA P E R S
F A I T H A . D O N O V A N
B I O L 4 3 3 | B I O L O G Y S E M I N A R
2. C R I T I C A L A N A L Y S I S I × B Y
M A T T H E W F . D A L E Y | T H E
C H I L D H O O D I M M U N I Z A T I O N
S C H E D U L E A N D S A F E T Y : S T U D I E S
I N T H E V A C C I N E S A F E T Y
D A T A L I N K
• The focus of this critical dissection was
Matthew F. Daley's paper, which described the
findings of a retrospective cohort study on the
relationship between cumulative aluminum
exposure from immunizations given before
the age of 24 months and chronic asthma in
children aged 24 to 59 months.
3. A B S T R A C T
• The study noted that children exposed to greater doses of vaccine-
associated aluminum experienced a marginally but statistically
significant decrease in Type 1 diabetes incidence.
• Overall, the presentation was successful in providing a thorough
summary of the study, together with its advantages and disadvantages.
However, it's crucial to remember that the author notes that the study's
conclusions were based on scant information from animal research and
that several details are still hypothetical.
• The connection between vaccine-associated aluminum exposure and
chronic asthma in children is discussed in great detail in this research.
Although the study provided its results objectively, a more critical
analysis of its underlying premises and potential constraints would
increase the study's overall trustworthiness.
4. C R I T I C A L A N A L Y S I S I I × B Y
P R O F . A N D E R S H V I I D |
P R E L I M I N A R Y E V A L U A T I O N O F
A L U M I N U M C O N T E N T I N
C H I L D H O O D V A C C I N E S A N D R I S K
O F A S T H M A I N A D A N I S H
N A T I O N W I D E C O H O R T
• The target of this analysis was a presentation by
Anders Hviid, which covered the probable
connection between Danish children's risk of getting
asthma and the aluminum content of childhood
immunizations.
5. A B S T R A C T
• The major findings of the study, including hazard ratios, are included in the
article, along with information on cumulative aluminum exposure from vaccines, the
Danish vaccination schedule, asthma outcome definitions, cohort characteristics,
and other pertinent information.
• The presentation came to the conclusion that there was no evidence to indicate a
link between aluminum in vaccines and childhood asthma in Denmark by the age of
five.
• Ultimately, the methods and findings of the study were effectively presented by
the author, and a conclusion was drawn using the information and analysis provided.
However, it's crucial to be aware of the limitations, which should be taken into
account when interpreting the results. These include the low variability in
accumulated aluminum and the validity of utilizing asthma diagnosis and anti-
asthma treatment before the age of 5.
6. C R I T I C A L A N A L Y S I S I I I × B Y
D R . F I O N A H A V E R S |
E P I D E M I O L O G Y O F C O V I D - 1 9 -
A S S O C I A T E D
H O S P I T A L I Z A T I O N S ,
I N C L U D I N G I N P R E G N A N T
P E R S O N S A N D I N F A N T S
• This critique was based on a presentation by Dr. Fiona
Havers that focused on COVID-19-related
hospitalizations using COVID-NET data from March
2020 to June 2023. Dr. Havers fixated on the
hospitalization of pregnant patients and infants.
7. A B S T R A C T
• The presentation looked into several important themes, including the age
distribution of hospitalized patients, pregnant women's hospitalization
patterns, and infant hospitalization rates under six months old, particularly
during the Omicron period. It also discussed pregnant patients' vaccination
status and findings such as inconsistent vaccination records, asymptomatic
carriers, and a shift in hospitalization rates.
• The presentation provided a comprehensive overview of COVID-19
hospitalization trends with a focus on changes in hospitalization rates and
associated outcomes over time.
• As a result, the author succeeded in presenting a comprehensive overview of
COVID-19 hospitalization trends, including age, race, pregnancy, vaccination
status, and outcomes. The data appeared to be well-documented and provided
valuable insights into the impact of COVID-19 on various demographic
groups.
8. I N E S S E N C E
• These three critical analyses examined research papers that explored
various aspects of public health and immunization. The first presentation
by Matthew F. Daley delved into the relationship between cumulative
aluminum exposure from childhood immunizations and chronic asthma
in children. While it provided valuable insights, it was noted that a more
critical examination would be necessary.
• The second presentation by Prof. Anders Hviid assessed the potential
link between aluminum content in childhood vaccines and asthma risk in
Danish children. The study concluded that there was no evidence of such
a connection. While the study's methods and findings were effectively
presented, it's essential to consider the limitations, including the low
variability in accumulated aluminum and the validity of early asthma
diagnosis.
9. C O N T I N U I N G . .
• Disquisitions like these assist in
highlighting the importance of thorough
research and the need to critically evaluate
the methodologies and limitations of
studies in public health to draw accurate
conclusions and develop informed and
unbiased decisions.
10. E N D
I sincerely appreciate your attention this
afternoon and I hope you enjoyed this
presentation. Questions?