2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2. Atomska Teorija
1.1.1 Atomska Teorija
Još U Petom Stoljeću P.N.E. Demokrit Iznosi Hipotezu Da Je Materija
Sastavljena Od Sitnih Neuništivih Jedinica Koje Naziva Atomima. Sami Atomi Ostaju
Neizmjenjeni, Ali Se Kreću Prostorom I Kombiniraju Na Različite Načine Te Formiraju
Makroskopske Objekte.
Iako Je Demokritova Dilema Bila U Osnovi Filozofske Naravi, Činjenica Da U
Svemiru Postoji Neka Elementarna Tvar Je Osnovni Pokretač Moderne Fizike (Potraga
Za Konačnim Subatomskim Česticama).
John Dalton U Ranim 1800-Im Zaključuje Da Se Svaki Kemijski Element Sastoji
Od Jedinstvenih Tipova Atoma, Te Da Se Atomi Međusobno Razlikuju S Obzirom Na
Njihovu Masu. Izradio Je Sistem Kemijskih Simbola I Nakon Što Je Ustanovio Relativne
Težine Atoma Poredao Ih Je U Tablicu. Utvrdio Je Da Su Tvari Sastavljene Od Molekula
I Da Se Molekule Sastoje Od Atoma Sa Točno Određenim Međusobnim Rasporedom.
Zbog Toga, Atomi Određuju Sastav Tvari, A Složene Tvari Se Mogu Razložiti Na Njihove
Elementarne Elemente.
Prvu Procjenu Veličine Atoma I Broja Atoma Po Jedinici Volumena Napravio Je
Joseph Loschmidt 1985. Loschmidt Je Izračunao Da U 12g Ugljika Postoji 6.022×1012
Atoma I Da Je Tipičan Promjer Atoma 10-8 Centimetara.
3. 1.1.2 Materija
materija Egzistira U Četiri Stanja: Čvrsto, Tekuće, Plinovito I Kao Plazma.
Plazmu Je Moguće Pronaći Samo U Koronama (Kruni Ili Vijencu) I Središtima
Zvijezda. Stanje Tvari Je Određeno Snagom Veza Između Atoma Koji Čine Tvar.
Dakle, Proporcionalno Je Temperaturi Ili Količini Energije Koja Je Sadržana U
Tvari.
Promjena Stanja Tvari Iz Jednog U Drugo Naziva Se Promjena Faze. Primjer: Led
(Čvrsta Voda) Prelazi U Tekuću Vodu Dodavanjem Energije. Nastavimo Li Dodavati
Energiju I Voda Uzavre Prelazi U Plinovito Stanje (Plinovita Voda) Zatim Na Nekoliko
Milijuna Stupnjeva Dolazi Do Raspada Na Komponente – Atome.
4. Temeljno Je Uočiti Da Atomska Teorija Dovodi U Odnos Makroskopski Svijet
(Nas) I Mikroskopski Svijet Atoma. Primjer: Da Bi Se Objasnila Tvar U Makroskopskom
Svijetu Koriste Se Koncepti Kao Što Su Temperatura I Pritisak. U Mikroskopskom
Svijetu Atomska Teorija Se Bavi Kinetikom Atoma Koji Se Kreću Kako Bi Objasnila
Makroskopske Veličine. Tako Se Temperatura Objašnjava Kretanjem Atoma (Brže =
Toplije). Pritisak Se Objašnjava Momentom Atoma Koji Se Kreću I Koji Se Prenosi Na
Stijenke Posude (Brži Atomi = Viša Temperatura = Više Momenta/sudara = Viši
Pritisak).
1.1.3 Zakon Idealnog Plina
makroskopska Svojstva Tvari Su Određena Kemijskim Zakonom Idealnog
Plina.
Idealni Plin Je Plin Koji Se Na Ponaša (Na Idealan Način) U Skladu Sa Fizikalnim
Zakonima Između Pritiska, Volumena I Temparature. Zakon Idealnog Plina Kaže Da Je
Za Točno Određenu Količinu Plina, Produkt Volumena (V) I Pritiska (P) Proporcionalan
Apsolutnoj Temperaturi (T), Odnosno U Obliku Formule: Pv=kt , Gdje Je K Konstanta.
