RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATION DESIGN © 2011
www.PosterPresentations.com
!"#$%&'"()"(*+,"()+"-%)&,+&"./(&/0+#$+,#"12#"3()&%3$+&"2)&"3(45/6+&"7(,"
,+*/+1".'"$-+"853($"9,+)#-21"9(,5(,2:()"/)"3(662.(,2:()"1/$-"!0;<!=>"
?%6:56+"&/0+#$+,"&+#/0)#"1+,+"(.#+,*+&"/)36%&/)0@"56%0"A(1"BC0%,+"D2EF"
3(456+$+"4/G"BC0%,+"D.EF"3(*+,+&"620(()#"BC0%,+"D3EF"2)&"2H23-+&"4+&/2"
&/0+#$+,#>"<-+".2#/3"#$,%3$%,+"7(,"2"./(&/0+#$+,"/#"2)"2.(*+"(,".+6(1"0,(%)&"$2)I"
$-2$"/#"3(*+,+&"1/$-"2)"/45+,4+2.6+"#%,723+>"<-+"&/,+3:()"(7"A(1"$-2$"/#"
&+$+,4/)+&".'"5%45#F"0,2*/$'F"(,"$-+"2&&/:()J,+4(*26"(7"7++&#$(3I>"<-+"
7++&#$(3I#"#$%&/+&"2,+"3(45(#+&"(7"#1/)+F".(*/)+F"2)&"3-/3I+)"+G3,+4+)$"7,(4"
()"#/$+"6/*+#$(3I>"<-+"42)%,+"/#"5%$"/)$("2"12$+,K.2#+&"#6%,,'"$-2$"/#"5,(3+##+&"
/)"$-+"&/0+#$+,"$2)I".'".23$+,/2"$-2$"0("$-,(%0-"4+$-2)(0+)+#/#>"<-+"4+$-2)+"
/#"3(66+3$+&"/)"$-+"$2)I"2#"&/0+#:()"(33%,#F"2)&"/#"$-+)",+4(*+&"7,(4"$-+"
-(6&/)0"$2)I"$-,(%0-"2"5/5+>"L/(02#"32)".+"%#+&"()"#/$+"7(,"+6+3$,/3/$'"2)&"-+2$F"
(,"+G5(,$+&"(M"#/$+"2)&"#(6&"*/2"3(45,+##+&")2$%,26"02#"5/5+6/)+#"(,"*+-/36+"
$,2)#5(,$>"<-+",+42/)/)0"./(42##"2)&"6/N%/&"+O%+)$"32)".+"%#+&"2#"7+,:6/P+,"
2)&"02/)#"*26%+".'"0(/)0"$-,(%0-"$-+"&/0+#:()"5,(3+##>""
?+$-2)+"5,(&%3+&"$-,(%0-"2)2+,(./3"&+0,2&2:()"(7"2)/426"12#$+"/#"2"62,0+6'"
%)$255+&F"#/0)/C32)$"#(%,3+"(7"4+$-2)+"$-2$"/#"#%#$2/)2.6+"2)&",+)+12.6+>""<-+"
8)*/,()4+)$26"Q,($+3:()"!0+)3'"B8Q!E"/&+):C+&"32)&/&2$+"72,4#"23,(##"$-+"
R>;S"$("5,(T+3$"*26%+#"7(,"4+$-2)+"5,(&%3+&"$-,(%0-"+)$+,/3"&/0+#:()U>""V/0%,+#"
W2"2)&"W."&/#562'"$-+"&/#$,/.%:()"(7"32)&/&2$+"72,4#".'"#$2$+>"
<-+"56%0"A(1"$'5+"&/0+#$+,"BC0%,+"D2E"/#"*+,'"#/4/62,"$("$-+"3(*+,+&"620(()"
BC0%,+"D3EF"1-+,+2#"$-+"3(456+$+"4/G"BC0%,+"D.E"/#"4(,+"+G5+)#/*+"2)&"
3(456/32$+&>"Q6%0"A(1"&/0+#$+,#"1(,I"$-+".+#$"7(,",%4/)2)$"2)/426"42)%,+"
#6%,,/+#"$-2$"2,+"255,(G/42$+6'"XXKXDY"3()3+)$,2$+&"#(6/&#>"<-+",21"42)%,+"
7++&#$(3I"/#"2&&+&"$("()+"+)&"(7"$-+"$2)I"2)&"5%#-+#"&/0+#$+&"+O%+)$"(%$"(7"
$-+"($-+,"#/&+"(7"$-+"-(6&/)0"$2)I>"<-+"325/$26"/)*+#$4+)$"/#".+$1++)"ZX[[F[[[K
ZD[[F[[["1-/6+"$-+"+6+3$,/3/$'"#26+#"5+,"'+2,"2,+".+$1++)"Z[F[[[KZ][F[[[>"<-+"
42T(,"&+$+,4/)/)0"*2,/2.6+"/#"$-+"24(%)$"(7"2*2/62.6+"7++&#$(3I"1-/3-",+62$+#"
$("$-+"24(%)$"(7"2)/426#"5,+#+)$"()"#/$+>"^2,0+,"72,4#"32)"%#+"62,0+,"
./(&/0+#$+,#"$("5,(&%3+"4(,+"+6+3$,/3/$'"()"#/$+>"V/0%,+"_2"#-(1#"56%0"A(1"
&/0+#$+,#"2)&",+3(,&+&"&2$2"2)&"32)".+"&/,+3$6'"3(452,+&"$("C0%,+"_."1-/3-"
#-(1#"-(1"2"3(*+,+&"620(()"3(452,+#>"V/0%,+"_2"/#"3(45(#+&"(7"32H6+"72,4#"
.+32%#+"56%0"A(1"&/0+#$+,#"#%/$".(*/)+"42)%,+".+H+,"$-2)"#1/)+"&%+"$("$-+"
24(%)$"(7"3()3+)$,2$+&"#(6/&#>"<-+"3(*+,+&"620(()"BC0%,+"D3E"/#".+H+,"#%/$+&"
7(,"#6%,,/+#"$-2$"-2*+"3()3+)$,2$+&"#(6/&"42I+"%5"(7"KX[Y"2)&"/#",+5,+#+)$+&"/)"
C0%,+"_.>"925/$26"3(#$#",2)0+"7,(4"ZU_F[[[KZD[[F[[[>"";1/)+"72,4#",+N%/,+"
4(,+"-+2&#".+32%#+"(7"2"5(5%62:()"&/#$,/.%:()"(7"W@X")%,#+,'"5/06+$#"$("
623$2:)0"#(1#>"<-+"&2/,'"72,4#"5,(&%3+"4(,+"42)%,+"5+,"-+2&".+32%#+"$-+"
3(1#"2,+"7%66'"0,(1)"2)&"2,+")($".+/)0"#62%0-$+,+&"7(,"$-+"4+2$"/)&%#$,'>"L($-"
(7"$-+#+"C0%,+#"#-(1"32#+"#$%&/+#"$-2$"&+4()#$,2$+"$-+"42T(,"+3()(4/3"3(#$#"
2)&".+)+C$#"7(,"2"'+2,"(7"5,(&%3:()"1/$-"+/$-+,"2"3(*+,+&"620(()"7(,"#1/)+"
72,4#F"(,"2"56%0"A(1"7(,"2"&2/,'"72,4>""
<("2##+##"$-+"7+2#/./6/$'"(7"./(,+23$(,#"2#"2"*/2.6+"26$+,)2:*+F""1+"3263%62$+&"$-+"
5,(&%3:()"5($+):26"(7"72,4#"2)&"3(452,+&"$-+"`Qa"(7"*/2.6+"32)&/&2$+"72,4#"
$("$-+"`Qa"(7"2"$'5/326"#-26+"02#"/)"$-+"?2,3+66%#";-26+>""
"""""<1("4+$-(&(6(0/+#"1+,+"%#+&"$("3263%62$+"$-+"24(%)$"(7"4+$-2)+"$-2$"32)"
.+"0+)+,2$+&".'"$-+"2)2+,(./3"&/0+#:()"(7"32H6+"2)&"#1/)+"42)%,+>""L($-"
4+$-(&(6(0/+#"%#+&"5(5%62:()"*26%+#"$2I+)"7,(4"$-+"R>;"b+52,$4+)$"(7"
!0,/3%6$%,+c#!"#$%#&$'!()!*+,+!-&#$./(012!3(45/%62!789!:;47045/4%$!3%(940<(8!&8!
