This summary provides the essential information from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses a hypothetical situation where an inventor obtains patents in multiple countries including a European patent, but then discovers that courts in different European countries can come to different conclusions on patent infringement cases. It describes how this actually occurred with a company called Improver that sued Remington for patent infringement - the German courts found infringement while the English courts did not. The document argues that true legal integration within Europe is difficult to achieve because different legal systems and traditions can result in different interpretations of laws like the European Patent Convention, despite legislative efforts at harmonization.
This document summarizes German case law on patent and utility model law from 2013 to mid-2014. It is divided into three parts:
1) Substantive law issues like right to sue, capacity to be sued, patent interpretation and direct/contributory infringement.
2) Procedural law topics such as jurisdiction of courts and enforcement actions.
3) Other matters including costs, warning notices, and security for legal costs. The document analyzes numerous court decisions on these issues and how the courts have recently interpreted various aspects of German patent law.
The document provides an overview of patent information sources. It discusses the history of patents, what a patent is, why patents are important, what information is contained in a patent document, how patents are organized using classification systems, and important patent sources available on the internet such as Espacenet and the United States Patent and Trademark Office website.
David Cohen discusses how Boulder, Colorado has become a startup hub without relying heavily on venture capital funding. He notes that in the first quarter of 2008, Boulder had $311 million in venture capital with a population of 125,000, equating to around $2,500 per person per quarter. This is significantly more than Toronto, which had $130 million in venture capital for a population of 5.5 million. Cohen attributes Boulder's success to programs like TechStars that provide mentorship and connections for founders. Through two years, TechStars has helped launch 20 companies, with many receiving angel or VC funding and creating over 40 jobs in Colorado. The program has shown that with the right community and support, venture
The study was based on qualitative interviews to different members of the startup community, including entrepreneurs, mentors, investors, incubators, event organizers and government officials.
The resulting report provided a comprehensive view of the state of entrepreneurship in Costa Rica including determinants such as culture, the startup community, the entrepreneur, the startup and funding.
A summary of book by Brad Feld called "Startup Communities". It contains of important points & highlights of the book about how to build an entreprenurial ecosystem in a city.
Learn about Startup London's Plan: Townhall PPTStartupLondon
Rallying busy people around a cause is tough but not if those people will benefit from the cause! We had a Townhall to relaunch Startup London to solicit support, generate ideas, and gauge the interest of the entrepreneurs we want to help.
This document summarizes German case law on patent and utility model law from 2013 to mid-2014. It is divided into three parts:
1) Substantive law issues like right to sue, capacity to be sued, patent interpretation and direct/contributory infringement.
2) Procedural law topics such as jurisdiction of courts and enforcement actions.
3) Other matters including costs, warning notices, and security for legal costs. The document analyzes numerous court decisions on these issues and how the courts have recently interpreted various aspects of German patent law.
The document provides an overview of patent information sources. It discusses the history of patents, what a patent is, why patents are important, what information is contained in a patent document, how patents are organized using classification systems, and important patent sources available on the internet such as Espacenet and the United States Patent and Trademark Office website.
David Cohen discusses how Boulder, Colorado has become a startup hub without relying heavily on venture capital funding. He notes that in the first quarter of 2008, Boulder had $311 million in venture capital with a population of 125,000, equating to around $2,500 per person per quarter. This is significantly more than Toronto, which had $130 million in venture capital for a population of 5.5 million. Cohen attributes Boulder's success to programs like TechStars that provide mentorship and connections for founders. Through two years, TechStars has helped launch 20 companies, with many receiving angel or VC funding and creating over 40 jobs in Colorado. The program has shown that with the right community and support, venture
The study was based on qualitative interviews to different members of the startup community, including entrepreneurs, mentors, investors, incubators, event organizers and government officials.
The resulting report provided a comprehensive view of the state of entrepreneurship in Costa Rica including determinants such as culture, the startup community, the entrepreneur, the startup and funding.
A summary of book by Brad Feld called "Startup Communities". It contains of important points & highlights of the book about how to build an entreprenurial ecosystem in a city.
Learn about Startup London's Plan: Townhall PPTStartupLondon
Rallying busy people around a cause is tough but not if those people will benefit from the cause! We had a Townhall to relaunch Startup London to solicit support, generate ideas, and gauge the interest of the entrepreneurs we want to help.