Ova Relacija Za Neku Tvar Naziva Se Relacijom Stanja I Dovoljna Je Da Se Objasni
Veliki Dio Ponašanja Tvari.
Zakon Idelanog Plina Se Može Izvesti I Iz Kinetičke Teorije Plinova I Temelji Se
Na Pretpostavci Da:
1. Se Plin Sastoji Od Velikog Broja Molekula, Koje Se Kreću Po Slučajnim
Pravcima I U Skladu Sa Newtonovim Determinističkim Zakonima Gibanja
5. 2. Volumen Molekula Je Zanemarivo Malen U Odnosu Na Volumen Koji
Zauzima Plin
3. Na Molekule Ne Djeluju Niti Jedne Druge Sile Osim Tijekom Elastičnih
Sudara Zanemarivo Kratkog Trajanja.
1.1.4 Termodinamika
znanost O Odnosu Između Topline, Rada, Temperature I Energije, A Koja
Obuhvaća Opće Karakteristike Ponašanja Fizikalnih Sistema Naziva Se
Termodinamika.
Prvi Zakon Termodinamike Često Se Naziva I Zakon O Očuvanju Energije
(Zapravo Energije Mase) Jer Tvrdi Da, Kada Sistem Prolazi Kroz Proces, Suma Energije
Koja Se Prenosi Preko Granica Sistema – Bilo Kao Toplina Ili Kao Rad – Je Upravo
Jednaka Neto Promjeni U Energiji Sistema. Primjer: Ukoliko Vršimo Fizički Rad Na
Nekom Sistemu (Npr. Miješamo Vodu) Dio Energije Odlazi Na Gibanje, A Ostatak Na
Podizanje Temperature Sistema.
Drugi Zakon Termodinamike Tvrdi Da, U Zatvorenom Sistemu Entropija Raste.
Automobili Hrđaju, Mrtva Stabla Se Raspadaju, Zgrade Se Urušavaju, Sve Ove Pojave
Su Primjeri Entropije Na Djelu, Spontanog Kretanja Iz Reda Prema Neredu.
Klasična Newtonova Fizika Je Nepotpuna Jer Ne Uključuje Ireverzibilne Procese
Koji Su Povezani Sa Povećanjem Entropije. Entropija Čitavog Svemira Se Neprestano
Povećava S Vremenom. Mi Smo Jednostavno Lokalna Točka Niske Entropije I Naša
Sudbina Je Vezana Uz Nezaustavljivo Povećanje Nereda U Našem Svijetu – Zvijezde Će
Sagorjeti, Civilizacije Će Izumrijeti Zbog Nedostatka Energije.
Kretanje Prema Ekvilibrijumu (Ravnoteži) Je Stoga Nezaustavljiv Proces.
Tendencija Prema Ravnoteži Je Toliko Fundamentalna U Fizici Da Je Drugi Zakon
6. Termodinamike Vjerojatno Jedan Od Najuniverzijalnijih Regulatora Aktivnosti Koji Je
Poznat U Znanosti.
Koncept Temperature Ulazi U Termodinamiku Kao Precizna Matematička
Veličina Koja Stavlja U Odnos Toplinu I Entropiju. Međusoban Odnos Ovih Triju
Veličina Je Dalje Ograničen Trećim Zakonom Termodinamike, Koji Se Bavi
Temperaturom Apsolutne Nule I Koju Je Teoretski Nemoguće Dosegnuti.
Apsolutna Nula (Približno -273 Oc) Se Odnosi Na Stanje U Kojem Je Sistem
Postigao Stanje Vlastite Najniže Energije. Treći Zakon Tvrdi Da, Kako Prilazimo
Minimalnoj Temperaturi Daljnja Ekstrakcija Energije Postaje Sve Teža I Teža.
1.1.5 Rutherfordov Atom
ernest Rudeford Se Smatra Ocem Nuklearne Fizike. Možemo Kazati Da Je
Rudeford Izmislio Jezik Kojim Je Moguće Opisati Teoretske Koncepte Atoma I Fenomen
Radioaktivnosti. Čestice Koje Je Nazvao I Opisao Uključuju Alfa Česticu, Beta Česticu I
Proton.