=>??!789!,/7<.<0.!(8!@7A(%!B(CC(9&<$.!,+5(,$U>""92H6+"1+,+"&/*/&+&"/)$("&2/,'"
2)&".++7"#%.5(5%62:()#>""<-+"5,(T+3$"(,/0/)266'"2/4+&"$("/)36%&+".,(/6+,"3-/3I+)F"
62'+,"3-/3I+)F"2)&"*2,/(%#"C#-"#5+3/+#F".%$"$-+"#3(5+"(7"$-+"5,(T+3$"12#"6/4/$+&"
.'"2*2/62.6+"&2$2"()"$-+#+"($-+,"2)/426#>"""
"""""<-+"C,#$"3263%62:()"4+$-(&(6(0'"&+$+,4/)+&"5($+):26"4+$-2)+"5,(&%3:()""
.'"%#/)0"4+$-2)+"3()*+,#/()"723$(,#"B?9VE".2#+&"()"$-+"2)2+,(./3""
&+3(45(#/:()"(7"*(62:6+"#(6/&#"5,+#+)$"/)"$-+"42)%,+@""
BDE!F!3(G457<(8!H!@784%$!I$&JK/!H!L,M!H!@BN!H!BN!H!OPQ!
1-+,+F"
9dW"e"<($26"4+$-2)+"5,(&%3+&"/)"3%./3"7++$"5+,"'+2,"BfDJ',E"
Q(5%62:()"e"!)/426"5(5%62:()""
?2)%,+"g+/0-$"e"!*+,20+"24(%)$"(7"42)%,+"5,(&%3+&"BI0E"
a;Y"e"b,'"*(62:6+"#(6/&"5(,:()"(7"$-+"42)%,+"
?9V"e"?+$-2)+"3()*+,#/()"723$(,"B4DJI0E"
9V"e"9()*+,#/()"723$(,"BD_>DXWh"fDJ4DE"
""""d+,+F"$-+"?9V"/#"$-+"?9V"4(#$"3(44()6'"3/$+&"/)"6/$+,2$%,+>""R#/)0"7+,4+)$+,""
$+3-)(6(0'F"=%#/)F"+$"26>"(.$2/)+&"2"?9V"*26%+"(7"[>S"%#/)0"2"U[Y"32H6+"#6%,,'X[""
2)&"?(66+,F"+$"26>"(.$2/)+&"2"?9V"*26%+"(7"[>DS"%#/)0"S[Y"#+52,2$+&"5/0"42)%,+"
/)"2"3():)%(%#6'"#:,,+&"$2)I",+23$(,XX>"""
"""""<-+"#+3()&"4+$-(&(6(0'"/#"3/$+&"&/,+3$6'"7,(4"$-+"R>;>"8Q!c#",+5(,$@"@7%1$/!!
"GG(%/48&<$.!)(%!R&(J7.!S$0(#$%6!,6./$C.!7/!*+,+!-&#$./(01!N70&5&<$.T+!!!
<-+"+N%2:()"/#@""
BDE!F!3(G457<(8!H!L,!H!U:@!H!@BN!H!R>!H!OPQ!
1-+,+F""
9dW"e"<($26"4+$-2)+"5,(&%3+&"/)"3%./3"7++$"5+,"'+2,"BfDJ',E"
Q(5%62:()"e"!)/426"5(5%62:()""
a;"e"<($26"*(62:6+"#(6/&#"+G3,+:()",2$+F"B6."a;"5+,"XF[[["6."2)/426"42##"5+,"&2'E"
<!?"e"<'5/326"2)/426"42##F"B6.E""
?9V"e"?+$-2)+"3()*+,#/()"723$(,F"&+3/426""
L["e"?2G/4%4"4+$-2)+"5,(&%3/)0"32523/$'"(7"$+3-)(6(0'F"BfD"9dWJ6."a;E"
"""""R#/)0"$-+"$1("&/M+,+)$"4+$-(&(6(0/+#"5,(*/&+#"$-+",2)0+"(7"X>XS"i"S>SD"
$,/66/()"fD"4+$-2)+J',>""<-/#",2)0+"+)3(452##+#"$-+"4(#$"3()#+,*2:*+"+#:42$+#"
B3263%62$+&"7,(4"$-+"8Q!c#"7(,4%62E"$("(5:4/#:3"+#:42$+#>""a2,/2:()"2,/#+#"
.+32%#+"$-+"C,#$"7(,4%62".2#+#"$($26"4+$-2)+"5,(&%3:()"()"2)/426"42##"1-/6+"
$-+"#+3()&"+N%2:()".2#+#"$($26"4+$-2)+"5,(&%3:()"()"24(%)$"(7"2)/426"12#$+"
5,(&%3+&>""<-+"5,(&%3$"(7"$-+"#+3()&"+N%2:()"/#"3()#/#$+)$6'"$+)":4+#"62,0+,"
$-2)"$-+"5,(&%3$"(7"$-+"C,#$"+N%2:()>"
"""""R#/)0"$-+"4+$-(&(6(0'"$-2$"0+)+,2$+&"$-+"%55+,".(%)&"(7"4+$-2)+"
5,(&%3:()F"5,(T+3:()#"(7"4+$-2)+"5,(&%3:()".'"3(%)$'"12#"3263%62$+&"7(,"$-+"
R>;>""`Qa"5(#/:*+F"`QajZX>U?F"2)&"`QajZ_>W?"3263%62:()#"7(,"$-/#"5(5%62:()"
1+,+"$-+)"&+,/*+&"7,(4"$-+"8Q!c#"V2,4g2,+"*+,#/()"D>]"$+3-)(6(0'X"BZ_>W"?"/#"
%#+&".+32%#+"$-2$"/#"$-+"3/$+&"%55+,".(%)&"7(,"$-+"`Qa"(7"2"$'5/326"?2,3+66%#"02#"
1+66XWE>""<-+"ZX>U"??"`Qa"*26%+"12#"3-(#+)".+32%#+"$-2$"/#"$-+"6(1+,"+)&"(7"$-+"
*26%2:()"#5+3$,%4"7(,"&,'"#-26+"02#"1+66#"/)"$-+"?2,3+66%#";-26+XD>""
!"#$%!&$'
%(#)*$#'!+,',-#&)##-.+'
!&/+.0*(,1(2(+$#'
"!&/1%.)+,'
%(3(%(+&(#'
Department of Biological Sciences1, Palumbo-Donahue School of Business2, Center for Environmental Research and Education3, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA
!"9(452,/#()"(7"$-+"83()(4/3"V+2#/./6/$'"(7"L/(0+)/3266'"Q,(&%3+&"?+$-2)+"7,(4";1/)+"2)&"L(*/)+"
?2)%,+"2#"2";%#$2/)2.6+F"=+)+12.6+";(%,3+"(7"`2$%,26"k2#F"2)&"`2$%,26"k2#"Q,(&%3+&"7,(4"
?2,3+66%#";-26+"k2#"g+66#"
Kevin Betz1,3, Daniel Gehrig2 and John F. Stolz1,3"
&.+&*)#-.+#'
%(#)*$#'!+,',-#&)##-.+'2($4.,#'"!&/1%.)+,'
l>L>"2)&"b>k>"1(%6&"6/I+"$("$-2)I"b%N%+#)+"R)/*+,#/$'"7(,"$-/#"5,(T+3$>""<-+"
2%$-(,#"1(%6&"26#("6/I+"$("$-2)I"b,>"!4'"Q-+65#"(7"b%N%+#)+"2)&"b,>"?/3-2+6"
k,/m)"7,(4"92,)+0/+"?+66()"R)/*+,#/$'"7(,"$-+/,"+G5+,$"3()#%6$2:()#>"
