Autonomous Car using Arduino

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 01 | Jan 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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Autonomous Car using Arduino
Shambhavi Lalsinge1, Yash Mali2, Akshit Mahale3, Mrunmayee Kulkarni4, Omkar Kurade5,
Professor. Pramod Patil6
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Abstract - We propose a model of a self driving car which is
analogous to an actual self driving car, but is a simpler and
value effective version. This model will help students to
understand the working of an actual autonomous car. This
model can also help in solving some real world problems.
Using the logic and algorithm used in this model , in a any
other vehicle such as a wheel chair can make it autonomous
and help the user to operate it without anyoneelse’shelp. Also,
hardware architecture is described which may be tweaked in
step with the need.
Key Words: Arduino, self driving car, Autonomous,
ultrasonic sensor, motor, batteries,objectdetection,obstacle
detection.
1.INTRODUCTION
Autonomous vehicles are generating significant attention
and discussion, since recently every automobile company is
working to develop their respective autonomous vehicle
concept and many are getting successful in achieving some
levels of autonomy and are planning to start production of
autonomous vehicles in few years. Even though people are
not yet sure and still have mixed feelings of excitement and
insecurity regarding the autonomous concept but they will
either accept it or reject it on the basis of the impacts of
autonomous vehicles, such as safety, etc. Researchers and
analysts fromvariousuniversitiesandcompaniesaround the
world have already started considering theconsequencesof
autonomous vehicles on carbon emission, number of cars
per person, safety of the people sitting in car etc. and are
providing their insights on driverless car concept. Self-
driving cars will need to outperform human driving
capabilities for securing a larger consumer market. Surely,it
will have a huge impact on thetimelineoftransportationand
it will completely change the way of people’s thinking
towards future technologies.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
The development of the autopilot airplanes was a big step in
human history towards any type of vehicle automation.This
invention has set the pillars for the innovation of the self
driven cars. From the year 1920, researchers have been
working on solving the challenge to build driverless
autonomous cars. During the year 1926, Lihirrican Wonder
used radio antennas to and sent radio impulses which were
further caught by the antennae. Theantennaeintroduces the
signal to circuit breakers which operate small electric
motors that direct every movement of the car. This was the
first step in the innovation of autonomous cars. Currently,
Tesla has successfully implementedtheconceptofdriverless
cars.
In the paper, “Self-driving car to demonstrate real time
obstacles & object detection.” by Mayur Bhangale, Gaurav
Dabhade, Akshay Khairnar, Mamta Bhagat, a model of an
autonomous car has been proposed which uses an Arduino
along with Rasberry pi for processing. Forobstacledetection
they have used ultrasonic sensor and for path detectionthey
have used camera which does real time image processing.
In the paper “The key technology toward the self-driving car
“ by Jianfeng Zhao, Bodong Liang and Qiuxia Chen, the paper
analyzes the key technology of self-driving car and
illuminates the state-of-art of the self-driving car.
In the paper “Autonomous Vehicles: Levels, Technologies,
Impacts and Concerns” by Mohsin Raza, the author has
demonstrated the various technologies that can be
implemented in self – driving cars. These technologies are
stated according to levels of IOT.The author has also defined
the various impacts of self driving car and concerns
regarding this.
In the paper “Self-Driving and Driver Relaxing Vehicle” by
Qudsia Memon, Muzamil Ahmed, Shahzeb Ali,Azam Rafique
Memon, Wajiha Shah. This paper states a model of self
driving car which uses a GPS module along with a GSM
module. This model analyses anothercarinfrontof itselfand
analyses it’s movements. So it keeps following the another
car with the help of ultrasonic sensor.
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Components and Design
Arduino Uno:
It is a type of microcontroller that works with ATmega328P.
It is used for processing the data received from the sensors
and give accurate commands to the actuators according to
the input received.
Servo Motor:
It is a type of actuator that allows to control the angular
position control precisely. It contains a motor that coupled
with a sensor that helps for the proper position feedback.
Motor Driver Circuit:
An arduino pin is able to deliver only 40mA current but a DC
motor requires more current so we use Motor Driver. It is
like a current amplifier which drives the motor according to
signals from the arduino.

Gear Motor:
A gear motor is basically a combination of a motor with a
reduction geartrain. The geartrain is used to reduce the
speed of the motor with an increase in torque.
Ultrasonic Sensor:
An ultrasonic sensor is a sensing device that helps to
measure the distance of an object around it with the help of
ultrasonic waves.
Fig-1: Circuit diagram of the components
3.2 Algorithm
According to the flowchart in fig 2, the basic condition for
movement of the car will be distance which will be sensed
with the help of ultrasonic sensor. So we will be specifying
the distance according to which, it will decide to move
forward, backward, left, right or stop. The degree offreedom
of the ultrasonic sensor is increased with the help of servo
motor , since the ultrasonic sensor is mounted on the servo
motor . So, the ultrasonic sensor will also sense the distance
to it’s left and right and change the path accordingly.
Fig-2 : Flowchart for working of the car.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The project has been tested and found working smoothly in
figure 3, 4 . When we turn on the switch , the ultrasonic
sensor starts collecting data of thesurroundingsandsendsit
to the Arduino. The Arduino collects the data and processes
it. After processing it sends signals to the gear motors. The
gear motors then help the car to move according to the
commands sent by the Arduino.
Fig-3 : Prototype of the car
Fig-4 : Top view of the car.
The car will first sense the distance of the nearest object,
which is defined in the code . It will check if the distance
satisfies the condition defined in the code and change the
path accordingly either to right or left, or it can also move in

the backward direction and sense for the objects again.
5. CONCLUSIONS
According to all the results discussed in this paper, we
conclude that the car uses ultrasonic sensor to calculate the
distance and detect the obstacles around it and is also
capable of taking it’s own decisions regarding changing the
directions to make a movement. The vehicle routes itself
with the help of input from the ultrasonic sensor. The input
from the ultrasonic sensor is passed to arduino where it is
processed and then thecommandsbythearduinoarepassed
to the motors. In this way the car operates and takes
decisions to move in any of the directions.
REFERENCES
[1] Mayur Bhangale, Gaurav Dhabade, Akshay Khairnar,
Mamta Bhagat “Self Drivingcartodemonstratereal time
obstacles and object detection” International Research
Journal of EngineeringandTechnologyVolume03Issue:
11 Nov-2016.
[2] Mohsin Raza “Autonomous Vehicles: Levels,
Technologies, Impacts and Concerns” International
Journal of Applied Engineering Research Volume 13,
Number 16 (2018).
[3] Jianfeng Zhao, Bodong Liang, Quixia Chen “The key
technology towards self-driving car” IJIUS 2017.
[4] Shahzeb Ali, Azam Rafique “Self-Driving and Driver
Relaxing Vehicle” ICRAI November-2016
[5] Shubh Srivastava, Rajanish Singh “Voice Controlled
Robot Car Using Arduino” International Research
Journal of Engineering and Technology Volume: 07
Issue: 05 May 2020

Autonomous Car using Arduino

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