1. The document discusses various types of computer network topologies and technologies. It defines 11 types of networks including personal area networks, local area networks, wireless local area networks, campus area networks, metropolitan area networks, wide area networks, and storage area networks.
2. It also discusses network topology, defining physical and logical topology. Six common physical network topologies are described - bus, ring, star, mesh, tree, and hybrid along with their advantages and disadvantages.
This document provides information about computer networking including definitions, components, types, and concepts. It defines a computer network as two or more connected computers that allow people to share files, printers, and other resources. There are two main types of networks based on architecture: client-server networks with a dedicated server and peer-to-peer networks without hierarchy. Other key topics covered include network topologies (bus, star, ring, etc.), transmission media (guided, unguided), protocols, and modes of communication (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex).
Academic course on Computer Network Chapter -1 for BCA, Tribhuwan University
** Applicable for other courses as well
Includes the Basic of Computer Network, Topologies, Types of Network
This document discusses data networking and communications. It defines telecommunications as technologies that allow information to be distributed at a distance with little delay. Computer networks like LANs, MANs, and WANs interconnect devices. LANs are small networks within a building or area, while WANs connect over large distances like between cities. The document also describes different network topologies (bus, ring, star), transmission mediums (coaxial cable, twisted pair, fiber optic), and network devices (hubs, routers, bridges, switches).
The document discusses the history and development of the Internet. It began in 1969 as the ARPANET, a network created by the US government to connect universities and research labs. No single organization owns the Internet, which uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching to connect networks worldwide. Local area networks (LANs) connect computers within the same building, while wide area networks (WANs) connect LANs across greater distances. The document also covers network topologies, types, layers of the OSI model, and common Internet services like email and search engines.
This document defines and describes various types of computer networks including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It discusses key characteristics that define networks such as topology, protocol, architecture, and media. Specific network types covered include Ethernet, switched Ethernet, and the Internet. The document also defines common networking terms like routing, bridging, segmentation, and protocols.
A network connects two or more computer systems together to share data and information. There are different types of networks categorized by their geographic reach, such as local-area networks (LANs) for computers close together, and wide-area networks (WANs) for computers farther apart connected by telephone or radio. Networks are also classified by their topology like bus, star, ring, mesh, and tree, which define how the connected devices are arranged. Common network devices include hubs, switches, routers, and bridges that help direct data traffic flow across the network.
Networking connects computing devices together to share data. It allows devices to communicate through a mix of hardware like cables and wireless equipment, and software like communication protocols. Networks can be categorized based on their geographic reach - local area networks (LANs) span a small area like a home or office, while wide area networks (WANs) connect across cities, states or globally. The largest public WAN is the Internet. Networks also use common protocols like TCP/IP to define the language devices use to communicate. While wired networks were traditionally used, wireless networking has become more popular for new installations.
1) A computer network connects computers together to share resources like printers, files, and internet connections. Networks can be local-area networks within a building or wide-area networks spanning cities.
2) Common network topologies include star, bus, ring, tree and mesh. Star networks connect devices to a central hub while bus networks use a common backbone cable. Ring networks transmit messages in one direction around a closed loop.
3) Computer networks allow for resource sharing, improved communication and availability of information, though they also present security risks and require maintenance of hardware and software.
This document provides information about computer networking including definitions, components, types, and concepts. It defines a computer network as two or more connected computers that allow people to share files, printers, and other resources. There are two main types of networks based on architecture: client-server networks with a dedicated server and peer-to-peer networks without hierarchy. Other key topics covered include network topologies (bus, star, ring, etc.), transmission media (guided, unguided), protocols, and modes of communication (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex).
Academic course on Computer Network Chapter -1 for BCA, Tribhuwan University
** Applicable for other courses as well
Includes the Basic of Computer Network, Topologies, Types of Network
This document discusses data networking and communications. It defines telecommunications as technologies that allow information to be distributed at a distance with little delay. Computer networks like LANs, MANs, and WANs interconnect devices. LANs are small networks within a building or area, while WANs connect over large distances like between cities. The document also describes different network topologies (bus, ring, star), transmission mediums (coaxial cable, twisted pair, fiber optic), and network devices (hubs, routers, bridges, switches).