"""""L/(&/0+#:()"/#"2"./(6(0/326"5,(3+##"/)"1-/3-".23$+,/2"&/0+#$"(,02)/3"42$+,/26"
2)&"5,(&%3+"./(02#>"L/(02#"/#"3(45(#+&"(7"4+$-2)+"B)2$%,26"02#EF"32,.()"
&/(G/&+"2)&"($-+,"$,23+"02#+#>"L'5,(&%3$"/#"26#("5,(&%3+&F".%$"/#"%)/N%+"$("
+23-"#/$+>"<-+,+"2,+")%4+,(%#"./(&/0+#$+,"&+#/0)#"2)&"7++&#$(3I#"$-2$"32)".+"
%#+&"+M+3:*+6'>"?+$-2)+"5,(&%3:()"32)".+"42G/4/P+&"$-,(%0-"+*26%2:()"2)&"
42/)$+)2)3+"(7"+23-"&/0+#$+,F"2#")($"266"#/$+#"1/66",%)"$-+"#24+>"L/(&/0+#$+,#"
-(6&"-/0-"5($+):26"2#"2",+)+12.6+"+)+,0'"#(%,3+"2)&"2)"26$+,)2:*+"$("4/)/)0"
2)&"&,/66/)0"7(,"7(##/6"7%+6#>"?2,3+66%#"#-26+"-'&,2%6/3"7,23$%,/)0"/#"2"#-(,$"$+,4"
#(6%:()"$("(%,")2$%,26"02#"&+42)&#"2)&"/$"/#"+G5+)#/*+"2)&"&+#$,%3:*+"$("$-+"
#%,,(%)&/)0"+)*/,()4+)$>"R#/)0"4%6:56+"$'5+#"(7"&/0+#$+,#"32)"42G/4/P+"02#"
'/+6&#"2)&"$($26"5,(C$F"2)&"5,(*/&+"#%#$2/)2.6+"2)&",+)+12.6+"+)+,0'>"925/$26"
3(#$#"32)".+"42&+".23I"1/$-/)"X["'+2,#F"2)&"2#"+2,6'"2#"D"'+2,#>"g/$-"$-+"
3%,,+)$"I)(16+&0+"2)&"3():)%+&"5,(0,+##"()"./(02#"5,(&%3:()F"./(&/0+#:()"
/#"&+C)/$+6'"2"*/2.6+"(5:()"7(,"2"#%#$2/)2.6+"#(%,3+"(7"+)+,0'>"
g/$-"$-+"2&*+)$"(7"-(,/P()$26"&,/66/)0"2)&"-'&,2%6/3"7,23$%,/)0"$+3-)(6(0/+#F"
4+$-2)+"-2#".+3(4+"2)"/45(,$2)$",+#(%,3+"7(,"$-+"R)/$+&";$2$+#>"d(1+*+,"$-+"
3%,,+)$"#$,2$+0/+#"7(,")2$%,26"02#"3(66+3:()"2,+"+G5+)#/*+"2)&"*+,'"+)+,0'"
&+42)&/)0>"<-+"#+2,3-"7(,"2"6(1"3(#$"26$+,)2:*+"+)+,0'"#(%,3+"6+2&"%#"$("$-+"
2)2+,(./3"./(&/0+#:()"(7"(,02)/3"42$+,/26F"#%3-"2#"42)%,+F"$-2$"5,(&%3+#"
./(02#>"L/(02#"/#"3(45(#+&"(7"_[Kh[Y"4+$-2)+F"D[K_[Y"32,.()"&/(G/&+F"2)&"
($-+,"$,23+"02#+#>"?2)%,+"/#""<-+"8)+,0'"n)7(,42:()"!&4/)/#$,2:()"B8n!E"
5,(T+3$#"$-2$".'"[W[")2$%,26"02#"1/66"42I+"%5"SY"(7"R>;>"5,/42,'"+)+,0'"
3()#%45:()F",+5623/)0"4(,+"42##/*+"7(##/6"7%+6#"#%3-"2#"3(26"2)&"(/6"2#"#-(1)"
/)"V/0%,+"X2>"!33(,&/)06'F"$-+"24(%)$"(7"5,/42,'"+)+,0'"0+)+,2$+&"$-,(%0-"$-+"
3(4.%#:()"(7")2$%,26"02#"2)&"$-+"24(%)$"(7"+6+3$,/3/$'"0+)+,2$+&"$-,(%0-"$-+"
3(4.%#:()"(7")2$%,26"02#"/#"26#("5,(T+3$+&"$("/)3,+2#+"2#"#-(1)"/)"V/0%,+"X.X>"""
<-+#+"5,(T+3:()#"2,+"/)K6/)+"1/$-",+3+)$"$,+)&#"$-2$"/)&/32$+"$-+"5,(&%3:()""
2)&"3()#%45:()"(7")2$%,26"02#"7(,"5,/42,'"+)+,0'"2)&"+6+3$,/3/$'"2,+"
/)3,+2#/)0F"2#"#-(1)"$-+"$-+"V/0%,+""#+,/+#>"
<-+,+"/#"3()3+,)"$-2$"3%,,+)$")2$%,26"02#"3(66+3:()"4+$-(&#"2,+")($"#%m3/+)$""
#(6%:()#"$("0,(1/)0"06(.26"+)+,0'"&+42)&#>"<-+#+"3()3+,)#",+*(6*+"2,(%)&"
+)*/,()4+)$26"&+0,2&2:()"$-2$"/#"(33%,,/)0"1(,6&1/&+>"L/(&/0+#:()".+)+C$#"
$-+"+)*/,()4+)$"1-/6+"5,(&%3/)0"*26%2.6+"5,(&%3$#"7,(4"12#$+"#$,+24#>"
n$"/#"36+2,"7,(4"3263%62:()#"$-2$"&2/,'"72,4#"23,(##"$-+")2:()"#-(%6&"%#+"()"#/$+"
./(&/0+#$+,#"7(,"2"#(%,3+"(7",+)+12.6+")2$%,26"02#>"!")+$"5,+#+)$"*26%+"B`QaE"/#"
$-+"&/M+,+)3+".+$1++)"$-+"5,+#+)$"*26%+"(7"$-+"7%$%,+"32#-"A(1#"7,(4"2)"
/)*+#$4+)$"2)&"$-+"24(%)$"(7"/)*+#$4+)$>"<("(.$2/)"2"5(#/:*+"`Qa"2"72,4"
)++&#"$("3(66+3$"42)%,+"7,(4"255,(G/42$+6'"DXD"&2/,'"32H6+"(,"2$"6+2#$"XFSUh"
#1/)+>"<("(.$2/)"2"`Qa"(7"2$"6+2#$"ZX>U?"2"72,4")++&#"$("3(66+3$"42)%,+"7,(4"2$"
6+2#$"XFX[["&2/,'"32H6+"(,"2$"6+2#$"Fh_X"#1/)+>"<("(.$2/)"2"`Qa"(7"Z_>W?"2"
72,4")++&#"$("3(66+3$"$-+"42)%,+"(7"2$"6+2#$"F_"&2/,'"32H6+>""!"*26%+"7(,"
#1/)+"3(,,+#5()&/)0"$("2"`Qa"*26%+"(7"Z_>W?"3(%6&")($".+"3263%62$+&".'"$-+"
8Q!c#"$((6".+32%#+"$-+")++&+&"5(5%62:()"(7"#1/)+"12#"$(("62,0+>"V2,4"`Qa"
3263%62:()#"1+,+"3263%62$+&"7(,"926/7(,)/2"&2/,'"32H6+"2)&"`(,$-"92,(6/)2"#1/)+"
&%+"$("5(5%62:()"#/P+"2)&"72*(,2.6+"36/42$(6(0/326"3-2,23$+,/#:3#"7(,"2)2+,(./3"
&+0,2&2:()>""L++7"32H6+"1+,+")($"/)36%&+&"/)"`Qa"3263%62:()#".+32%#+"$-+"8Q!"
