My final presentations for my Masters Degree examinations. The first subject is on the role football (soccer) played in the build up of the Balkan Wars, and how it clicks into the subject of "identity" in the region. The second subject is on different elements often overlooked in the study of violence in crowd sports, particularly in football. What triggers certain people to become violent before, during and after a match? Are there any social or political reasons behind the phenomenon? What makes hooliganism so prevalent in European and South American football, but a topic rarely discussed in American sports -NHL,NFL, NBA, MLB, MLS? Lastly, a brief explanation of what was the main focus of my Master Thesis (which has been modified somewhat lately), on the subject of nationalism in German football.

1. Final oral examinations
Daniel Cadena Jordan
Matrikulationsnummer: 01/786688
IS3, Universität Konstanz
June, 2012

2. Index of the presentations
I. Football was used as an escape valve for political
tensions in pre-war Yugoslavia
II. Alcohol isn’t the main trigger for violence in
football
III. Overview: Patriotism, national identity and self-
perception of German society: From ‘das Wunder
von Bern’ to a modern and globalised Nationalelf

3. Football was a political escape valve in
pre-war Yugoslavia
Daniel Cadena Jordan
June, 2012
IS3 -2011
28.06.2012 3

4. Index
I. Context: pre-war
Yugoslavia (1980-1990)
II. Where does football
come in?
III. The game that ‘kicked
off’ the Balkan Conflict
IV. Hooligans and
Genocide
V. Consequences of the
War in Yugoslav football
VI. Conclusions
VII. References

5. Context
• Constitution of 1974 • Ethno-religious tensions
– Right to secede; lack of – Croats, catholics
mechanism – Serbs, orthodox
– Redefinition of internal – Bosnians, muslims
borders
• The death of Tito: the
beginning of the end
– Tito and Yugoslav People’s
Army the two actors that held
Yugoslavia together
– Resurfacing of nationalisms
– Questioning the need for a
Yugoslav State

6. Context
Economical tensions
– Disparity in production within the different nations

7. Where does football fit in?
• Recent success:
– Partook in the 1990 World
Cup
– Red Star Belgrade wins
UEFA Champions Cup
• Teams were associated
with different
identities:
– Partizan was Yugoslav
– Red Star was Serbian

8. Boiling Point
May 13th, 1990: Dynamo Zagreb hosted Red Star Belgrade.
“The symbolic beginning of the Yugoslav Conflict”

9. Hooligans turned paramilitaries
Željko Ražnatović , a.k.a.
“Arkan”
•Son of high-ranked officer of Yugoslav
intelligentsia.
•Wanted criminal that took over Red Star’s
ultras.
•Founded the Serbian Voluntary Army
(Arkan’s Tigers).
•Heavy recruitment among Red Star
supporters.

10. Hooligans turned paramilitaries
Battle of Vukovar:
•Serbian Voluntary Army squared
off against Croatian National Guard.
•Indirectly, clash between Red Star
Belgrade and Dinamo Zagreb fans.
•Ended up being one of the many
massacres in Balkan Wars.

11. Consequences of the War
1993
1992
1991

12. Consequences of the War
End of Yugoslavia
Globalization Economic Crisis
UEFA/FIFA/UN ban
Int’l Market Dynamic Mass Emmigration Lack of State Funds
(1992)
Collapse in Quality
Collapse in Attendance
Rates

13. Conclusions
I. Identity –political and
ethnical- was deeply
imbeded in football
clubs.
II. Football presented the
opportunity for fans to
vent ethnic problems.
III. The distinction between
‘hooligans’ and
paramilitaries is blurry.
IV. Post-war Yugoslavian
football paid costly.