The document discusses the history and development of the Internet. It began in 1969 as the ARPANET, a network created by the US government to connect universities and research labs. No single organization owns the Internet, which uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching to connect networks worldwide. Local area networks (LANs) connect computers within the same building, while wide area networks (WANs) connect LANs across greater distances. The document also covers network topologies, types, layers of the OSI model, and common Internet services like email and search engines.
This document defines and describes various types of computer networks including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It discusses key characteristics that define networks such as topology, protocol, architecture, and media. Specific network types covered include Ethernet, switched Ethernet, and the Internet. The document also defines common networking terms like routing, bridging, segmentation, and protocols.
A network connects two or more computer systems together to share data and information. There are different types of networks categorized by their geographic reach, such as local-area networks (LANs) for computers close together, and wide-area networks (WANs) for computers farther apart connected by telephone or radio. Networks are also classified by their topology like bus, star, ring, mesh, and tree, which define how the connected devices are arranged. Common network devices include hubs, switches, routers, and bridges that help direct data traffic flow across the network.
Networking connects computing devices together to share data. It allows devices to communicate through a mix of hardware like cables and wireless equipment, and software like communication protocols. Networks can be categorized based on their geographic reach - local area networks (LANs) span a small area like a home or office, while wide area networks (WANs) connect across cities, states or globally. The largest public WAN is the Internet. Networks also use common protocols like TCP/IP to define the language devices use to communicate. While wired networks were traditionally used, wireless networking has become more popular for new installations.
1) A computer network connects computers together to share resources like printers, files, and internet connections. Networks can be local-area networks within a building or wide-area networks spanning cities.
2) Common network topologies include star, bus, ring, tree and mesh. Star networks connect devices to a central hub while bus networks use a common backbone cable. Ring networks transmit messages in one direction around a closed loop.
3) Computer networks allow for resource sharing, improved communication and availability of information, though they also present security risks and require maintenance of hardware and software.
A computer network allows devices to share resources and information. The first computer network, ARPANET, was developed in the 1960s for the US Department of Defense. Networks can be used to facilitate communications, share hardware/files, and preserve/secure information. Networking involves developing connections between people that may be helpful for one's career. Computer networks connect devices using a mix of hardware and software. Common network types include local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), home area networks (HANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus networks, metropolitan area networks, and virtual private networks. Network topology refers to how devices are interconnected on a network, with common topologies including bus, ring
A local area network (LAN) connects computers and devices within a limited geographic area like an office or building. Devices on a LAN are connected through cables, wireless links, or infrared beams and share resources like printers and files. Common types of LANs include Ethernet, Token Ring, Token Bus, and Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) networks. A LAN allows resources to be shared, communication to be convenient, data to be centralized, and internet access to be shared among connected devices. However, LANs also have costs to implement and maintain and raise security and privacy concerns.
This document defines and describes different types of computer networks. It discusses network topologies like bus, ring, star, mesh, tree and point-to-point. The most widely used topology is the bus network, which is used in Ethernet. It also defines different types of networks based on size, including personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), wireless local area networks (WLANs), and controller area networks (CANs). Network topologies and types can be combined to form hybrid network structures.
The document discusses different types of computer networks and network topologies. It describes Personal Area Networks (PAN), Local Area Networks (LAN), Wide Area Networks (WAN), and Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN). It also outlines different network topologies including bus, ring, star, mesh, tree, and hybrid topologies. Key details about each type of network and topology are provided.
This document provides information about a group project on computer networks. It introduces the six group members and their topics: models & topologies, methods/types, internetworking tools, OSI model, wireless networks, and communication protocols. It then provides details on each of these topics, including definitions, examples, advantages and disadvantages of different network models, topologies, types, internetworking devices, layers of the OSI model, types of wireless networks, and issues in wireless systems.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and wireless networks. It discusses the different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, tree, and mesh. It also describes different network models like PAN, LAN, MAN, and WAN according to the geographical area covered. The document introduces various internetworking tools such as bridges, routers, and gateways. It provides a brief history of the OSI model and describes the seven layers of the OSI model. Finally, it discusses wireless networks and different wireless technologies including 2G, 3G, WLAN, and WiMAX.
This document provides information on different types of computer networks and networking concepts. It discusses local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus area networks (CANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), home area networks (HANs), intranets, and extranets. It also covers topics like server-based networks, client/server networks, peer-to-peer networks, topologies (such as star, mesh, bus, ring, and tree), protocols (TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBEUI), network media (twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, wireless), and network devices (hubs, switches, bridges, routers,
This document provides an overview of computer network types and topologies. It discusses the four main types of networks: local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). Each network type is defined based on its size and scope. The document also examines common network topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid along with their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, it briefly introduces some network technologies including intranets, extranets, and the internet.