$((6I/$"(M+,+&")("+*26%2:()"$((6>"g-/6+"$-+"7(66(1/)0"&/#3%##/()"7(3%#+#"()"$-+"
+3()(4/3"*/2./6/$'"(7"2)2+,(./3"&/0+#$+,#F"/$"/#"26#("/45(,$2)$"$("3()#/&+,".($-"
5(#/:*+"2)&")+02:*+"+G$+,)26/:+#"1-+)"+*26%2:)0"2)'"5,(T+3$>"L/(&/0+#:()"
.+)+C$#"$-2$"42'")($".+"3(456+$+6'"+3()(4/3266'"*26%+&"/)36%&+"233+##"$("2"
&/#$,/.%$+&"+)+,0'"#(%,3+F"+)-2)3+&"42)%,+"42)20+4+)$F"2"3,2&6+K$(K3,2&6+"
4/)&#+$F"#/0)/C32)$6'"6+##"62)&"6(##F"2)&"233+##"$("2",+)+12.6+"#(%,3+"(7"+)+,0'>""
""""<-+"#-26+"02#",+*(6%:()"-2#"32$26'P+&"$-+"/)3,+2#+&"%#20+"(7")2$%,26"02#"7(,"
2"*2,/+$'"(7"%#+#"23,(##"$-+"3(%)$'>""g-/6+"$-/#"-2#".++)".+)+C3/26F"-'&,2%6/3"
7,23$%,/)0"/#"2"#(4+1-2$"3()$,(*+,#/26"4+$-(&"$("+G$,23$"02#>"!)2+,(./3"
&/0+#:()"5,+#+)$#"2)"26$+,)2:*+"#(%,3+"(7"4+$-2)+>"!6$-(%0-"2"#/)06+"&/0+#$+,"
32))($"5,(*/&+"$-+"N%2):$'"(7")2$%,26"02#"3(452,+&"$("2"#/)06+"#-26+"02#"/)"$-+"
#-(,$"$+,4F"6()0"$+,4"$-+"'/+6&"/#"3(452,2.6+F"2)&"/#"#%#$2/)2.6+"2)&"
,+)+12.6+>"V%,$-+,4(,+F"0,+2$+,"'/+6&#"(7"./(0+)/3"4+$-2)+"3(%6&".+",+26/P+&"
/7"/)*+#$4+)$#"1+,+"42&+"/)"$-/#"$+3-)(6(0'>"Q,(3+##"(5:4/P2:()"2)&"0+)+:3"
42)/5%62:()"(7"$-+"4+$-2)(0+)#"3(%6&"52'"#/0)/C32)$"&/*/&+)&#>""V/)266'F"$-/#"
#$%&'"12#">"6/4/$+&"$("$1("$'5+#"(7"(,02)/3"12#$+>"!&&/:()26"7++&"#$(3I#"/)36%&+""
3(45(#$2.6+"12#$+"7,(4"7((&"#$(,+#"2)&",+#$2%,2)$#F"5(%6$,'"12#$+"B7,(4"$-+"
(*+,"U"./66/()".,(/6+,#",2/#+&"2))%266'EF"2N%/3%6$%,+"2)&"-%42)"12#$+"$-2$"3(%6&"
5($+):266'"4(,+"$-2)"&(%.6+"(%,"3263%62$+&"24(%)$"(7"4+$-2)+>""
2($4.,#'
X>":88475!V8$%J6!"4/5((1!=>?O!V7%56!S$5$7.$!"#$%#&$'>"bo8J8n!K[DSD8=B[XDE"a(6>"g2#-/)0$()F"b9@"R>;>"8)+,0'"n)7(,42:()""
""""!&4/)/#$,2:()F"[X>"Q,/)$>"
>"W7847%6!=>?O!@(8/K56!V8$%J6!S$#&$'>"bo8J8n!K[[D_B[XJ[]E"g2#-/)0$()F"b>9@"R>;"8)+,0'"n)7(,42:()"!&4/)/#$,2:()F"[XD>"Q,/)$>""
D>"o64#$+2&F";-+/62"?>F"+$"26>"p;-26+"02#"&+*+6(54+)$"/4523$#"()"#%,723+"12$+,"N%26/$'"/)"Q+))#'6*2)/2>q"3%(0$$9&8J.!()!/K$!X7<(875!!
!!!!:079$C6!()!,0&$80$."B[XDE>"
W>"l+,2)+)F"l2:+"?>F"+$"26>"pQ($+):266'"n)&%3+&"82,$-N%2I+#"/)"oI62-(42F"R;!@"^/)I#".+$1++)"g2#$+12$+,"n)T+3:()"2)&"$-+"[XX"?1""
""""_>h"82,$-N%2I+";+N%+)3+>p"Y$(5(J6"B[XDE">Q,/)$>""
_>"L(%6/#F"!>F"b>"n6IF"2)&"<>"L62#/)024+>":!X$'!,$%&$.!()!S7/$!Z$05&8$!S$57<(8.!R7.$9!(8!/K$!Z&7J8(.&.!()!S7/$[U&C$!Z7/7>"92602,'F"!6.+,$2F""
""""92)2&2@"92)2&/2)"n)#:$%$+"(7"?/)/)0F"?+$266%,0'"2)&"Q+$,(6+%4F"[[U>"Q,/)$>""
]>"b()0F"r>F"d(6&/$3-F";>!>F"2)&"?3a2'F"b>!>"[XD>"=+#(%,3+"8*26%2:()"7(,";-26+"k2#"=+#+,*(/,#>",3V!V0(8!!@JC/""5"BXE@"_KX]>""
"""";Q8KX_[]]KQ!>"Q,/)$>""
h>"!)$-()'F"?>"p92#+";$%&'"(7"!)($-+,"L2II+)";-26+"o/6"g+66>p!@7%1!:8/K(86].!^8./7_5(J+"b+3+4.+,"XhF"[X"[X>g+.>""
""""s-H5@JJ#++I/)0265-2>3(4J/)#$2.6(0JXXhWWK42,IK2)$-()'JXDh][XK32#+K#$%&'K(7K2)($-+,K.2II+)K#-26+K(/6K1+66t>""
S>!@7%1$/!"GG(%/48&<$.!)(%!R&(J7.!S$0(#$%6!,6./$C.!7/!*+,+!-&#$./(01!N70&5&<$.>"g2#-/)0$()F"b9@"R>;"8Q!F"[XX>"Q,/)$>""
U>!"=%#/)F"u>F"+$"26>"p?+$-2)+"Q,(&%3:()"&%,/)0"^2.(,2$(,'K;326+"9(Kb/0+#:()"(7"92H6+";6%,,'"1/$-"X["g$>"Y"(7"*2,/(%#"L/(12#$+#>q""
!!!!!!3(5&.K!W(4%875!()!BK$C&075!U$0K8(5(J6"XW>X"B[XE@"X>"Q,/)$>"!
X[>""#$%#&$'!()!*+,+!-&#$./(012!3(45/%62!789!:;47045/4%$!3%(940<(8!&8!=>??!789!,/7<.<0.!(8!@7A(%!B(CC(9&<$.>"g2#-/)0$()F"b>9@"R>;""
""""""b+52,$4+)$"(7"!0,/3%6$%,+"!)/426"2)&"Q62)$"d+26$-"n)#5+3:()";+,*/3+F"[X>"Q,/)$>""
XX>"d>L>"?(66+,F";>k>";(44+,F"L>l>"!-,/)0F"@$/K78$!G%(940<#&/6!()!C784%$2!./%7'!789!.(5&9!)%70<(8.!()!C784%$F"L/(42##"L/(+)+,0'"]""
""""""B[[WE"WS_iWU_>"
X>"pV2,4g2,+"D>]>p!N7%CI7%$+"UJhJ[X"[X>g+.>"s-H5@JJ111>+52>0(*J20#$2,J$((6#J5,(T+3$K&+*J72,412,+>-$46t>""
XD>"b%42)F"=>"p83()(4/3"a/2./6/$'"(7";-26+"k2#"Q,(&%3:()"/)"$-+"?2,3+66%#";-26+v"n)&/32$+&".'"Q,(&%3:()"=2$+#F"9(#$#F"2)&"9%,,+)$""
""""""`2$%,26"k2#"Q,/3+#>p"?2#$+,#"(7";3/+)3+"K"!556/+&"`2$%,26"=+#(%,3+"83()(4/3#"?/3-/02)"<+3-)(6(0/326"R)/*+,#/$'F"[X>"Q,/)$>""
XW>"S78J$!S$.(4%0$.!B(%G(%7<(8!B(CG786!3%$.$8/7<(8>"=2)0+"=+#(%,3+#F"[XD>"Q,/)$>""
X_>"<+3-)(6(0'"?2,I+$";%44/$"Q,/4+,@"92#+";$%&'"Q,/4+,"7(,"Q2,:3/52)$"b/#3%##/()@"L/(&/0+#$+,#"2)&"L/(02#>"*8&/$9!,/7/$.!V8#&%(8C$8/75!3%(/$0<(8!:J$806!