Rudefordov Model Opisuje Atom Kao Sićušnu, Gustu, Pozitivno Nabijenu Jezgru
Nazvanu Nukleus U Kojoj Je Koncentrirana Gotovo Sva Masa, Oko Koje Svijetle,
Negativno Nabijene Tvari Koje Kruže Na Određenoj Udaljenosti, Slično Kao Što Planeti
Kruže Oko Sunca.
Prijevod Sa Slike: Masa Elektrona Je Oko 1/2000 Mase Protona, A Masa Protona Je Jednaka Masi
Neutrona.
Rudefordov Model Atoma Se Naziva I Nuklearnim Atomom Ili Planetarnim
Modelom Atoma.
7. 1.2 Smjer Vremena
1.2.1 Entropija
Entropija Je Spontano I Konitinuirano Kretanje Iz Reda Prema Neredu.
mjera Entropije Mora Biti Globalna. Primjer: Možemo Pumpati Toplinu Iz
Frižidera (Kako Bi Napravili Kocke Leda), Ali Toplina Se Prenosi U Kuću I Entropija
Kuće Raste, Iako Se Lokalna Entropija U Kockama Leda Smanjuje. Dakle, Suma
Entropije U Kući I Frižideru Raste.
Koncept Entropije Se Odnosi Na Mnoge Fizikalne Sisteme, Ne Samo Na Toplinu.
Primjer: Entropija Ometa Tok Informacija – Signal Se Uvijek Degenerira Uslijed
Slučajnog Šuma.
Entropija Čitavog Svemira Raste Sa Vremenom.
1.2.2 Ireverzibilnost
klasična Fizika Je Znanost Na Kojoj Se Temelji Naše Vjerovanje U
Deterministički, Vremenski Revezibilan Opis Prirode. Klasična Fizika Ne Unosi
Nikakvu Razliku Između Prošlosti I Budućnosti. Ovo Je Poznato Kao Epikurova
Dilema, Dilema Postojanja Ili Postajanja, Ideja Da Je Potrebano Uzeti U Obzir
Određeni Element Slučajnosti Kako Bi Se Dogodila Devijacija (Odstupanje) U
Kretanju Materije Iz Potpuno Predodređene (Staze) Evolucije.
Zapanjujući Uspjeh Jednostavnih Fizikalnih Principa I Matematičkih Pravila U
Razjašnjavanju Velikog Dijela Prirode Nešto Je Potpuno Očigledno Sa Stanovišta
Svakodnevnog Iskustva. Povremeno Je Promatrajući, Priroda Se Čini Krajnje
Kompleksnom I Slučajnom. Malo Je Fenomena Koji Iskazuju Točnu Vrstu Pravilnosti, A
Koja Koji Mogu Nagovještavati Unutrašni Red. Tamo Gdje Su Trendovi I Ritmovi Očiti,
Oni Su Veoma Često Približne I Kvalitativne Forme. Postavlja Se Pitanje Kako Možemo
Uskladiti Ove Naoko Slučajne Događaje Sa Pretpostavkom O Svemiru Bez Unutarnjih
Zakona.
8. Treba Biti Sposoban Izdvojiti Bitno Iz Kompleksnosti Svakodnevnih Situacija.
Reverzibilni Procesi Se Čine Idealizacijom Realnih Procesa U Prirodi. Interpretacije Koje
Se Temelje Na Vjerojatnosti Čine Makroskopski Karakter Naših Opservacija
Odgovornim Za Ireverzibilnost Koju Promatramo. Ako Bi Mogli Pratiti Svaku Pojedinu
Molekulu, Mogli Bi Vidjeti Vremenski Reverzibilan Sistem U Kojem Se Svaka Molekula
Ponaša U Skladu Sa Newton-Ovim Zakonima Fizike. Kako Mi Jedino Možemo Opisati
Određeni Broj Molekula U Svakom Odjeljku, Zaključujemo Da Sistem Teži Prema
Ekvililibrijumu (Ravnoteži). Da Li Je Ireverzibilnost Samo Posljedica Približnog
Makroskopskog Karaktera Naših Promatranja? Da Li Ona Ima Ima Veze Sa Ignoriranjem
Svih Pozicija I Brzina?