IP Revolution? Scenarios for the future. How to find your way in IP alternative Dispute Resolution? Part 2: Life Sciences. ADR for patent disputes in the Life Science sector
1. Historically, most industries innovated and grew rapidly in the absence of intellectual property protections like patents and copyright. Intellectual property laws were often introduced after industries matured and growth slowed, in order to create government-sanctioned monopolies.
2. Early patent laws, like the 1623 Statute of Monopolies in England, were intended not to spur innovation but rather to curb the arbitrary power of the monarchy to grant monopolies and block innovation.
3. The adoption of comprehensive patent laws was a slow process across Europe, often not occurring until the late 19th or early 20th century, by which point many industries had already innovated and grown without such protections.
This document discusses the renvoi doctrine in South African private international law. It begins with an overview of the conception and evolution of renvoi in South Africa, noting that it originated from English law rather than Roman-Dutch law. It then examines the modern form of renvoi in South Africa, including its limited scope and doctrinal usage. It analyzes the approaches to applying renvoi, particularly the partial renvoi approach. Finally, it discusses some practical challenges with applying renvoi and compares its application in other jurisdictions.
This document provides an overview of patent laws and intellectual property rights in India. It explains that a patent gives an owner legal rights to exclude others from an invention for a limited time period in exchange for publicly disclosing the invention. The document discusses India's priority on overseas markets like the UK and the importance of understanding and enforcing intellectual property rights in India. It also summarizes India's patent history and current government laws around patents, the patent application process, costs associated with patents, alternatives to patents, benefits and criticisms of the patent system.
This document summarizes a master's thesis that examines when copyright offers less protection than design rights. It provides context on international and European design protection. The key points are:
1. Design protection has been harmonized in Europe through regulations and directives, but copyright laws still vary by country.
2. Community design rights and national design rights in countries like Germany offer advantages over copyright like an exact date of creation, up to 25 years of protection, and seizure of infringing goods.
3. Copyright protection requires a lower threshold of originality in some countries, but also has limitations like fair use exceptions.
4. The thesis aims to research when copyright offers less scope of protection than design rights by comparing
UPC Land in Sight - Three (3) Important Facts, Five (5) Myths, and Ten (10) P...Martin Schweiger
A talk before the International Intellectual Property Society (New York)
by Martin Schweiger
on February 03, 2023
Since the 70ies of the last century, there have been efforts to create a uniform European patent that could replace all national patents.
Now, only 50 years later, there is a “Unitary Patent Package” at reach, a combination of the Unitary Patent regulations and an Agreement on the Unified Patent Court (UPC).
That package created the “UPC Land”.
The UPC/UP system is said to start on June 1, 2023
The document provides an introduction to law in Norway. It discusses the development of democracy and the principle of separating powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. It also summarizes sources of law in Norway such as acts of parliament, court precedents, and international agreements. The document concludes with an overview of the court system for civil disputes and some practical legal advice.
This document provides information about Kluwer Law International, a publishing company that provides legal information to legal professionals. It focuses on publishing books, journals, and online resources covering various areas of international law, including intellectual property law. The document lists the areas of law covered and provides examples of recent publications. It also advertises a new online patent law service and patent law blog being launched by Kluwer Law International to provide up-to-date information and analysis of patent law developments in Europe.
A Report On The Patents Act, 1970 [Case Study : Apple Vs Samsung]Navitha Pereira
This report discusses about the Patents Act, 1970, and the purpose of a patent. It also goes through the case of Apple Vs Samsung and the judgement given by the court.
This document discusses the "Bow Tie of Patent Claim Construction", which refers to the different methodologies used for construing patent claims during prosecution and litigation. During prosecution, claims are given their broadest reasonable interpretation to facilitate narrowing the claims. During litigation, claims are given a contextually narrowed interpretation based on the specification and prosecution history, and can only be broadened if legally justified. These differing methodologies serve different purposes - narrow construction during prosecution and broader construction during litigation. The document provides historical context on the development of patent claims and analyzes key court cases addressing claim construction standards.
The English Arbitration Act 1996: Strengths and Limitations. Nick MarshRussian Arbitration Day
The English Arbitration Act 1996 marked a radical change in English arbitration law by consolidating existing statutes into a comprehensive statutory framework. It aims to facilitate fair, speedy and cost-effective dispute resolution through party autonomy and limited court intervention. While generally conforming to the UNCITRAL Model Law, the Act differs in some respects, such as including provisions specific to English law and having more prescriptive language. Critics argue it does not sufficiently reduce court intervention through appeal processes and jurisdiction challenges. Supporters view it as a success, and English courts as generally taking a pro-arbitration approach in their interpretation and application of the Act.