67869'XKD[>""
X]>"=8<<8g"!##(3/2$+#>"[XX>"w853($"9,+)#-21"Q-2#+"n"V+2#/./6/$'";$%&'"9(452,2:*+"!)26'#/#q"^2)32#$+,"9(%)$'F"Q+))#'6*2)/2>"
V/0%,+"2>"Q,/42,'"+)+,0'"5,(&%3:()"
BN%2&,/66/()"L<RE"
V/0%,+".>"Q,/42,'"+)+,0'"3()#%45:()"
BN%2&,/66/()"L<RE"
V/0%,+"3>"86+3$,/3/$'")+$"0+)+,2:()"B./66/()"Ig-E"
V/0%,+"X2>"R>;>"5,/42,'"+)+,0'"3()#%45:()".'"7%+6""
BXUS[K[W["BN%2&,/66/()"L$%J'+2,EX"
V/0%,+"X.>"86+3$,/3/$'"0+)+,2:()".'"7%+6F"XUU[K[W[""
B$,/66/()"Ig-J'+2,EX"
V/0%,+"W2>"92)&/&2$+"#1/)+"72,4#S"V/0%,+"W.>"92)&/&2$+"&2/,'"72,4#S"
V/0%,+"]2"2)&"]."&/#562'"$-+"&/#$,/.%:()"(7"*2,/(%#"`Qa"72,4#>""
o7"$-+"XFS]W"3(%):+#"$-2$"5,(&%3+"&2/,'"42)%,+"2)&"2$"2"U_Y"3()C&+)3+"6+*+6F"
XXX"(,"_>U_xX>XY"-2*+"72,4#"$-2$"3(%6&"/)*+#$"/)"`Qa"5(#/:*+"2)2+,(./3"
&/0+#$+,#F"D]"(,"X>UDx[>]WY"-2*+"72,4#"`QatZX>U?F"2)&"XX"(,"[>_Ux[>D]Y"-2*+"
72,4#"`QatZ_>W?>""n7"266"(7"$-+"72,4#"/)"$-+"3(%)$'"/)*+#$+&"/)"2)2+,(./3"
&/0+#:()"$-+)"$-+"3(%):+#"3(%6&"$-+(,+:3266'"5,(&%3+"XF[UD"L9V"4+$-2)+F"DSX"
L9V"4+$-2)+F"2)&"XX"L9V"4+$-2)+"5+,"'+2,F",+#5+3:*+6'>"o7"$-+"FS"3(%):+#"
$-2$"5,(&%3+"#1/)+"42)%,+F"S["(,"D>_Ux[>hhY"-2*+"72,4#"$-2$"3(%6&"/)*+#$"/)"
`Qa"5(#/:*+"2)2+,(./3"&/0+#$+,#"2)&"DX"(,"X>DUx[>WUY"-2*+"72,4#"`QatZX>U?>""
<-+#+"72,4#"3(%6&"$-+(,+:3266'"5,(&%3+"FhDX"L9V"4+$-2)+"2)&"XF_Xh"L9V"
4+$-2)+"5+,"'+2,F",+#5+3:*+6'>""
""""<-+",+#5+3:*+"*26%+#"2,+"$-+"%55+,".(%)&"(7"4+$-2)+"5,(&%3:()"7(,"
2)2+,(./3"&/0+#:()v"-(1+*+,F"7+2#/./6/$'".2#+&"()"2)/426"3()3+)$,2:()"/#"
7,+N%+)$6'"2"#/0)/C32)$"&+$+,4/)/)0"723$(,"1-+)"/$"3(4+#"$("/)*+#$4+)$"/)"
2)2+,(./3"&/0+#:()>""V/0%,+#"S2"2)&"S."#-(1"$-+"*2,/2./6/$'"/)"$-+"$(5"$+)"
5($+):26"4+$-2)+"5,(&%3/)0"3(%):+#>""
V/0%,+"]2>"`2:()26"&/#$,/.%:()"(7"72,4#".2#+&"()"32H6+"5(5%62:()" V/0%,+"].>"`2:()26"&/#$,/.%:()"(7"72,4#".2#+&"()"#1/)+"
5(5%62:()"
V/0%,+"h.>"V+2#/./6/$'"(7"#1/)+"72,4#".2#+&"()"y?9VJ!3,+Kz+2,"
V/0%,+"h2>"V+2#/./6/$'"(7"32H6+"72,4#".2#+&"()"?9VJ!3,+Kz+2,"
3:;<'+:<= ,>?=@A=;'$BC= &:C:D>AB'EFG 3==H I'J=:H@
$KA:L'
>MN=@A<=MA
(L=DA;>D>AB'
#:L=@OB;
.AJ=;'
"=M=PA@'
L>@A=H 4KA'0:A=;OB;
$KA:L'
"=M=PA@OB;
V2/,0,(*+"
V2,4# Q6%0KA(1 WF[[[ 3(1# S_[ ZX_[F[[[" ZWSF[[[" _WF[[[ )J2 ZX[F[[["
V(#$+,"
L,($-+,#"
V2,4 Q6%0KA(1 DF_[ 3(1# ]D_ ZXS_F[[[" ZW[F[[[" )J2 )J2 ZW[F[[["
^2)0+,1+,7"
b2/,' Q6%0KA(1 WDFh_[ 9(1# X[W[ Z[[F[[[" ZWF_[[" ZX_F[[[" ZX_F[[[" Z_WF_[["
9,2*+)"b2/,'"
V2,4 Q6%0"V6(1 W[F[[[ 9(1# X[[[ Z_FSWS" ZFSDW" ZXUF_][" )J2 ZWFDUW"
!!"b2/,'"
V2,4 Q6%0"V6(1 )J2 3(1# X[[[ ZW[FD[[" ZD[F[[[" ZXF[[[" ZDF_[[" Z__FW[["
V/0%,+"D.>"!"3(456+$+"4/G"./(&/0+#$+,X_"
V/0%,+"D2>"!"56%0"A(1"./(&/0+#$+,X_"
V/0%,+"D3>"!"3(*+,+&"620(()"./(&/0+#$+,X_"
V2,4"`24+" b/0+#$+,"<'5+" 92523/$'"f{D" V++&" |"-+2&#" <($26"/)*+#$4+)$"
86+3$,/3/$'";26+#J
'," <($26"L+)+C$#J',"
L2,-24"d(0"
V2,4" 9(*+,+&"^20(()" ")J2" #1/)+" WF[[[" ZSUFWhW"" ZW]F[[["" ZW]F[[[""
?2,:)"V24/6'" 9(*+,+&"^20(()" ")J2" #1/)+" ][[" ZU_F[["" X]F[[[" ZX]F[[[""
=('26"V2,4#" 9(*+,+&"^20(()" XF[_[F[[["#1/)+" X]F_[[" Z[F[[["" ZWDF_[["" Z][F[[[""
V/0%,+"_2>"Q6%0"A(1"&/0+#$+,#"/)"%#+"()"&2/,'"72,4#X]"
V/0%,+"_.>"9(*+,+&"620(()"&/0+#$+,#"/)"%#+"()"#1/)+"72,4#X]"

Biodigestion Poster URSS revised

  • 1.
    RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATIONDESIGN © 2011 www.PosterPresentations.com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`Qa"(7"*/2.6+"32)&/&2$+"72,4#" $("$-+"`Qa"(7"2"$'5/326"#-26+"02#"/)"$-+"?2,3+66%#";-26+>"" """""<1("4+$-(&(6(0/+#"1+,+"%#+&"$("3263%62$+"$-+"24(%)$"(7"4+$-2)+"$-2$"32)" .+"0+)+,2$+&".'"$-+"2)2+,(./3"&/0+#:()"(7"32H6+"2)&"#1/)+"42)%,+>""L($-" 4+$-(&(6(0/+#"%#+&"5(5%62:()"*26%+#"$2I+)"7,(4"$-+"R>;"b+52,$4+)$"(7" !0,/3%6$%,+c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dW"e"<($26"4+$-2)+"5,(&%3+&"/)"3%./3"7++$"5+,"'+2,"BfDJ',E" Q(5%62:()"e"!)/426"5(5%62:()"" ?2)%,+"g+/0-$"e"!*+,20+"24(%)$"(7"42)%,+"5,(&%3+&"BI0E" a;Y"e"b,'"*(62:6+"#(6/&"5(,:()"(7"$-+"42)%,+" ?9V"e"?+$-2)+"3()*+,#/()"723$(,"B4DJI0E" 9V"e"9()*+,#/()"723$(,"BD_>DXWh"fDJ4DE" """"d+,+F"$-+"?9V"/#"$-+"?9V"4(#$"3(44()6'"3/$+&"/)"6/$+,2$%,+>""R#/)0"7+,4+)$+,"" $+3-)(6(0'F"=%#/)F"+$"26>"(.$2/)+&"2"?9V"*26%+"(7"[>S"%#/)0"2"U[Y"32H6+"#6%,,'X["" 2)&"?(66+,F"+$"26>"(.$2/)+&"2"?9V"*26%+"(7"[>DS"%#/)0"S[Y"#+52,2$+&"5/0"42)%,+" /)"2"3():)%(%#6'"#:,,+&"$2)I",+23$(,XX>""" """""<-+"#+3()&"4+$-(&(6(0'"/#"3/$+&"&/,+3$6'"7,(4"$-+"R>;>"8Q!c#",+5(,$@"@7%1$/!! "GG(%/48&<$.!)(%!R&(J7.!S$0(#$%6!,6./$C.!7/!*+,+!-&#$./(01!N70&5&<$.T+!!! <-+"+N%2:()"/#@"" BDE!F!3(G457<(8!H!L,!H!U:@!H!@BN!H!R>!H!OPQ! 1-+,+F"" 9dW"e"<($26"4+$-2)+"5,(&%3+&"/)"3%./3"7++$"5+,"'+2,"BfDJ',E" Q(5%62:()"e"!)/426"5(5%62:()"" a;"e"<($26"*(62:6+"#(6/&#"+G3,+:()",2$+F"B6."a;"5+,"XF[[["6."2)/426"42##"5+,"&2'E" <!?"e"<'5/326"2)/426"42##F"B6.E"" ?9V"e"?+$-2)+"3()*+,#/()"723$(,F"&+3/426"" L["e"?2G/4%4"4+$-2)+"5,(&%3/)0"32523/$'"(7"$+3-)(6(0'F"BfD"9dWJ6."a;E" """""R#/)0"$-+"$1("&/M+,+)$"4+$-(&(6(0/+#"5,(*/&+#"$-+",2)0+"(7"X>XS"i"S>SD" $,/66/()"fD"4+$-2)+J',>""<-/#",2)0+"+)3(452##+#"$-+"4(#$"3()#+,*2:*+"+#:42$+#" B3263%62$+&"7,(4"$-+"8Q!c#"7(,4%62E"$("(5:4/#:3"+#:42$+#>""a2,/2:()"2,/#+#" .+32%#+"$-+"C,#$"7(,4%62".2#+#"$($26"4+$-2)+"5,(&%3:()"()"2)/426"42##"1-/6+" $-+"#+3()&"+N%2:()".2#+#"$($26"4+$-2)+"5,(&%3:()"()"24(%)$"(7"2)/426"12#$+" 5,(&%3+&>""<-+"5,(&%3$"(7"$-+"#+3()&"+N%2:()"/#"3()#/#$+)$6'"$+)":4+#"62,0+," $-2)"$-+"5,(&%3$"(7"$-+"C,#$"+N%2:()>" """""R#/)0"$-+"4+$-(&(6(0'"$-2$"0+)+,2$+&"$-+"%55+,".(%)&"(7"4+$-2)+" 5,(&%3:()F"5,(T+3:()#"(7"4+$-2)+"5,(&%3:()".'"3(%)$'"12#"3263%62$+&"7(,"$-+" R>;>""`Qa"5(#/:*+F"`QajZX>U?F"2)&"`QajZ_>W?"3263%62:()#"7(,"$-/#"5(5%62:()" 1+,+"$-+)"&+,/*+&"7,(4"$-+"8Q!c#"V2,4g2,+"*+,#/()"D>]"$+3-)(6(0'X"BZ_>W"?"/#" %#+&".+32%#+"$-2$"/#"$-+"3/$+&"%55+,".(%)&"7(,"$-+"`Qa"(7"2"$'5/326"?2,3+66%#"02#" 1+66XWE>""<-+"ZX>U"??"`Qa"*26%+"12#"3-(#+)".+32%#+"$-2$"/#"$-+"6(1+,"+)&"(7"$-+" *26%2:()"#5+3$,%4"7(,"&,'"#-26+"02#"1+66#"/)"$-+"?2,3+66%#";-26+XD>"" !"#$%!&$' %(#)*$#'!+,',-#&)##-.+' !&/+.0*(,1(2(+$#' "!&/1%.)+,' %(3(%(+&(#' Department of Biological Sciences1, Palumbo-Donahue School of Business2, Center for Environmental Research and Education3, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA !"9(452,/#()"(7"$-+"83()(4/3"V+2#/./6/$'"(7"L/(0+)/3266'"Q,(&%3+&"?+$-2)+"7,(4";1/)+"2)&"L(*/)+" ?2)%,+"2#"2";%#$2/)2.6+F"=+)+12.6+";(%,3+"(7"`2$%,26"k2#F"2)&"`2$%,26"k2#"Q,(&%3+&"7,(4" ?2,3+66%#";-26+"k2#"g+66#" Kevin Betz1,3, Daniel Gehrig2 and John F. Stolz1,3" &.+&*)#-.+#' %(#)*$#'!+,',-#&)##-.+'2($4.,#'"!&/1%.)+,' l>L>"2)&"b>k>"1(%6&"6/I+"$("$-2)I"b%N%+#)+"R)/*+,#/$'"7(,"$-/#"5,(T+3$>""<-+" 2%$-(,#"1(%6&"26#("6/I+"$("$-2)I"b,>"!4'"Q-+65#"(7"b%N%+#)+"2)&"b,>"?/3-2+6" k,/m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g/$-"$-+" 3%,,+)$"I)(16+&0+"2)&"3():)%+&"5,(0,+##"()"./(02#"5,(&%3:()F"./(&/0+#:()" /#"&+C)/$+6'"2"*/2.6+"(5:()"7(,"2"#%#$2/)2.6+"#(%,3+"(7"+)+,0'>" g/$-"$-+"2&*+)$"(7"-(,/P()$26"&,/66/)0"2)&"-'&,2%6/3"7,23$%,/)0"$+3-)(6(0/+#F" 4+$-2)+"-2#".