The document defines and compares different types of computer networks and network topologies. It discusses local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs), and how they differ based on geographic scope. It also covers common network architectures like client-server and peer-to-peer, and topologies like bus, ring, and star networks, explaining their basic structures and differences.
The document defines and compares different types of computer networks and network topologies. It defines local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs), and discusses their key differences in size and geographic reach. It also outlines three common network topologies - bus, ring, and star - and compares their structures and properties such as ease of adding/removing nodes and handling failures.
Computer Networking
Networking is a decisive factor for the successful working of today’s entire information systems. There are lots of networking examples around you, such as TV or Cable networks, Telephone networks, Railway networks, Cellular phone’s networks, Post & Telegraph networks, etc. But most important networking example is Computer Networks, because it plays vital roles in some forms in other networking examples.
This document discusses different types of computer networks. It defines a computer network as a group of connected computers that share resources and communicate. There are four main types of networks: local area networks (LANs) which connect computers in a small area like a building; personal area networks (PANs) which connect devices within 10 meters of a person; metropolitan area networks (MANs) which connect computers in a city; and wide area networks (WANs) which connect computers over a large geographic area. LANs use technologies like Ethernet cables to connect computers in an office at high speeds and provide security. PANs connect personal devices within 30 feet, like phones and laptops.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and discusses why networking is important. It also covers network classifications including LAN, WAN, MAN, peer-to-peer, client-server, and intranet/internet. Additionally, it describes common network topologies such as bus, star, ring, and mesh and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses different types of computer networks:
- Local Area Network (LAN) connects devices within a home or office building and allows sharing of resources.
- Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) spans a larger area like a city and provides high-speed connectivity.
- Wide Area Network (WAN) connects multiple LANs over long distances using technologies like telephone lines.
- Personal Area Network (PAN) enables communication among devices near an individual's body within a few meters.
The document also describes different network topologies like star, bus, ring and mesh, and the OSI and TCP/IP network models.
1. The document discusses the components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols.
2. It describes the five main components: the message being communicated, the sender who transmits the message, the receiver that receives the message, the transmission medium like cables or wireless that connects the sender and receiver, and the set of protocols that govern the communication.
3. It also discusses different network types like LAN, PAN, MAN, and WAN and provides examples to explain each type.
It elaborate about the network fundamentals like Computer networks, Network Devices, Network Topology, Types of Networks.
it helps to get start with computer network as a beginner.
happy learning : )
This document provides an overview of key concepts in computer networks and communication. It defines what a network is, discusses the need for networking and sharing of resources, and outlines the evolution of early networks like ARPANET and NSFNET into the modern Internet. It also covers network topologies, transmission media, switching techniques, common network devices, and communication protocols.
This document provides an overview of computer networking fundamentals. It discusses different network types like LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN, and SAN. It also covers common network topologies such as bus, star, mesh, ring, tree and hybrid. Additionally, it describes the evolution of the internet and popular internet services like email, FTP, telnet, Usenet news and the world wide web.
This document provides an introduction to data communication and computer networking. It discusses key concepts like data communication, networking, communication models, and transmission media. It also covers topics like protocols, the OSI model, TCP/IP, and different network topologies including bus, star, ring, and tree. The document is serving to introduce students in the College of Engineering and Technology at Wollega University to foundational topics in data communication and computer networking.
The document discusses the different types of e-commerce:
- B2B (Business to Business) involves transactions between companies. It makes up 94% of e-commerce transactions.
- B2C (Business to Consumer) involves companies selling products and services to consumers online.
- C2C (Consumer to Consumer) involves individuals selling goods and services to each other through online marketplaces like eBay.
- M-Commerce (Mobile Commerce) involves e-commerce transactions made on mobile devices like smartphones. It is growing rapidly as mobile technology advances.
The document outlines the 5 key steps to register a company in Pakistan:
1. Choose a unique company name and get it approved.
2. Submit required incorporation documents to the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP).
3. The SECP evaluates the documents and issues a certificate of incorporation once approved.
4. Shareholders must deposit their allotted shares in the company's bank account.
5. Finally, register for income, sales, and professional taxes with the Federal Board of Revenue and obtain a national tax number.