The English Arbitration Act 1996: Strengths and Limitations. Nick MarshRussian Arbitration Day
The English Arbitration Act 1996 marked a radical change in English arbitration law by consolidating existing statutes into a single, logical framework and reducing court intervention. It was influenced by the UNCITRAL Model Law but differs in some respects. While increasing efficiency and party autonomy, some argue it did not go far enough in limiting challenges and appeals. Overall, the Act has been successful in modernizing English arbitration law, though aspects like confidentiality and arbitrability could still be clarified.
The handout for the second module of my introduction to English patent law. This covers the sources of law, both legislation and the case law. The module focuses on the Patents Act 1977 and the European Patent Convention. It also introduces readers to the main sets of law reports for patent law, the Reports of Patent Cases ("RPC") and the Fleet Street Reports ("FSR").
This document provides an overview of resources for researching international patent law. It begins by explaining the relationship between international patent law, national patent laws, and patent harmonization. It then discusses various types of secondary sources for international patent law research, including treaties and conventions, judicial decisions from organizations like the European Patent Office and WTO, and government and non-governmental organization resources. The document provides examples of specific sources within each of these categories.
Some recent "Dutch" cases positioned in a broader Private International Law P...Veerle Van Den Eeckhout
1. The document discusses a recent Dutch Supreme Court case from May 2020 regarding the termination of a Turkish airline pilot employed in the Netherlands.
2. It analyzes the case in the context of prior CJEU cases on determining the applicable law for employment contracts under the Rome I Regulation.
3. Broader issues are also discussed, such as determining the "habitual place of work" in cross-border employment, the "escape clause" in Article 8 of Rome I, and ensuring adequate protection of weaker parties in private international law.
This document discusses several key points in response to arguments made by Richard Stallman against software patents:
1. Patent law and copyright law are fundamentally different and aim to protect different types of innovations.
2. Most innovations are built incrementally through many small improvements, rather than entirely new inventions. A single patent often protects just one small part of a larger product.
3. Many historic examples show that inventors often shared and collaborated on ideas, and patents did not always stifle innovation. Successful small companies like Google have also used patents effectively.
4. Empirical studies suggest patents can benefit small inventors and startups more than large companies, as patents provide a way to potentially license or
The document discusses the history and details of patent law and the high-profile patent battle between Apple and Samsung. It provides timelines of the lawsuit filed by Apple in 2011 claiming Samsung copied the designs of the iPhone and iPad. The trial culminated in a 2012 jury verdict finding Samsung infringed on Apple's patents and awarding Apple over $1 billion in damages. The outcome was seen as a major victory for Apple that could impact the user interfaces of other Android devices and force changes in the smartphone market.
Rethinking Originality in Copyright Law and Exploring the Potential for a Glo...Manoj Isuru Kotigala
This document provides an overview and analysis of originality as a requirement for copyright protection under the laws of different jurisdictions. It discusses the role of originality, the idea-expression dichotomy, and the different tests used to determine originality (e.g. skill/labour/judgment, author's own intellectual creation, minimum creativity). The document also explores the need for harmonization and possibility of a global threshold of originality, given international treaties advocating for uniformity. It analyzes challenges to adopting a single global test, such as accounting for cultural variations. The document concludes by advocating for the "author's own intellectual creation" test as the proper standard.
This document provides an overview of intellectual property (IP) laws as they relate to fine arts. It discusses:
1) The history of IP laws, including the Berne Convention of 1886 and how the US later adopted moral rights clauses due to becoming an export economy.
2) An economic analysis of IP laws, describing how patents and copyrights create monopolies that confront innovation and dissemination. Economics provides limited analysis of IP due to its dynamic nature.
3) Key aspects of IP laws from an economic perspective, including the optimal breadth and duration of patents/copyrights to incentivize pioneering inventions versus subsequent improvements. Transaction costs also impact efficient allocation of rights.
Making a Patent Infringement Trial Understandable 2-23-12Robert Waterman
1. The document summarizes a presentation on making patent infringement trials understandable and interesting for juries.