Ireverzibilnost Vodi I Prema Redu I Prema Neredu. Neravnoteža Vodi Prema
Konceptu Kao Što Je Samo-Organizacija I Disipativne Strukture (One Strukture Koje Se
Postepeno Troše, Gube Energiju, Rasipaju) Kao Što Je Npr. Snježna Pahuljica. Objekti
Daleko Od Ravnoteže Su Visoko Organizirani Zahvaljujući Privremenim, Ireverzibilnim,
Neravnoternim Procesima.
Ponašanje Kompleksnog Sistema Nije U Potpunosti Slučajno, Radi Se Zapravo O
Tome Da Je Finalno Stanje Toliko Osjetljivo Na Početne Uvjete Da Je Nemoguće
Predvidjeti Buduće Ponašanje Bez Beskonačnog Znanja O Svim Budućim Kretanjima I
Energijama (Npr. Leptir U Južnoj Americi Uzrokuje Oluju Na Sjevernom Atlantiku).
Promatramo Li Rast Jednodimenzionalnog Staničnog Automata Da Dva Stanja
(On I Off) Očito Je Da Jednostavna Pravila Generiraju Značajnu Kompleksnost. Iako Se
Radi „samo“ O Matematičkoj Igri, Mnogo Je Primjera Istog Oblika I Složenog Ponašanja
Koja Se Zbivaju U Prirodi.
9. Individualni Opisi Nazivaju Se Trajektorije, Statistički Opis Grupa Naziva Se
Ansamblom. Individualni Dijelovi Su Determinirani, Trajektorije Fiksirane. Ipak
Ansambli Djelova Prate Vjerojatne Obrasce I Nisu Izvjesni (Kolebljivi Su). Da Li Ovo
Proizlazi Iz Ignoriranja Svih Trajektorija Ili Nečeg Dubljeg U Zakonima Prirode? Svaki
Proračun Sa Ciljem Predviđanja Će Neizbježno Sadržavati Neku Veličinu Ulaznih
Pogrešaka Jer Mi Nismo U Mogućnosti Mjeriti Fizikalne Veličine Neograničeno
Precizno.
Valja Uočiti Da Se Relativne Vjerojatnosti Razvijaju Na Determinističan Način.
Statistička Teorija Može Ostati Deterministička. Dakako, Makroskopska Ireverzibilnost
Je Manifestacija Slučajnosti Vjerojatnih Procesa Na Mikroskopskoj Skali. Uspjeh
Redukcionizma Se Temeljio Na Činjenici Da Je Većina Jednostavnih Fizikalnih Sistema
Linearna, Ukupno Je Suma Dijelova. Kompleksnost Se Pojavljuje U Nelinearnim
Sistemima.
1.2.3 Smjer Vremena
zašto Percipiramo Vrijeme Kao Da Se Uvijek Kreće Prema Naprijed? Zašto Su
Naša Sjećanja Uvjek O Prošlosti, A Nikada O Budućnosti. Svi Temeljni Newtonovi
Zakoni Su Vremenski Revezibilni. Sudari Izgledaju Jednako Prema Naprijed I Prema
Natrag. Kutija Ispunjena Molekulama Plina Koja Se U Potpunosti Ponaša U Skladu S
Newtonovim Zakonima Nema Ugrađen Smjer Vremena. Međutim, Moguće Je Pokazati
Da Će Kontinuirano Slučajno Kretanje Molekula Izazvati Ukupan Ansambl Da Posjeti I
Prijeđe Kroz Svako Moguće Stanje Kutije, Slično Kao Što Će Kontinuirano Miješanje
Karata U Konačnici Reproducirati Svaku Moguću Sekvencu (Slijed Karata).
Ova Sposobnost Prirode Da Se Dijeli U Višestruka Stanja Čini Jednostavnijim Za
Shvatiti Zašto Termodinamični Sistemi Teže Ekvilibrijumu (Ravnoteži) Što Je Poznato
Kao Pioncare-Ov Teorem. Ako Je Kutija Sa Plinom Trenutno U Stanju Niske Entropije,
Uskoro Će Vjerojatno Biti U Stanju Manjeg Reda S Obzirom Da Postoji Velik Broj
Stanja Koja Može Zauzeti (U Koja Se Može Razviti), Većina Ovih Stanja Su Ona Više
Entropije. Samim Zakonima Slučajnosti, Kutija Ima Veću Vjerojatnost Postići Stanje
Više Entropije Nego Stanje Niže Entropije Jer Postoji Mnogo Više Mogućih Stanja
Visoke Entropije.