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A computer network allows devices to share resources and information. The first computer network, ARPANET, was developed in the 1960s for the US Department of Defense. Networks can be used to facilitate communications, share hardware/files, and preserve/secure information. Networking involves developing connections between people that may be helpful for one's career. Computer networks connect devices using a mix of hardware and software. Common network types include local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), home area networks (HANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus networks, metropolitan area networks, and virtual private networks. Network topology refers to how devices are interconnected on a network, with common topologies including bus, ring
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This document provides information about a group project on computer networks. It introduces the six group members and their topics: models & topologies, methods/types, internetworking tools, OSI model, wireless networks, and communication protocols. It then provides details on each of these topics, including definitions, examples, advantages and disadvantages of different network models, topologies, types, internetworking devices, layers of the OSI model, types of wireless networks, and issues in wireless systems.
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The document defines and compares different types of computer networks and network topologies. It defines local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs), and discusses their key differences in size and geographic reach. It also outlines three common network topologies - bus, ring, and star - and compares their structures and properties such as ease of adding/removing nodes and handling failures.
Computer Networking
Networking is a decisive factor for the successful working of today’s entire information systems. There are lots of networking examples around you, such as TV or Cable networks, Telephone networks, Railway networks, Cellular phone’s networks, Post & Telegraph networks, etc. But most important networking example is Computer Networks, because it plays vital roles in some forms in other networking examples.
This document discusses different types of computer networks. It defines a computer network as a group of connected computers that share resources and communicate. There are four main types of networks: local area networks (LANs) which connect computers in a small area like a building; personal area networks (PANs) which connect devices within 10 meters of a person; metropolitan area networks (MANs) which connect computers in a city; and wide area networks (WANs) which connect computers over a large geographic area. LANs use technologies like Ethernet cables to connect computers in an office at high speeds and provide security. PANs connect personal devices within 30 feet, like phones and laptops.
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The document discusses different types of computer networks:
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- Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) spans a larger area like a city and provides high-speed connectivity.
- Wide Area Network (WAN) connects multiple LANs over long distances using technologies like telephone lines.
- Personal Area Network (PAN) enables communication among devices near an individual's body within a few meters.
The document also describes different network topologies like star, bus, ring and mesh, and the OSI and TCP/IP network models.
1. The document discusses the components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols.
2. It describes the five main components: the message being communicated, the sender who transmits the message, the receiver that receives the message, the transmission medium like cables or wireless that connects the sender and receiver, and the set of protocols that govern the communication.
3. It also discusses different network types like LAN, PAN, MAN, and WAN and provides examples to explain each type.
It elaborate about the network fundamentals like Computer networks, Network Devices, Network Topology, Types of Networks.
it helps to get start with computer network as a beginner.
happy learning : )
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4. Shareholders must deposit their allotted shares in the company's bank account.
5. Finally, register for income, sales, and professional taxes with the Federal Board of Revenue and obtain a national tax number.
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Assignment E-Commerce By IHTISHAM AHMAD.docx
1. 1
Department of Commerce & Finance
GC UNIVERSITY LAHORE
Major:
B.COM (HONS)
Submitted By:
IHTISHAM AHMAD
Roll No:
2355R-B.com-18
Submitted To:
SIR ASIF SARWAR
Course Title:
E-COMMERCE
Semester:
SUMMER SEMESTER
SECTION:
A
Assignment Title:
NETWORK TYPES AND TOPOLOGY
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What are Networks and Types?
A network consists of two or more computers that are linked to share resources (such as printers
and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The computers on a network
may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.
1. Personal Area Network (PAN)
The smallest and most basic type of network, a PAN is made up of a wireless modem, a
computer or two, phones, printers, tablets, etc., and revolves around one person in one building.
These types of networks are typically found in small offices or residences and are managed by
one person or organization from a single device.
2. Local Area Network (LAN)
We’re confident that you’ve heard of these types of networks before – LANs are the most
frequently discussed networks, one of the most common, one of the most original, and one of
the simplest types of networks. LANs connect groups of computers and low-voltage devices
across short distances (within a building or between a group of two or three buildings close
nearer) to share information and resources. Enterprises typically manage and maintain LANs.
Using routers, LANs can connect to wide area networks (WANs, explained below) to rapidly
and safely transfer data.
3. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
Functioning like a LAN, WLANs make use of wireless network technology, such as Wi-Fi.
Typically seen in the same types of applications as LANs, these types of networks don’t require
that devices rely on physical cables to connect to the network.
4. Campus Area Network (CAN)
Larger than LANs, but smaller than metropolitan area networks (MANs, explained below),
these types of networks are typically seen in universities, large K-12 school districts, or small
businesses. They can be spread across several buildings that are fairly close to each other so
users can share resources.
5. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
These types of networks are larger than LANs but smaller than WANs – and incorporate
elements from both types of networks. MAN spans an entire geographic area (typically a town
or city, but sometimes a campus). Ownership and maintenance areas are handled by either a
single person or a company (a local council, a large company, etc.).
6. Wide Area Network (WAN)
Slightly more complex than a LAN, a WAN connects computers across longer physical
distances. This allows computers and low-voltage devices to be remotely connected to each o
large network to communicate even when they’re miles apart.
The Internet is the most basic example of a WAN, connecting all computers around the world.
Because of a WAN’s vast reach, it is typically owned and maintained by multip le
administrators or the public.
7. Storage-Area Network (SAN)
As a dedicated high-speed network that connects shared pools of storage devices to several
servers, these types of networks don’t rely on a LAN or WAN. Instead, they move storage
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resources away from the network and place them into their high-performance network. SANs
can be accessed in the same fashion as a drive attached to a server. Types of storage-area
networks include converged, virtual, and, unified SANs.
8. System-Area Network (also known as SAN)
This term is fairly new within the past two decades. It is used to explain a relatively local
network that is designed to provide high-speed connection in server-to-server applications
(cluster environments), storage area networks (called “SANs” as well), and processor-to-
processor applications. The computers connected on a SAN operate as a single system at very
high speeds.
9. Passive Optical Local Area Network (POLAN)
As an alternative to traditional switch-based Ethernet LANs, POLAN technology can be
integrated into structured cabling to overcome concerns about supporting traditional Ethernet
protocols and network applications such as PoE (Power over Ethernet). A point-to-multipoint
LAN architecture, POLAN uses optical splitters to split an optical signal from one strand of
single-mode optical fiber into multiple signals to serve users and devices.
10. Enterprise Private Network (EPN)
These types of networks are built and owned by businesses that want to securely connect their
various locations to share computer resources.
11. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
By extending a private network across the Internet, a VPN lets its users send and receive data
as if their devices were connected to the private network – even if they’re not. Through a virtual
point-to-point connection, users can access a private network remotely.
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What are network topology and types?
Topology defines the structure of the network of how all the components are interconnected to
each other. There are two types of topology: physical and logical topology.
Physical topology is the geometric representation of all the nodes in a network.
Topology is derived from two Greek words topo and logy, where topo means 'place' and
logy means 'study'. In computer networks, a topology is used to explain how a network
is physically connected and the logical flow of information in the network. A topology
mainly describes how devices are connected and interact with each other using
communication links.
In computer networks, there are mainly two types of topologies, they are:
1. Physical Topology: A physical topology describes how the computers or nodes are
connected in a computer network. It is the arrangement of various elements(link,
nodes, etc.), including the device location and code installation of a computer
network. In other words, we can say that it is the physical layout of nodes,
workstations, and cables in the network.
2. Logical Topology: A logical topology describes the way, data flow from one
computer to another. It is bound to a network protocol and defines how data is moved
throughout the network and which path it takes. In other words, it is how the devices
communicate internally.
Network topology defines the layout, virtual shape, or structure of the network, not only
physically but also logically. A network can have one physical topology and multiple
logical topologies at the same time.
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In this blog, we will mainly concentrate on physical topologies. We'll learn about different
types of physical topologies, their advantages, and their disadvantages.
In a computer network, there are mainly six types of physical topology, they are:
1. Bus Topology
2. Ring Topology
3. Star Topology
4. Mesh Topology
5. Tree Topology
6. Hybrid Topology
Now let us learn these topologies one by one:
Bus Topology
Bus topology is the simplest kind of topology in which a common bus or channel is used
for communication in the network. The bus is connected to various taps and
droplines. Taps are the connectors, while droplines are the cables connecting the bus with
the computer. In other words, there is only a single transmission line for all nodes.