2. It discusses using the Federal Judicial Center's introductory patent system video to educate jurors on patents. Excerpts from the video were referenced throughout the trial to support the argument that the patents were invalid as obvious.
3. The document emphasizes using demonstrative evidence like trial graphics to help educate and persuade the fact-finder in patent trials. Examples of demonstrative evidence used in one trial are attached.
The document provides guidance on devising international patent litigation strategies. It discusses defining goals for litigation, understanding the tools available, where to deploy those tools based on jurisdictional factors, and executing a coordinated global campaign. Specifically, it emphasizes the importance of thoroughly understanding local laws and customs in different jurisdictions, developing a comprehensive budget and timeline, and knowing when objectives have been achieved or when to change strategies. Managing litigation across multiple countries introduces challenges from legal and cultural differences that require careful planning and flexibility.
The document provides guidance on devising international patent litigation strategies. It discusses defining goals for litigation, understanding the tools available, where to deploy those tools based on jurisdictional factors, and executing a coordinated global campaign. Specifically, it emphasizes the importance of thoroughly understanding local laws and customs in different jurisdictions, developing a comprehensive budget, maintaining a consistent narrative, and knowing when objectives have been achieved or when to change strategies. Managing litigation across multiple countries introduces challenges from legal differences, cultural factors, time zones, and ensuring consistent coordination.
IP Revolution? Scenarios for the future. How to find your way in IP alternative Dispute Resolution? Part 2: Life Sciences. ADR for patent disputes in the Life Science sector
1. Historically, most industries innovated and grew rapidly in the absence of intellectual property protections like patents and copyright. Intellectual property laws were often introduced after industries matured and growth slowed, in order to create government-sanctioned monopolies.
2. Early patent laws, like the 1623 Statute of Monopolies in England, were intended not to spur innovation but rather to curb the arbitrary power of the monarchy to grant monopolies and block innovation.
3. The adoption of comprehensive patent laws was a slow process across Europe, often not occurring until the late 19th or early 20th century, by which point many industries had already innovated and grown without such protections.
This document discusses the renvoi doctrine in South African private international law. It begins with an overview of the conception and evolution of renvoi in South Africa, noting that it originated from English law rather than Roman-Dutch law. It then examines the modern form of renvoi in South Africa, including its limited scope and doctrinal usage. It analyzes the approaches to applying renvoi, particularly the partial renvoi approach. Finally, it discusses some practical challenges with applying renvoi and compares its application in other jurisdictions.
This document provides an overview of patent laws and intellectual property rights in India. It explains that a patent gives an owner legal rights to exclude others from an invention for a limited time period in exchange for publicly disclosing the invention. The document discusses India's priority on overseas markets like the UK and the importance of understanding and enforcing intellectual property rights in India. It also summarizes India's patent history and current government laws around patents, the patent application process, costs associated with patents, alternatives to patents, benefits and criticisms of the patent system.
This document summarizes a master's thesis that examines when copyright offers less protection than design rights. It provides context on international and European design protection. The key points are:
1. Design protection has been harmonized in Europe through regulations and directives, but copyright laws still vary by country.
2. Community design rights and national design rights in countries like Germany offer advantages over copyright like an exact date of creation, up to 25 years of protection, and seizure of infringing goods.
3. Copyright protection requires a lower threshold of originality in some countries, but also has limitations like fair use exceptions.
4. The thesis aims to research when copyright offers less scope of protection than design rights by comparing
UPC Land in Sight - Three (3) Important Facts, Five (5) Myths, and Ten (10) P...Martin Schweiger
A talk before the International Intellectual Property Society (New York)
by Martin Schweiger
on February 03, 2023
Since the 70ies of the last century, there have been efforts to create a uniform European patent that could replace all national patents.
Now, only 50 years later, there is a “Unitary Patent Package” at reach, a combination of the Unitary Patent regulations and an Agreement on the Unified Patent Court (UPC).
That package created the “UPC Land”.
The UPC/UP system is said to start on June 1, 2023
The document provides an introduction to law in Norway. It discusses the development of democracy and the principle of separating powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. It also summarizes sources of law in Norway such as acts of parliament, court precedents, and international agreements. The document concludes with an overview of the court system for civil disputes and some practical legal advice.