Poincare-Ov Teorem Tvrdi Da Ukoliko Svako Pojedino Stanje Ima Istu
Vjerojatnost Da Bude Postignuto (Dosegnuto), Tada Će Se Očito Stanja Većeg Nereda
Pojavljivati Češće Nego Stanja Potpune Uređenosti, Jednostavno Jer Je Ovih Prvih
Znatno Više.
10. Termodinamička Zbivanja,
Kao Naprimjer Rast Stabla,
Nisu Vremenski Reverzibilna.
Razbijena Jaja Se Ne
Popravljaju Sama. Određeno
Ovim Događajima, Vrijeme
Ima Smjer, Preferirani Smjer.
Entropija I Smjer
Vremena Su Usko Povezan.
Povećanje Entropije Je U
Smjeru Pozitivnog Vremena.
Ipak, Proučavanje
Komponenata Sistema
Pokazuje Da Je Djelove
Moguće Opisati U Obliku
Vremenski-Simetričnih
Zakona. Drugim Riječima,
Mikroskopski Svijet Je
Upravljan Vremenski-
Simetričnim Zakonima, Ali
Makroskopski Svijet Ima
Točno Određeni Smjer.
1.3 Kvantna Fizika
1.3.1 Planckova Konstanta
ranih 1900-Ih Njemački Fizičar E. Planck Je Uočio Fatalne Pogreške U Fizici
Demonstrirajući Da Elektron Kružeći Oko Jezgre Ubrzava. Akceleracija Znači
Promjenjivo Električno Polje (Elektron Ima Naboj), Kada Dolazi Do Emitiranja Fotona.
Ali, U Tom Slučaju Elektron Bi Izgubio Energiju I Pao Na Jezgru. Prema Tome, Atom
Ne Bi Trebao Postojati.
11. Prijevod Sa Slike:
Prema Klasičnoj Fizici, Elektron U Orbiti Oko Jezgre Atoma Treba Emitirati Elektromagnetsku
Radijaciju (Fotone) Kontinuirano, Jer Kontinuirano Ubrzava U Zakrivljenoj Putanji. Rezultirajući Gubitak
Energije Implicira Da Bi Elektron Trebao U Spiralnoj Putanji Pasti Na Jezgru U Veoma Kratkom Vremenu
(Tj. Atom Ne Može Postojati).
Bohr Je Predložio Da Su Elektroni Ograničeni Na Određene Fiksirane (Kvantizirane) Putanje.
Elektron Može Skočiti, Odjednom, Između Ovih Putanja Apsorbiranjem Ili Emitiranjem Fotona Sa
Odgovarajuće Točnom Valnom Dužinom.
Da Bi Riješio Ovaj Problem, Planck Je Pretpostavio Da Se Energija, Na Sub-
Atomskoj Razini, Može Transferirati (Prenositi) Jedino U Malim Jedinicama Tzv.
Kvantima. Prema Njegovom Pronalasku, Mi Ovu Jedinicu Nazivamo Planck-Ovom
Konstantom (H). Riječ Kvantni Dolazi Od Riječi Kvantitet I Odnosi Se Na Malene
Pakete Djelovanja Ili Procesa, Najmane Jedinice Oba (Djelovanja Ili Procesa) Koji Se
Mogu Povezati Sa Pojedinim Događajem U Mikroskopskom Svijetu.
12. 1.3.2 Dvojnost Val-Čestica
Valna Priroda Svjetlosti Objašnjava Velik Dio Njenih Svojstava:
• Refleksiju/refrakciju
• Difrakciju/interferenciju
• Dopplerov Efekt
Ali, Rezultati Zvijezdane Spektroskopije (Emisija I Apsorpcija Spektra) Se Mogu
Objasniti Samo Ukoliko Svjetlost Ima Čestičnu Prirodu Poput Bohr-Ovog Atoma I Opisa
Svjetlosti Pomoću Fotona.