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When a sender sends a message, all other computers can hear it, but only the receiver accepts
it(verifying the mac address attached with the data frame) and others reject it. Bus technology
is mainly suited for small networks like LAN, etc.
In this topology, the bus acts as the backbone of the network, which joins every computer
and peripherals in the network. Both ends of the shared channel have line terminators. The
data is sent only in one direction and as soon as it reaches the end, the terminator removes
the data from the communication line(to prevent signal bounce and data flow disruption).
In a bus topology, each computer communicates to another computer on the network
independently. Every computer can share the network's total bus capabilities. The devices
share the responsibility for the flow of data from one point to the other in the network.
For Example Ethernet cable, etc.
Following are the advantages of Bus topology:
1. Simple to use and install.
2. If a node fails, it will not affect other nodes.
3. Less cabling is required.
4. Cost-efficient to implement.
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Following are the disadvantages of Bus topology:
1. Efficiency is less when nodes are more(strength of signal decreases).
2. If the bus fails, the network will fail.
3. A limited number of nodes can connect to the bus due to limited bus length.
4. Security issues and risks are more as messages are broadcasted to all nodes.
5. Congestion and traffic on the bus as it is the only source of communication.
Ring Topology
Ring topology is a topology in which each computer is connected to exactly two other
computers to form the ring. The message passing is unidirectional and circular.
This network topology is deterministic, i.e., each computer is given access for transmission
at a fixed time interval. All the nodes are connected in a closed loop. This topology mainly
works on a token-based system and the token travels in a loop in one specific direction.
In a ring topology, if a token is free then the node can capture the token and attach the data
and destination address to the token, and then leaves the token for communication. When this
token reaches the destination node, the data is removed by the receiver, and the token is made
free to carry the next data. For Example, Token Ring, etc.
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Following are the advantages of Ring topology:
1. Easy Installation.
2. Less Cabling Required.
3. Reduces chances of data collision(unidirectional).
4. Easy to troubleshoot(the faulty node does not pass the token).
5. Each node gets the same access time.
Following are the disadvantages of Ring topology:
1. If a node fails, the whole network will fail.
2. Slow data transmission speed(each message has to go through the ring path).
3. Difficult to reconfigure(we have to break the ring).
Star Topology
Star topology is a computer network topology in which all the nodes are connected to a
centralized hub. The hub or switch acts as a middleware between the nodes. Any node
requesting for service or providing service, first contact the hub for communication.
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The central device(hub or switch) has point to point communication link(the dedicated link
between the devices which can not be accessed by some other computer) with the devices.
The central device then broadcasts or unicasts the message based on the central device used.
The hub broadcasts the message, while the switch unicasts the messages by maintaining a
switch table. Broadcasting increases unnecessary data traffic in the network.
In a star topology, the hub and switch act as a server, and the other connected devices act as
clients. Only one input-output port and one cable are required to connect a node to the central
device. This topology is better in terms of security because the data does not pass through
every node. For Example High-Speed LAN, etc.
Following are the advantages of Star topology:
1. Centralized control.
2. Less Expensive.
3. Easy to troubleshoot(the faulty node does not give a response).
4. Good fault tolerance due to centralized control on nodes.
5. Easy to scale(nodes can be added or removed from the network easily).
6. If a node fails, it will not affect other nodes.
7. Easy to reconfigure and upgrade(configured using a central device).
Following are the disadvantages of Star topology:
1. If the central device fails, the network will fail.
2. The number of devices in the network is limited(due to the limited input-output port
in a central device).
Mesh Topology
Meshtopology is a computer network topology in which nodes are interconnected with
each other. In other words, direct communication takes place between the nodes in the
network.
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There are mainly two types of Mesh:
1. Full Mesh: In which each node is connected to every other node in the network.
2. Partial Mesh: In which, some nodes are not connected to every node in the network.
In a fully connected mesh topology, each device has a point-to-point link with every other
device in the network. If there are 'n' devices in the network, then each device has
exactly '(n-1)' input-output ports and communication links. These links are simplex, i.e., the
data moves only in one direction. A duplex link(in which data can travel in both directions
simultaneously) can replace two simplex links.
If we are using simplex links, then the number of communication links will be 'n(n-
1)' for 'n' devices, while it is 'n(n-1)/2' if we are using duplex links in the mesh topology.
For Example, the Internet(WAN), etc.