+3(4+"2)"/45(,$2)$",+#(%,3+"7(,"$-+"R)/$+&";$2$+#>"d(1+*+,"$-+" 3%,,+)$"#$,2$+0/+#"7(,")2$%,26"02#"3(66+3:()"2,+"+G5+)#/*+"2)&"*+,'"+)+,0'" &+42)&/)0>"<-+"#+2,3-"7(,"2"6(1"3(#$"26$+,)2:*+"+)+,0'"#(%,3+"6+2&"%#"$("$-+" 2)2+,(./3"./(&/0+#:()"(7"(,02)/3"42$+,/26F"#%3-"2#"42)%,+F"$-2$"5,(&%3+#" ./(02#>"L/(02#"/#"3(45(#+&"(7"_[Kh[Y"4+$-2)+F"D[K_[Y"32,.()"&/(G/&+F"2)&" ($-+,"$,23+"02#+#>"?2)%,+"/#""<-+"8)+,0'"n)7(,42:()"!&4/)/#$,2:()"B8n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m3/+)$"" #(6%:()#"$("0,(1/)0"06(.26"+)+,0'"&+42)&#>"<-+#+"3()3+,)#",+*(6*+"2,(%)&" +)*/,()4+)$26"&+0,2&2:()"$-2$"/#"(33%,,/)0"1(,6&1/&+>"L/(&/0+#:()".+)+C$#" $-+"+)*/,()4+)$"1-/6+"5,(&%3/)0"*26%2.6+"5,(&%3$#"7,(4"12#$+"#$,+24#>" n$"/#"36+2,"7,(4"3263%62:()#"$-2$"&2/,'"72,4#"23,(##"$-+")2:()"#-(%6&"%#+"()"#/$+" ./(&/0+#$+,#"7(,"2"#(%,3+"(7",+)+12.6+")2$%,26"02#>"!")+$"5,+#+)$"*26%+"B`QaE"/#" $-+"&/M+,+)3+".+$1++)"$-+"5,+#+)$"*26%+"(7"$-+"7%$%,+"32#-"A(1#"7,(4"2)" /)*+#$4+)$"2)&"$-+"24(%)$"(7"/)*+#$4+)$>"<("(.$2/)"2"5(#/:*+"`Qa"2"72,4" )++&#"$("3(66+3$"42)%,+"7,(4"255,(G/42$+6'"DXD"&2/,'"32H6+"(,"2$"6+2#$"XFSUh" #1/)+>"<("(.$2/)"2"`Qa"(7"2$"6+2#$"ZX>U?"2"72,4")++&#"$("3(66+3$"42)%,+"7,(4"2$" 6+2#$"XFX[["&2/,'"32H6+"(,"2$"6+2#$"Fh_X"#1/)+>"<("(.$2/)"2"`Qa"(7"Z_>W?"2" 72,4")++&#"$("3(66+3$"$-+"42)%,+"(7"2$"6+2#$"F_"&2/,'"32H6+>""!"*26%+"7(," #1/)+"3(,,+#5()&/)0"$("2"`Qa"*26%+"(7"Z_>W?"3(%6&")($".+"3263%62$+&".'"$-+" 8Q!c#"$((6".+32%#+"$-+")++&+&"5(5%62:()"(7"#1/)+"12#"$(("62,0+>"V2,4"`Qa" 3263%62:()#"1+,+"3263%62$+&"7(,"926/7(,)/2"&2/,'"32H6+"2)&"`(,$-"92,(6/)2"#1/)+" &%+"$("5(5%62:()"#/P+"2)&"72*(,2.6+"36/42$(6(0/326"3-2,23$+,/#:3#"7(,"2)2+,(./3" &+0,2&2:()>""L++7"32H6+"1+,+")($"/)36%&+&"/)"`Qa"3263%62:()#".+32%#+"$-+"8Q!" $((6I/$"(M+,+&")("+*26%2:()"$((6>"g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g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bo8J8n!K[DSD8=B[XDE"a(6>"g2#-/)0$()F"b9@"R>;>"8)+,0'"n)7(,42:()"" """"!&4/)/#$,2:()F"[X>"Q,/)$>" >"W7847%6!=>?O!@(8/K56!V8$%J6!S$#&$'>"bo8J8n!K[[D_B[XJ[]E"g2#-/)0$()F"b>9@"R>;"8)+,0'"n)7(,42:()"!&4/)/#$,2:()F"[XD>"Q,/)$>"" D>"o64#$+2&F";-+/62"?>F"+$"26>"p;-26+"02#"&+*+6(54+)$"/4523$#"()"#%,723+"12$+,"N%26/$'"/)"Q+))#'6*2)/2>q"3%(0$$9&8J.!()!/K$!X7<(875!! !!!!:079$C6!()!,0&$80$."B[XDE>" W>"l+,2)+)F"l2:+"?>F"+$"26>"pQ($+):266'"n)&%3+&"82,$-N%2I+#"/)"oI62-(42F"R;!@"^/)I#".+$1++)"g2#$+12$+,"n)T+3:()"2)&"$-+"[XX"?1"" """"_>h"82,$-N%2I+";+N%+)3+>p"Y$(5(J6"B[XDE">Q,/)$>"" _>"L(%6/#F"!>F"b>"n6IF"2)&"<>"L62#/)024+>":!X$'!,$%&$.!()!S7/$!Z$05&8$!S$57<(8.!R7.$9!(8!/K$!Z&7J8(.&.!()!S7/$[U&C$!Z7/7>"92602,'F"!6.+,$2F"" """"92)2&2@"92)2&/2)"n)#:$%$+"(7"?/)/)0F"?+$266%,0'"2)&"Q+$,(6+%4F"[[U>"Q,/)$>"" ]>"b()0F"r>F"d(6&/$3-F";>!>F"2)&"?3a2'F"b>!>"[XD>"=+#(%,3+"8*26%2:()"7(,";-26+"k2#"=+#+,*(/,#>",3V!V0(8!!@JC/""5"BXE@"_KX]>"" """";Q8KX_[]]KQ!>"Q,/)$>"" h>"!)$-()'F"?>"p92#+";$%&'"(7"!)($-+,"L2II+)";-26+"o/6"g+66>p!@7%1!:8/K(86].!^8./7_5(J+"b+3+4.+,"XhF"[X"[X>g+.>"" """"s-H5@JJ#++I/)0265-2>3(4J/)#$2.6(0JXXhWWK42,IK2)$-()'JXDh][XK32#+K#$%&'K(7K2)($-+,K.2II+)K#-26+K(/6K1+66t>"" S>!@7%1$/!"GG(%/48&<$.!)(%!R&(J7.!S$0(#$%6!,6./$C.!7/!*+,+!-&#$./(01!N70&5&<$.>"g2#-/)0$()F"b9@"R>;"8Q!F"[XX>"Q,/)$>"" U>!"=%#/)F"u>F"+$"26>"p?+$-2)+"Q,(&%3:()"&%,/)0"^2.(,2$(,'K;326+"9(Kb/0+#:()"(7"92H6+";6%,,'"1/$-"X["g$>"Y"(7"*2,/(%#"L/(12#$+#>q"" !!!!!!3(5&.K!W(4%875!()!BK$C&075!U$0K8(5(J6"XW>X"B[XE@"X>"Q,/)$>"! X[>""#$%#&$'!()!*+,+!-&#$./(012!3(45/%62!789!:;47045/4%$!3%(940<(8!&8!=>??!789!,/7<.<0.!(8!@7A(%!B(CC(9&<$.>"g2#-/)0$()F"b>9@"R>;"" """"""b+52,$4+)$"(7"!0,/3%6$%,+"!)/426"2)&"Q62)$"d+26$-"n)#5+3:()";+,*/3+F"[X>"Q,/)$>"" XX>"d>L>"?(66+,F";>k>";(44+,F"L>l>"!-,/)0F"@$/K78$!G%(940<#&/6!()!C784%$2!./%7'!789!.(5&9!)%70<(8.!