Dvojna Priroda Svjetlosti Najbolje Se Demonstrira Fotoelektričnim Efektom, U
Kojem Slabo Uv Zračenje (Svjetlost) Producira Tok Naboja (Oslobađanje Elektrona)
Dok Snažno Crveno Svjetlo Ne Oslobađa Elektrone Bez Obzira Koliko Je Intenzivno.
Einstein Je Objasnio Fotoelektrični Efekt Pretpostavljajući Da Svjetlost Postoji U
Čestičnom Stanju, Paketima Energije (Kvantima) Nazvanim Fotoni. Upotrebom Crvenog
Svjetla Ne Dolazi Do Toka Naboja Jer Su Paketi Energije Koje Nosi Svaki Pojedini
Foton Preslabi Da Bi Izbili Elektrone Iz Atoma Neovisno O Tome Koliko Je Crvenih
Fotona Usmjereno Na Katodu. Za Razliku Od Toga Svaki Pojedini Uv Foton Je Dovoljno
Snažan Da Oslobodi Elekton I Prizvede Tok Naboja.
Ovo Je Jedan Od Najneobičnijih, Ali Temeljnih Koncepata Moderne Fizike Da
Svjetlost Ima I Valno I Čestično Stanje (Ali Ne Istovremeno) I Nazivamo Ga Valno-
Čestičnim Dualizmom (Dvojnosti).
1.3.3 De Broglie-Va Valna Materija
Jedno Do Temeljnih Pitanja Koje Se Postavilo Kada Je Einstein Iznio Svoju
Teoriju O Svjetlosti Bilo Je: Da Li Elektroni Imaju Valna Svojstva? Odgovor Je Došao U
Doktorskoj Tvrdnji Louisa De Broglie-A 1923. De Broigle Je Tvrdio Da S Obzirom Da
Svjetlost Pokazuje Valna I Čestična Svojstva I Materija Također Može Biti Čestica I Val.
Jedan Od Načina Na Koji Možemo Zamisliti Val Tvari (Ili Foton) Je U Obliku
Valnog Paketa. Normalni Valovi Imaju Sinusoidalni Oblik I Nemaju Početak Ni Kraj.
13. Kompozicija Nekoliko Valova Različitih Valnih Dužina Može Proizvesti Valni
Paket Sljedećeg Oblika (Slika).
Dakle, Foton Ili Elektron U Kretanju Se Može Zamisliti Kao Valni Paket Koji
Posjeduje Svojstva Vala, Ali Također I Jedinstvenu Poziciju I Veličinu Koju Povezujeno
Sa Česticom. Prisutni Su I Određeni Problemi Poput Onog Da Valni Paketi Ne Prestaju
Na Konačnoj Udaljenosti Od Točke Najveće Amplitude Već Se Proteže U Beskonačnost.
Znači Li to Da Elektron Postoji Na Svim Točkama Svoje Trajektorije?
De Broglie Je Također Formulirao Jednadžbu Koja Povezuje Valnu Dužinu
Čestice Sa Momentom Čestice. Dakle, Energija Je Povezana Svojstvima Tvari.
I Dok Je De Broglie-Ove Valove Bilo Teško Prihvatiti Nakon Stoljeća Shvaćanja
Čestica Kao Tvari S Konačnom Veličinom I Pozicijom, Valna Svojstva Elektrona Su
Dokazana U Laboratorijskom Eksperimentu Usmjeravanjem Snopa Elektrona Prema
Prepreci S Otvorima I Pokazujući Pojavu Struktura Koje Nastaju Uslijed Interferencije.
Kako Se De Broglie-Ova Ideja Uklapa U Makroskopski Svijet? Valna Dužina
Isčezava Proporcionalno Sa Momenton Objekta. Zato Što Je Veća Masa Objekta, Kraća
Je Valna Duljina. Valna Dužina Osobe, Na Primjer, Je Veličine Milijuntnog Dijela
Centimetra, Premala Da Bi Se Mogla Izmjeriti. Ovo Je Razlog Zbog Kojeg Ljudi Ne
„tuneliraju“ Kroz Stolice Kada Na Njih Sjednu.
14. 1.3.4 Princip Neodređenosti
Klasična Fizika Se Našla Pred Problemom Kada Je Trebalo Opisati Dvojnu
Prirodu (Valna I Čestična Svojstva) Materije. Još Veći Problemi Došli Su Sa Otkrićem
Principa Neodređenosti.