This document provides information about Kluwer Law International, a publishing company that provides legal information to legal professionals. It focuses on publishing books, journals, and online resources covering various areas of international law, including intellectual property law. The document lists the areas of law covered and provides examples of recent publications. It also advertises a new online patent law service and patent law blog being launched by Kluwer Law International to provide up-to-date information and analysis of patent law developments in Europe.
A Report On The Patents Act, 1970 [Case Study : Apple Vs Samsung]Navitha Pereira
This report discusses about the Patents Act, 1970, and the purpose of a patent. It also goes through the case of Apple Vs Samsung and the judgement given by the court.
This document discusses the "Bow Tie of Patent Claim Construction", which refers to the different methodologies used for construing patent claims during prosecution and litigation. During prosecution, claims are given their broadest reasonable interpretation to facilitate narrowing the claims. During litigation, claims are given a contextually narrowed interpretation based on the specification and prosecution history, and can only be broadened if legally justified. These differing methodologies serve different purposes - narrow construction during prosecution and broader construction during litigation. The document provides historical context on the development of patent claims and analyzes key court cases addressing claim construction standards.
The English Arbitration Act 1996: Strengths and Limitations. Nick MarshRussian Arbitration Day
The English Arbitration Act 1996 marked a radical change in English arbitration law by consolidating existing statutes into a comprehensive statutory framework. It aims to facilitate fair, speedy and cost-effective dispute resolution through party autonomy and limited court intervention. While generally conforming to the UNCITRAL Model Law, the Act differs in some respects, such as including provisions specific to English law and having more prescriptive language. Critics argue it does not sufficiently reduce court intervention through appeal processes and jurisdiction challenges. Supporters view it as a success, and English courts as generally taking a pro-arbitration approach in their interpretation and application of the Act.
The English Arbitration Act 1996: Strengths and Limitations. Nick MarshRussian Arbitration Day
The English Arbitration Act 1996 marked a radical change in English arbitration law by consolidating existing statutes into a single, logical framework and reducing court intervention. It was influenced by the UNCITRAL Model Law but differs in some respects. While increasing efficiency and party autonomy, some argue it did not go far enough in limiting challenges and appeals. Overall, the Act has been successful in modernizing English arbitration law, though aspects like confidentiality and arbitrability could still be clarified.
The handout for the second module of my introduction to English patent law. This covers the sources of law, both legislation and the case law. The module focuses on the Patents Act 1977 and the European Patent Convention. It also introduces readers to the main sets of law reports for patent law, the Reports of Patent Cases ("RPC") and the Fleet Street Reports ("FSR").
This document provides an overview of resources for researching international patent law. It begins by explaining the relationship between international patent law, national patent laws, and patent harmonization. It then discusses various types of secondary sources for international patent law research, including treaties and conventions, judicial decisions from organizations like the European Patent Office and WTO, and government and non-governmental organization resources. The document provides examples of specific sources within each of these categories.
Some recent "Dutch" cases positioned in a broader Private International Law P...Veerle Van Den Eeckhout
1. The document discusses a recent Dutch Supreme Court case from May 2020 regarding the termination of a Turkish airline pilot employed in the Netherlands.
2. It analyzes the case in the context of prior CJEU cases on determining the applicable law for employment contracts under the Rome I Regulation.
3. Broader issues are also discussed, such as determining the "habitual place of work" in cross-border employment, the "escape clause" in Article 8 of Rome I, and ensuring adequate protection of weaker parties in private international law.
This document discusses several key points in response to arguments made by Richard Stallman against software patents:
1. Patent law and copyright law are fundamentally different and aim to protect different types of innovations.
2. Most innovations are built incrementally through many small improvements, rather than entirely new inventions. A single patent often protects just one small part of a larger product.
3. Many historic examples show that inventors often shared and collaborated on ideas, and patents did not always stifle innovation. Successful small companies like Google have also used patents effectively.
4. Empirical studies suggest patents can benefit small inventors and startups more than large companies, as patents provide a way to potentially license or
The document discusses the history and details of patent law and the high-profile patent battle between Apple and Samsung. It provides timelines of the lawsuit filed by Apple in 2011 claiming Samsung copied the designs of the iPhone and iPad. The trial culminated in a 2012 jury verdict finding Samsung infringed on Apple's patents and awarding Apple over $1 billion in damages. The outcome was seen as a major victory for Apple that could impact the user interfaces of other Android devices and force changes in the smartphone market.