()!C784%$F"L/(42##"L/(+)+,0'"]"" """"""B[[WE"WS_iWU_>" X>"pV2,4g2,+"D>]>p!N7%CI7%$+"UJhJ[X"[X>g+.>"s-H5@JJ111>+52>0(*J20#$2,J$((6#J5,(T+3$K&+*J72,412,+>-$46t>"" XD>"b%42)F"=>"p83()(4/3"a/2./6/$'"(7";-26+"k2#"Q,(&%3:()"/)"$-+"?2,3+66%#";-26+v"n)&/32$+&".'"Q,(&%3:()"=2$+#F"9(#$#F"2)&"9%,,+)$"" """"""`2$%,26"k2#"Q,/3+#>p"?2#$+,#"(7";3/+)3+"K"!556/+&"`2$%,26"=+#(%,3+"83()(4/3#"?/3-/02)"<+3-)(6(0/326"R)/*+,#/$'F"[X>"Q,/)$>"" XW>"S78J$!S$.(4%0$.!B(%G(%7<(8!B(CG786!3%$.$8/7<(8>"=2)0+"=+#(%,3+#F"[XD>"Q,/)$>"" X_>"<+3-)(6(0'"?2,I+$";%44/$"Q,/4+,@"92#+";$%&'"Q,/4+,"7(,"Q2,:3/52)$"b/#3%##/()@"L/(&/0+#$+,#"2)&"L/(02#>"*8&/$9!,/7/$.!V8#&%(8C$8/75!3%(/$0<(8!:J$806! 67869'XKD[>"" X]>"=8<<8g"!##(3/2$+#>"[XX>"w853($"9,+)#-21"Q-2#+"n"V+2#/./6/$'";$%&'"9(452,2:*+"!)26'#/#q"^2)32#$+,"9(%)$'F"Q+))#'6*2)/2>" V/0%,+"2>"Q,/42,'"+)+,0'"5,(&%3:()" BN%2&,/66/()"L<RE" V/0%,+".>"Q,/42,'"+)+,0'"3()#%45:()" BN%2&,/66/()"L<RE" V/0%,+"3>"86+3$,/3/$'")+$"0+)+,2:()"B./66/()"Ig-E" V/0%,+"X2>"R>;>"5,/42,'"+)+,0'"3()#%45:()".'"7%+6"" BXUS[K[W["BN%2&,/66/()"L$%J'+2,EX" V/0%,+"X.>"86+3$,/3/$'"0+)+,2:()".'"7%+6F"XUU[K[W["" B$,/66/()"Ig-J'+2,EX" V/0%,+"W2>"92)&/&2$+"#1/)+"72,4#S"V/0%,+"W.>"92)&/&2$+"&2/,'"72,4#S" V/0%,+"]2"2)&"]."&/#562'"$-+"&/#$,/.%:()"(7"*2,/(%#"`Qa"72,4#>"" o7"$-+"XFS]W"3(%):+#"$-2$"5,(&%3+"&2/,'"42)%,+"2)&"2$"2"U_Y"3()C&+)3+"6+*+6F" XXX"(,"_>U_xX>XY"-2*+"72,4#"$-2$"3(%6&"/)*+#$"/)"`Qa"5(#/:*+"2)2+,(./3" &/0+#$+,#F"D]"(,"X>UDx[>]WY"-2*+"72,4#"`QatZX>U?F"2)&"XX"(,"[>_Ux[>D]Y"-2*+" 72,4#"`QatZ_>W?>""n7"266"(7"$-+"72,4#"/)"$-+"3(%)$'"/)*+#$+&"/)"2)2+,(./3" &/0+#:()"$-+)"$-+"3(%):+#"3(%6&"$-+(,+:3266'"5,(&%3+"XF[UD"L9V"4+$-2)+F"DSX" L9V"4+$-2)+F"2)&"XX"L9V"4+$-2)+"5+,"'+2,F",+#5+3:*+6'>"o7"$-+"FS"3(%):+#" $-2$"5,(&%3+"#1/)+"42)%,+F"S["(,"D>_Ux[>hhY"-2*+"72,4#"$-2$"3(%6&"/)*+#$"/)" `Qa"5(#/:*+"2)2+,(./3"&/0+#$+,#"2)&"DX"(,"X>DUx[>WUY"-2*+"72,4#"`QatZX>U?>"" <-+#+"72,4#"3(%6&"$-+(,+:3266'"5,(&%3+"FhDX"L9V"4+$-2)+"2)&"XF_Xh"L9V" 4+$-2)+"5+,"'+2,F",+#5+3:*+6'>"" """"<-+",+#5+3:*+"*26%+#"2,+"$-+"%55+,".(%)&"(7"4+$-2)+"5,(&%3:()"7(," 2)2+,(./3"&/0+#:()v"-(1+*+,F"7+2#/./6/$'".2#+&"()"2)/426"3()3+)$,2:()"/#" 7,+N%+)$6'"2"#/0)/C32)$"&+$+,4/)/)0"723$(,"1-+)"/$"3(4+#"$("/)*+#$4+)$"/)" 2)2+,(./3"&/0+#:()>""V/0%,+#"S2"2)&"S."#-(1"$-+"*2,/2./6/$'"/)"$-+"$(5"$+)" 5($+):26"4+$-2)+"5,(&%3/)0"3(%):+#>"" V/0%,+"]2>"`2:()26"&/#$,/.%:()"(7"72,4#".2#+&"()"32H6+"5(5%62:()" V/0%,+"].>"`2:()26"&/#$,/.%:()"(7"72,4#".2#+&"()"#1/)+" 5(5%62:()" V/0%,+"h.>"V+2#/./6/$'"(7"#1/)+"72,4#".2#+&"()"y?9VJ!3,+Kz+2," V/0%,+"h2>"V+2#/./6/$'"(7"32H6+"72,4#".2#+&"()"?9VJ!3,+Kz+2," 3:;<'+:<= ,>?=@A=;'$BC= &:C:D>AB'EFG 3==H I'J=:H@ $KA:L' >MN=@A<=MA (L=DA;>D>AB' #:L=@OB; .AJ=;' "=M=PA@' L>@A=H 4KA'0:A=;OB; $KA:L' "=M=PA@OB; V2/,0,(*+" V2,4# Q6%0KA(1 WF[[[ 3(1# S_[ ZX_[F[[[" ZWSF[[[" _WF[[[ )J2 ZX[F[[[" V(#$+," L,($-+,#" V2,4 Q6%0KA(1 DF_[ 3(1# ]D_ ZXS_F[[[" ZW[F[[[" )J2 )J2 ZW[F[[[" ^2)0+,1+,7" b2/,' Q6%0KA(1 WDFh_[ 9(1# X[W[ Z[[F[[[" ZWF_[[" ZX_F[[[" ZX_F[[[" Z_WF_[[" 9,2*+)"b2/,'" V2,4 Q6%0"V6(1 W[F[[[ 9(1# X[[[ Z_FSWS" ZFSDW" ZXUF_][" )J2 ZWFDUW" !!"b2/,'" V2,4 Q6%0"V6(1 )J2 3(1# X[[[ ZW[FD[[" ZD[F[[[" ZXF[[[" ZDF_[[" Z__FW[[" V/0%,+"D.>"!"3(456+$+"4/G"./(&/0+#$+,X_" V/0%,+"D2>"!"56%0"A(1"./(&/0+#$+,X_" V/0%,+"D3>"!"3(*+,+&"620(()"./(&/0+#$+,X_" V2,4"`24+" b/0+#$+,"<'5+" 92523/$'"f{D" V++&" |"-+2&#" <($26"/)*+#$4+)$" 86+3$,/3/$'";26+#J '," <($26"L+)+C$#J'," L2,-24"d(0" V2,4" 9(*+,+&"^20(()" ")J2" #1/)+" WF[[[" ZSUFWhW"" ZW]F[[["" ZW]F[[["" ?2,:)"V24/6'" 9(*+,+&"^20(()" ")J2" #1/)+" ][[" ZU_F[["" X]F[[[" ZX]F[[["" =('26"V2,4#" 9(*+,+&"^20(()" XF[_[F[[["#1/)+" X]F_[[" Z[F[[["" ZWDF_[["" Z][F[[["" V/0%,+"_2>"Q6%0"A(1"&/0+#$+,#"/)"%#+"()"&2/,'"72,4#X]" V/0%,+"_.>"9(*+,+&"620(()"&/0+#$+,#"/)"%#+"()"#1/)+"72,4#X]"