Princip Neodređenosti Razvio Je W. Heisenberg Tvrdnjom O Efektima Valne I
Čestične Prirode Na Svojstva Objekata Na Subatomskoj Razini. Razmotrimo Li Koncept
Momenta U Mikroskopkoskom Svijetu S Valnim Svojstvima, Moment Vala Dan Je Sa
Njegovom Dužinom. Valni Paket Poput Fotona Ili Elektrona Sastavljen Je Od Mnogo
Valova. Stoga, On Treba Biti Sastavljen Od Mnogo Pojedinačnih Momenata. Ali Kako
Objekt Može Imati Mnogo Momenata?
Dakako, U Trenutku Kada Je Mjerenje Nad Česticom Provedeno, Uočava Se
Jedan Jedinstveni Moment. Ali Poput Neodređeosti Pozicije (Fuzzy Position) I Moment
Prije Promatranja Je Intrinsično (Po Prirodi, Kao Unutrašnje Svojstvo) Neodređen. Ovo
Je Poznato Kao Princip Neodređenosti Koji Tvrdi Da Su Određene Veličine Poput
Pozicije, Energije I Vremena Nepoznate Osim U Obliku Vjerojatnosti. U Svojoj
Najjednostavnijoj Formi Princip Neodređenosti Tvrdi Da Pouzdano Poznavanje Tzv.
Komplementarnih Parova Nije Moguće. Na Primjer, Možemo Izmjeriti Lokaciju
Elektrona, Ali Ne Istovremeno I Njegov Moment (Energiju).
Matematički Princip Neodređenosti Opisujemo Na Sljedeći Način, Gdje Je „x“
Pozicija, A „p“ Moment:
15. Ovo Je Vjerojatno Najpoznatija Jednadžba U Fizici Uz Onu E=mc2. Ona U
Osnovi Kaže Da Kombinacija Pogreške U Određenosti Položaja Pomnožena Sa
Pogreškom U Određenosti Momenta Uvijek Mora Biti Veća Od Planck-Ove Konstante.
Dakle, Moguće Je Izmjeriti Poziciju Elektrona Do Neke Točnosti, Ali Pri Tome Će
Njegov Moment Biti Unutar Velikog Raspona Vrijednosti. Obratno, Moguće Je Precizno
Izmjeriti Moment, Ali Tada Je Položaj Nepoznat.
Također, Valja Uočiti Da Je Princip Neodređenosti Nevažan U Slučaju
Makroskopskih Objekata S Obzirom Da Je Planck-Ova Konstanta, H, Veoma Mala (10-
34).
Dubina Principa Neodređenosti Se Shvaća Kada Postavimo Pitanje; Da Li Je Naše
Znanje Uistinu Neograničeno? Odgovor Je Ne, Jer Princip Neodređenosti Kaže Da
Postoji Ugrađena Neodređenost, Nedeterminiranost, Nepredvidljivost Prirode.
1.3.5 Kvantna Valna Funkcija
valna Priroda Mikroskopskog Svijeta Čini Koncept „položaja“ Složenim U
Slučaju Subatomskih Čestica. Čak I Valni Paket Ima „neodređenost“ Koja Se Uz Njega
Vezuje. Elektron U Orbiti (Na Putanji) Oko Jezgre Nema Poziciju O Kojoj Možemo
Raspravljati, Osim Što Možemo Tvrditi Da Sa Nalazi Negdje Unutar Svoje Orbite
(Putanje).
Kako Bi Riješila Ovaj Problem, Kvantna Fizika Je Razvila Alat U Obliku
Kvantne Valne Funkcije, Matematički Opis Superpozicije Povezane Sa Entitetom
(Jedinkom) U Bilo Kojem Trenutku.
16. Ključna Točka Valne Funkcije Je U Tome Da Se Pozicija Čestice Opisuje
Isključivo Kao Mogućnost Ili Vjerojatnost Sve Dok Se Ne Izvrši Mjerenje. Na Primjer,
Sudar Elektrona Sa Fotonom Rezultira Izmjerenom Pozicijom I Kažemo Da Je Nastao
„kolaps“ Valne Funkcije (Tj. Valna Priroda Elektrona Prelazi U Čestičnu Prirodu).
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