Indepărtarea materiei organice conținute în apele uzate dintr-un abator folos...Corina Chirila
Autori: Jorge Vidala, César Huiliñirb, Ricardo Salazara,*
Universitatea din Santiago de Chile, USACH
Facultatea de Chimie-biologie
Departamentul de chimia materialelor
Laboratorul de elecrochimia mediului inconjuator (LEQMA)
Atlas de neuroanatomie - cai descendente (1)Corina Chirila
The document discusses the organization of the motor system, including:
1. The primary motor cortex and supplementary motor areas in the frontal lobe that control voluntary movement.
2. The pyramidal tract that transmits signals from the motor cortex to the spinal cord and brainstem.
3. The extrapyramidal system including basal ganglia and brainstem that regulates posture and balance.
4. How motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem connect to muscles to control movement.
El documento describe las principales áreas del cerebro involucradas en las funciones sensoriales, motoras y vegetativas. Menciona las áreas de mielinización sucesiva de Flechsig, los homúnculos sensitivos y motores, las áreas sensoriales, motoras, visuales, auditivas y vegetativas, así como las asociaciones entre estas áreas.
This document provides information on the structure and organization of the cerebral cortex. It includes descriptions of the different levels and types of cortex (e.g. paleocortex, neocortex, archicortex), cortical layers and cell types, cytoarchitectonic and myeloarchitectonic maps, cortical columns and connections. Diagrams illustrate cortical folding, functional areas, white matter tracts and vascularization.
This document discusses various structures of the limbic system including the cingulate gyrus, septum, mammillary body, trigone, hippocampus, and amygdala. It provides both Latin and Romanian names for these structures and describes their locations and connections within the brain. Diagrams are included showing views of the hippocampus and surrounding areas from different angles. The structure of the hippocampus is examined in detail, along with the entorhinal region and amygdala.
Sistemul extrapiramidal atlas de neuroanatomieCorina Chirila
This document discusses the extrapyramidal system and related brain structures. It describes components like the striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic region, and their connections to the thalamus and motor pathways. Diagrams show sections of the striatum and locations of nuclei within the basal ganglia and brainstem regions involved in extrapyramidal circuits.
This document contains diagrams and labels of various structures in the thalamus and surrounding areas in the brain. It identifies nuclei within the thalamus such as the anterior nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, and pulvinar. It also shows connections between the thalamus and other regions like the cortex, basal ganglia, and brainstem. Pathways such as the optic radiations and peduncles are indicated. The vascular supply to the thalamus from arteries is depicted. In summary, it provides an anatomical overview of the thalamus and its relationships to surrounding brain structures.
This document contains information about the hypothalamus and its connections. It discusses several nuclei within the hypothalamus, including the paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, and suprachiasmatic nucleus. It also mentions the hypothalamic-pituitary system and how neurons in the hypothalamus secrete neurohormones into the portal system to regulate the anterior pituitary gland.
Indepărtarea materiei organice conținute în apele uzate dintr-un abator folos...Corina Chirila
Autori: Jorge Vidala, César Huiliñirb, Ricardo Salazara,*
Universitatea din Santiago de Chile, USACH
Facultatea de Chimie-biologie
Departamentul de chimia materialelor
Laboratorul de elecrochimia mediului inconjuator (LEQMA)
Atlas de neuroanatomie - cai descendente (1)Corina Chirila
The document discusses the organization of the motor system, including:
1. The primary motor cortex and supplementary motor areas in the frontal lobe that control voluntary movement.
2. The pyramidal tract that transmits signals from the motor cortex to the spinal cord and brainstem.
3. The extrapyramidal system including basal ganglia and brainstem that regulates posture and balance.
4. How motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem connect to muscles to control movement.
El documento describe las principales áreas del cerebro involucradas en las funciones sensoriales, motoras y vegetativas. Menciona las áreas de mielinización sucesiva de Flechsig, los homúnculos sensitivos y motores, las áreas sensoriales, motoras, visuales, auditivas y vegetativas, así como las asociaciones entre estas áreas.
This document provides information on the structure and organization of the cerebral cortex. It includes descriptions of the different levels and types of cortex (e.g. paleocortex, neocortex, archicortex), cortical layers and cell types, cytoarchitectonic and myeloarchitectonic maps, cortical columns and connections. Diagrams illustrate cortical folding, functional areas, white matter tracts and vascularization.
This document discusses various structures of the limbic system including the cingulate gyrus, septum, mammillary body, trigone, hippocampus, and amygdala. It provides both Latin and Romanian names for these structures and describes their locations and connections within the brain. Diagrams are included showing views of the hippocampus and surrounding areas from different angles. The structure of the hippocampus is examined in detail, along with the entorhinal region and amygdala.
Sistemul extrapiramidal atlas de neuroanatomieCorina Chirila
This document discusses the extrapyramidal system and related brain structures. It describes components like the striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic region, and their connections to the thalamus and motor pathways. Diagrams show sections of the striatum and locations of nuclei within the basal ganglia and brainstem regions involved in extrapyramidal circuits.
This document contains diagrams and labels of various structures in the thalamus and surrounding areas in the brain. It identifies nuclei within the thalamus such as the anterior nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, and pulvinar. It also shows connections between the thalamus and other regions like the cortex, basal ganglia, and brainstem. Pathways such as the optic radiations and peduncles are indicated. The vascular supply to the thalamus from arteries is depicted. In summary, it provides an anatomical overview of the thalamus and its relationships to surrounding brain structures.
This document contains information about the hypothalamus and its connections. It discusses several nuclei within the hypothalamus, including the paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, and suprachiasmatic nucleus. It also mentions the hypothalamic-pituitary system and how neurons in the hypothalamus secrete neurohormones into the portal system to regulate the anterior pituitary gland.