14. References
• Mills, R. (2009). "'It all ended in an unsporting way': Serbian Football and the Disintegration of Yugoslavia,
1989-2006." International Journal of the History of Sport 26(9): 30.
• Kraft, E. (2001). "Evaluating Regional Policy in Yugoslavia 1966-1990." Salisbury State University: 22.
• Bruno Dallago, M. U. (1998). "The Distributuve Consequences of Nationalism: The Case of Former Yugoslavia."
Europe-Asia Studies 50(1): 19.
• Dragovic-Soso, J. (2004). "Rethinking Yugoslavia: Serbian Intellectuals and the 'National Question' in Historical
Perspective." Contemporary European History 13(2): 14.
• Miroslavjevic, B. (2002). "Relations Between the State and Religious Communities in the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia." Brigham Young University Law Review: 29.
• Bennett, C. (1995). Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse. London, C. Hurst & Co.
• Ramet, P. (1984). Nationalism and Federalism in Yugoslavia, 1963-1983. Indiana, Indiana University Press.
• Rusinow, D. (1988). Yugoslavia: A Fractured Federalism. Lanham, Maryland, USA, Woodrow Wilson
International Center for Scholars
• Wilson, J. (2006). Behind the Curtain: Travels in Eastern European Football. London, U.K., Orion Books Ltd.
• Suljagic, E. (2010). Ethnic Cleansing; Politics, Policy, Violence. Serb Ethnic Cleansing Campaign in former
Yugoslavia. Hamburg, Institut für Friedensforschung und Sicherheitspolitik an der Universität Hamburg.
• Rusinow, D. (2008). Yugoslavia: Oblique insights and observations. Pittsburgh, U.S.A., University of Pittsburgh
Press.
• Images courtesy of Google Images and Wikipedia.

15. Alcohol isn’t the main trigger of
violence in football
Daniel Cadena Jordan
June, 2012
IS3- 2011

16. Index
• Forms of violence
• Explaining:
– Fanatism
– Violence and crowd dynamics
– Violence and socio-political-economical context
• The big picture: USA vs. Europe
– Unconsidered factors that do have an impact

17. Forms of violence
• Random violence:
– Directed at athletes, coaches, referees.
– Chanting, missile throwing, pyrotechniques.
• Clashes:
– Between groups of fans
– Against police
– Pitch invasions
– Clashes outside stadia

18. Explaining: Fanatism
• Instinct Theory (Lorenz, 1996):
– Games right context to express self-destructive
energy.
• Frustration-aggression theory (Wann, Carlson,
Schrander, 1999)
– Aggression can be traced back to frustration.
• Hooligan-addiction theory (Brown, 1991)

19. Explaining: Fanatism
Frustration-Aggression Theory
Origins and determinants of violence around soccer games
(Schwind & Baumann, 1990)
• Four categories:
– Social/society related (Unemployment, alienation, etc.)
– Sport related (Identification with team)
– Event related (Annonymity, de-individualisation,
alcohol)
– Media related (War idioms, desensibilisation of violence)

20. Violence and crowd dynamics
• Emergent norm theory (Asch, 1951)
– People modify their judgement to be more consistent with others
in the group.
• Contagion theory (Milgram & Toch, 1969)
– Individuals become unwittingly infected with emotion.
• Convergence theory (Ward, 2002)
– Selection process occurs; violence doens’t evolve from
heterogeneous people.
• Collective mind theory (Durkheim, 1893; Le Bon, 1895)
– Different levels of rationality existing within the individual and
society.

21. Violence and crowd dynamics
• Value-added theory (Smelser, 1963)
– Six determinant prerequisites necessary for violence to
occur:
a) Structural conduciveness (fans from different teams in a same
place)
b) Structural strain (Rival fans seated close enough to taunt)
c) Growth and spread of generalized belief (visiting team is playing
better)
d) Precipitating factor (controversial decision by the referee)
e) Mobilization (A group of leaders emerges willing to fight)
f) Operation of social control (Prevention and intervention by
officers)

22. Violence and socio-political-economical context
“The soccer weekend, against the background of the hooligan’s everyday life, can
be seen as adventure holidays for the socially disadvantaged, the less financially
privileged, whether in form of active participation or in form of enjoyment while
consuming the spectacle”
Gunter Pilz, 1996
• “Lack of adventure” •Sociodemographic
• Social stress differences
•Contradiction in
• Racism
youth’s social role:
•More responsabilities,
less opportunities