Rethinking Originality in Copyright Law and Exploring the Potential for a Glo...Manoj Isuru Kotigala
This document provides an overview and analysis of originality as a requirement for copyright protection under the laws of different jurisdictions. It discusses the role of originality, the idea-expression dichotomy, and the different tests used to determine originality (e.g. skill/labour/judgment, author's own intellectual creation, minimum creativity). The document also explores the need for harmonization and possibility of a global threshold of originality, given international treaties advocating for uniformity. It analyzes challenges to adopting a single global test, such as accounting for cultural variations. The document concludes by advocating for the "author's own intellectual creation" test as the proper standard.
This document provides an overview of intellectual property (IP) laws as they relate to fine arts. It discusses:
1) The history of IP laws, including the Berne Convention of 1886 and how the US later adopted moral rights clauses due to becoming an export economy.
2) An economic analysis of IP laws, describing how patents and copyrights create monopolies that confront innovation and dissemination. Economics provides limited analysis of IP due to its dynamic nature.
3) Key aspects of IP laws from an economic perspective, including the optimal breadth and duration of patents/copyrights to incentivize pioneering inventions versus subsequent improvements. Transaction costs also impact efficient allocation of rights.
Making a Patent Infringement Trial Understandable 2-23-12Robert Waterman
1. The document summarizes a presentation on making patent infringement trials understandable and interesting for juries.
2. It discusses using the Federal Judicial Center's introductory patent system video to educate jurors on patents. Excerpts from the video were referenced throughout the trial to support the argument that the patents were invalid as obvious.
3. The document emphasizes using demonstrative evidence like trial graphics to help educate and persuade the fact-finder in patent trials. Examples of demonstrative evidence used in one trial are attached.
The document provides guidance on devising international patent litigation strategies. It discusses defining goals for litigation, understanding the tools available, where to deploy those tools based on jurisdictional factors, and executing a coordinated global campaign. Specifically, it emphasizes the importance of thoroughly understanding local laws and customs in different jurisdictions, developing a comprehensive budget and timeline, and knowing when objectives have been achieved or when to change strategies. Managing litigation across multiple countries introduces challenges from legal and cultural differences that require careful planning and flexibility.
The document provides guidance on devising international patent litigation strategies. It discusses defining goals for litigation, understanding the tools available, where to deploy those tools based on jurisdictional factors, and executing a coordinated global campaign. Specifically, it emphasizes the importance of thoroughly understanding local laws and customs in different jurisdictions, developing a comprehensive budget, maintaining a consistent narrative, and knowing when objectives have been achieved or when to change strategies. Managing litigation across multiple countries introduces challenges from legal differences, cultural factors, time zones, and ensuring consistent coordination.
This document summarizes a legal case regarding copyright of reconstructed ancient texts. Specifically, it discusses a 1992 case in Israel where Professor Elisha Qimron sued the publishers of a book containing photographs of the Dead Sea Scrolls for including a reconstruction of the "MMT" text that Qimron had compiled. The court found that Qimron's reconstruction was eligible for copyright protection. However, the document argues the court did not properly consider whether a scholarly reconstruction can truly be considered an original work or whether its ruling might hinder academic freedom. It also questions the court's presumption that other legal systems like the US provide the same "moral rights" protections as Israeli law.
This document summarizes the history and theories behind corporations and limited liability companies (LLCs) and discusses how courts and legislatures should articulate rules around piercing the veil, fiduciary responsibility, and securities regulation for LLCs. It argues that LLCs have the potential to replace corporations as the preferred business entity structure. However, the document asserts that Delaware LLC law has swung too far toward an extreme contractarian position in making LLC veil piercing almost impossible, and that courts will feel pressure to develop LLC piercing standards similar to those for corporations. It maintains this is appropriate given that LLCs typically involve smaller entities for which unlimited liability may be more efficient.
This document summarizes the challenges faced by owners of standard-essential patents in enforcing their patents and obtaining fair compensation. It discusses how the inability to obtain injunctions in certain jurisdictions like the US, along with low damages awards, has led to widespread "patent hold-out" where companies use patented technology without licenses. The document reviews approaches to standard-essential patent enforcement across different countries and regions, noting more patentee-friendly approaches in Europe, Brazil, India and other forums compared to the US. It provides recommendations for standard-essential patent owners to maximize enforcement, including pursuing litigation in multiple jurisdictions, complying with any applicable FRAND licensing rules, and making license offers before seeking injunctions.