2. Introducere
Multe doamne si domnisoare cunosc situatia neplacuta cand
incaltamintea, cureaua sau geanta preferata confectionata din
piele naturala isi pierde calitatile din cauza mucegailuiui.
Mucegaiurile sunt dusmanii cei mai de temut ai hainelor
accesoriilor noastre din piele, acestea putand deteriora produsele
mai sus mentionate atunci cand acestea sunt tinute in conditii
improprii, intr-un mediu umed sau chiar in timpul procesului de
fabricatie. Cele mai raspandite microorganisme care pot deteriora
pielea sunt fungii din genul Aspergilius, mucegaiuri daunatoare si
pentru sanatatea omului. Lupta impotriva fungilor este necesara si
pentru pastrarea patrimoniului deoaerce multe carti, pergamente
si alte obiecte din vechime au fost confectionate din piele animala
si pot fi deterioaate de mucegaiuri.
3. Pielea animala
Pielea animala a fost folosita din cele mai vechi timpuri pentru
imbracaminte, incaltaminte, scuturi, curele si diverse obiecte
artistice, de uz caznic sau de cult.
In secolul 19 tehnologiile de prelucrare a pielilor au cunoscut o
evolutie pectaculoasa folosindu-se pentru prima data butoaiele
actionate electric, tehnologiile rapide de tabacire vegetala (Durio
1892), tabacirea minerala cu crom intr-o singura baie (Denis
1893). Cea mai des folosita in procesul de fabricatie a obiectelor
din piele este pielea de vaca dar sunt utilizate si piei provenite
de la alte specii domestice sau salbatice, cum ar fi pielea de
caprioara, de crocodil sau de sarpe, piei folosite pentru obiecte
extravagante, de lux.
4. Tipuri de mucegai intalnite pe piei
Aspergilius niger Aspergilius flavus Trichoderma viridae
Penicillium glaucum Penicillium cyclopium Paecilomyces varioti
5. Tipuri de mucegai intalnite pe piei
Penicillium chrysogenum Scopulariopsis brevicaulis
6. Biocide
Pana acum 10 ani s-au utilizat drept fungicide derivati clorurati ai fenolului sub forma de
sare de sodiu. Deoaerce sunt cancerigeni acestia sunt interzisi de legislatia inetrnationala
actuala, fiind acceptate fungicidele mai putin nocive care au structura chimica de
heterocicli: benzotiazol, tiazol, imidazol, 2-n-octyl-4-izotiazolin-3-ona. Aceste fungicide
prezinta unele inconveniente si anume:
•au solubilitate micain apa, de aceea necesita flote mari la aplicare
•nu se leaga de grupele reactive ale pielii si se spala in etapele tehnologice ulterioare.
Biocidele benzotiazolice noi, sintetizate sunt derivati de 2-aminobenzotiazoli-6-substituiti
cu metil, metoxi, cloro, nitro, modificaet chimic prin sulfonare, procedeu prin care se leaga
de molecula o singura gruoa sulfonica care le confera unele avantaje:
Prezinta o solubilitate marita in apa, datorita grupei sulfonice din molecula; se leaga de
substrat prin reactia dintre grupa NH3+ a pielii cu grupa -HSO3- pe care o poseda, in mod
similar cu materialele auxiliare cu incarcare anionica: tanati sintetici, uleiuri si coloranti;
marimea masei moleculare este intre 244 – 275, dimensiune considerata optima pentru a
patrunde in spatiile intermoleculare ale macromoleculei cromate de colagen.
Produsele comerciale antifungice sunt in general un amestec de doua sau mai multe
produse chimice, pentru a actiona asupra unei game mai mari de fungi, care sunt
inglobate intr-un agent tensioactiv pentru dispersarea in flota de prelucrare a pielii.
7. Metode de testare
1 Epuizarea biocidului din flotele de prelucrare a pieilor
Gradul de epuizare se calculeaza dupa formula: G % = 100 - a /a x100
E30 i f30
2 Gradul de spalare a biocidelor din piele
Procentul de biocid nelegat (G %) se calculeaza dupa formula: G % = a /a (100)
W W i w
3 Testarea activitatii antifugale pe probe de piei de bovine
• Metoda de testare: standardul american: ASTM D 4576 – 01 (Reapproved 2006),
Standard Test Method for Mold Growth Resistance of Blue Stock (Leather)
• Metoda STAS 1269
8. Metoda STAS 1269
Incercarea pieilor la actiunea mucegaiurilor se face
prin doua metode:
•Metoda A – Pentru aprecierea susceptibilitatii pielii la actiunea
mucegaiurilor
•Metoda B – Pentru aprecierea rezistentei pielii in conditii de
contaminare simulata
10. Aparatura si materiale
• Aparatura
– Termohigrostat reglabil pentru temperatura 30 ± 2 °C si umiditatea relativa a aerului 95 ± 5%
– Etuva termoreglabila pentru sterilizare
– Autoclava
– Cutii petri cu diametrul de 100 mm
– Stereomicroscop cu putere de marire de 10 X
– Anse micologice
– Pulverizator
• Materiale
– Culturi de mucegaiuri
– Medii de cultura
• a) Mediu de cartof (Potato agar)
• b) Mediu de malt
• c) Mediu Czapek-Dox
11. Mod de lucru
• Se prepara inoculul
• Se toarna mediul de incercare in placile Petri si dupa
racire si uscare se se aseaza cate o epruveta pe
suprafata aestuia
• Se inoculeaza prin pulverizare
• Dupa 7, 14 si 28 de zile se examineaza vizual cu
ochiul liber si la microscop