Following are the advantages of Mesh topology:
1. Dedicated links facilitate direct communication.
2. No congestion or traffic problems on the channels.
3. Good Fault tolerance due to the dedicated path for each node.
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4. Very fast communication.
5. Maintains privacy and security due to a separate channel for communication.
6. If a node fails, other alternatives are present in the network.
Following are the disadvantages of Mesh topology:
1. Very high cabling is required.
2. Cost inefficient to implement.
3. Complex to implement and takes large space to install the network.
4. Installation and maintenance are very difficult.
5. Tree Topology:
Tree topology is a computer network topology in which all the nodes are directly or
indirectly connected to the main bus cable. Tree topology is a combination of Bus and Star
topology.
In a tree topology, the whole network is divided into segments, which can be easily managed
and maintained. There is a main hub and all the other sub-hubs are connected in this topology.
Following are the advantages of Tree topology:
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1. Large distance network coverage.
2. Fault finding is easy by checking each hierarchy.
3. Least or no data loss.
4. A Large number of nodes can be connected directly or indirectly.
5. Other hierarchical networks are not affected if one of them fails.
Following are the disadvantages of Tree topology:
1. Cabling and hardware cost is high.
2. Complex to implement.
3. Hub cabling is also required.
4. A large network using tree topology is hard to manage.
5. It requires very high maintenance.
6. If the main bus fails, the network will fail.
Hybrid Topology:
A hybrid topology is a computing topology that is a combination of two or more
topologies. In practical use, they are the most widely used.
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In this topology, all topologies are interconnected according to the need to form a hybrid. All
the good features of each topology can be used to make an efficient hybrid topology.
Following are the advantages of Hybrid topology:
1. It can handle a large volume of nodes.
2. It provides flexibility to modify the network according to our needs.
3. Very Reliable(if one node fails it will not affect the whole network).
Following are the disadvantages of Hybrid topology:
1. Complex design.
2. Expensive to implement.
3. Multi-Station Access Unit(MSAL) required.
Hence, after learning the various computer network topologies, we can conclude that some
points need to be considered when selecting a physical topology:
Ease of Installation.
Fault Tolerance.
Implementation Cost.
Cabling Required.
Maintenance Required.
Reliable Nature.
Ease of Reconfiguration and upgradation.
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Data Communication and its Elements
Data Communication is defined as the exchange of data between two devices via some
form of transmission media such as a cable, wire or it can be air or vacuum also. For
the occurrence of data communication, communicating devices must be a part of a
communication system made up of a combination of hardware or software devices
and programs.
There are mainly five Elements of a data communication system:
1. Message
2. Sender
3. Receiver
4. Transmission Medium
5. Set of rules (Protocol)
All above-mentioned elements are described below:
Figure – Components of Data Communication System
1. Message :
This is a most useful asset of a data communication system. The message
simply refers to data or a piece of information that is to be
communicated. A message could be in any form, it may be in form of a
text file, an audio file, a video file, etc.
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2. Sender
To transfer a message from source to destination, someone must be there
who will play the role of a source. The sender plays the part of a source
in a data communication system. It is simply a device that sends data
messages. The device could be in form of a computer, mobile, telephone,
laptop, video camera, workstation, etc.
3. Receiver
It is a destination where finally the message sent to the source has
arrived. It is a device that receives messages safely. Same as the sender,
the receiver can also be in form of a computer, telephone mobile,
workstation, etc.
4. Transmission
In the entire process of data communication, there must be something
that could act as a bridge between sender and receiver, Transmission
medium plays that part. It is the physical path by which data or message
travels from sender to receiver. Transmission medium could be guided
(with wires) or unguided (without wires), for example, twisted pair
cable, fiber optic cable, radio waves, microwaves, etc.
5. Protocol
To govern data communications, various sets of rules had been already
designed by the designers of the communication systems, which
represent a kind of agreement between communicating devices. These
are defined as protocol. In simple terms, the protocol is a set of rules that
govern data communication. If two different devices are connected but
there is no protocol among them, there would not be any kind of
communication between those two devices. Thus the protocol is
necessary for data communication to take place.
A typical example of a data communication system is sending an e-mail. The user
which sends email act as a sender, the message is data that which user wants to send,
and the receiver is the one to whom the user wants to send a message, there are many
protocols involved in this entire process, and one of them is Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP), both sender and receiver must have an internet connection which
uses a wireless medium to send and receive email.