23. The big picture: USA vs. Europe
Unconsidered factors that do have an impact:
• Geography and the “away game culture”
– Proximity breeds rivalry
• Football dominance vs. multi-discipline culture
– Emotional investment in sports
• Local football clubs vs. franchises
– Socioeconomical-political differences in club identities

24. Geography & the “away culture”
United States: 9.83 million sq. km Germany: 357.021 sq. km
Montana: 380.838 sq. km

25. Geography & the “away culture”

26. Geography & the “away culture”

27. Football dominance vs. multi-discipline culture
• Footballing cultures invest all sport emotion in one
club.
• American sports culture offers several “big” teams.
Diversity:
City Soccer Baseball A. Football Basketball Hockey
New York
Boston
Chicago
S. Francisco
Bay Area

28. Local football clubs vs. franchises
• European clubs represent communities, cities,
identities.
• American teams franchises; no real attachment to
locality.
– Teams change cities
• Brooklynn Dodgers Los Angeles
• New York Giants San Francisco
• Boston BravesMilwaukee Braves Atlanta Braves

29. Conclusions
• Alcohol enhances aggression, doesn’t create it.
• Psychological, social, and contexual factors define
the plausibility of violence.
• Current methods to fight violence and hooliganism
don’t address the real issues that causes it.

30. References
• Brown, R. (1991). Gaming, gambling, and other addictive play. Amsterdam, Swets Zeitlinger.
• D. Wann, J. C., M. Shrander (1999). "The impact of team identification on the hostile and instrumental verbal
aggression of sport spectators." Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 14: 7.
• Dunning, E. (2000). "Towards a Sociological Understanding of Hooliganism as a World Phenomenon."
European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 8: 21.
• Ward, R. (2002). "Fan violence: Social problem or moral panic?" Aggression and Violent Behavior(7): 18.
• Julian Roberts, C. B. (2000). "Spectator Violence in Sports: A North American Perspective." European Journal
on Criminal Policy and Research 8: 18.
• Lorenz, K. (1966). On Aggression. New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
• Markovits, A. (2011). "Sports Fans Across Borders: America from Mars, Europe from Venus." Harvard
International Review(Summer 2011).
• Pilz, G. (1996). "Social Factors Influencing Sport and Violence: On the "Problem" of Football Hooliganism in
Germany." International Review for Sociology of Sport 31(1): 17.
• Robert Washington, D. K. (2001). "Sport and Society." Annual Review of Sociology 2001(27): 35.
• Schwind, B. (1990). Ursachen, Prävention und Kontrolle von Gewalt. Berlin, 4 Bde.
• Tiffany Donahue, D. W. (2009). "Perceptions of the Appropriateness of Sport Fan Physical and Verbal
Aggression: Potential Influences of Team Identification and Fan Dysfunction." North American Journal of
Psychology 11(3): 9.
• Images and logos taken from Google Images and Wikipedia.

31. Overview: Patriotism, national
identity and self-perception of
German society:
From ‘das Wunder von Bern’ to a modern
and globalised Nationalmannschaft

32. Index
• Why Germany?
– German football, a constant change of roles
– German society and its self-perception
– Patriotism in modern Germany
• Methodology of research

33. A constant change of roles
• Das Wunder von Bern: Amateur World Champions
• The 1970’s: The Golden Era
• 1990: Reunified and Champions
• Late 1990’s: Post-reunification crisis
• The new Germany: youth, elegance, globalisation

34. German society & self-perception
• The past in the present: Living with the War
• Great achievements, downplayed importance
• The “Multi-Kulti” modern reality
• Integration through sport

35. Patriotism in modern Germany
• Political context
– The ghost of the past
– Ecclectic mix in German society
• Celebration of the Nationalmannschaft
• Does support of the German football team translate
into patriotism?

36. Methodology
• Hermeneutic • Documentary research
• Qualitative • Interviews
• Descriptive • Audiovisual material

37. Thank you for your attention
Questions and comments are gladly
welcome