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Arches of the Foot.ppt
The document summarizes the anatomy of foot arches. It describes that the human foot has two longitudinal arches (medial and lateral) and two transverse arches (anterior and posterior). The arches are maintained primarily by ligaments, with contributions from bone shape and muscle tone. The arches serve important functions like distributing body weight during standing and acting as shock absorbers during walking or running. Abnormalities like flat feet or high arches can impair these functions and cause pain or deformities.
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Arches of the Foot.ppt
- 1. Arches of theFoot for 30th batch by Dr MB Samarawickrama Nov. 2008 (MBBS MS)
- 2. Introduction • The foothas perhaps undergone the greatest evolutionary change within the lower limb • Primate’s grasping tactile organ to a locomotion in human • The joints within the human foot are much less mobile • An adaptation to ground walking
- 3. An arch footis a distinctive feature of man This distinguishes man from other primates The foot has two important functions 1. Support the body weight 2. Lever to propel the body forward in walking & running Introduction
- 4. The foot functioncont… • To fulfill these functions • the pedal platform must be able to spread the stresses of standing and moving and be pliable enough for uneven and sloping surfaces. • it must be transformable into a strong adjustable lever to resist inertia and powerful thrust.
- 5. The foot functioncont… • To serve these functions foot is made up of series of small bones and designed in a form of elastic arches or springs. ‘A segmented lever can best meet such stresses if arched in form’
- 6. If the footpossessed a single strong bone still – could sustain the body weight – could propel the body forward But • It could not adapt to an uneven surfaces Presence of arches and multiple joints makes • The foot flexible • and adapt itself to uneven surfaces Introduction cont..
- 7. Foot Arches • Ininfants and young children, plantar fatty, connective tissue may give the foot a flat appearance; • soft tissues variably modify its appearance at all ages. • But the human foot is normally arched in its skeletal basis • Presence from birth
- 8. Foot Arches cont… •The pedal arch is dynamic • Two curvatures – longitudinal and transverse arches • They vary individually – in height, especially the longitudinal in its medial part, – in different phases of activity
- 9. The arches areformed and maintained by • bones • ligaments • Muscles • Tendons • Aponeuroses Introduction cont..
- 10. 1. Longitudinal arches –Medial – Lateral 2. Transverse arches – Anterior – complete – Posterior – incomplete Classification of arches
- 11. Parts of anarch Ends Summit Pillars Joints
- 12. Shape of stones(bones) Staples Tie beam Slings All these methods are being used in maintaining foot arches Methods of maintaining an arch
- 13. Methods of maintainingan arch cont.. • Shape of bones Keystone
- 14. Methods of maintainingan arch cont.. Staples Strong Plantar ligaments Calcaneonavicular ligament Short plantar ligament long plantar ligament
- 15. Methods of maintainingan arch cont.. • Tie beam Peroneous longus tendon
- 16. Methods of maintainingan arch cont.. Slings Suspension bridge
- 17. Bones of thefoot Tarsal • cuboid navicular •Calcaneum talus •cuniforms x 3 metatarsals x 5 Phalanges – Do not form arches
- 18. Medial longitudinal arch Itis • higher • more mobile • more resilient Than the lateral arch Absorbs forces of thrust & weight
- 19. Medial longitudinal archcont.. Ends Anterior – 1st three metatarsal heads Posterior – medial tubercle of calcaneum Summit Superior articular surface of the body of talus Constitutions Metatarsals Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuniforms
- 20. Medial longitudinal archcont.. Pillars – Anterior – long & weak By – talus, navicular 3 cumiforms 1st three metatarsals Posterior – short & strong By medial ½ of calcaneum Main joint – Talocalcaneonavicular joint
- 21. Maintenance Bony factor isleast important Medial longitudinal arch cont..
- 22. Medial longitudinal archcont.. Intersegmental ties (staples) bind the adjacent bones 1. Spring ligament The most important member Support the head of the talus
- 23. Medial longitudinal archcont.. 2. Dosal ligaments Connecting adjacent bones 3. Plantar aponeurosis 4. Flexo digitorum Brevis 5. Tendon of tibialis Posterior
- 24. 1. Medial partof the plantar aponeurosis 2. Medial part of the flexor digitorum brevis 3. Abductor hallucis, assisted by flexor hallucis brevis Medial longitudinal arch cont.. Tie beams or bow-strings
- 25. Medial longitudinal archcont.. Slings Support & suspend the arch from above • Tibialis posterior • Flexor hallucis longus The strongest muscle to support the arch 3. Assist – flexor digitorum longus & tibialis anterior
- 26. Lateral longitudinal arch Isvery low Has limited mobility Built to transmit weight & thrust to the ground
- 27. Lateral longitudinal archcont.. Constitutions Ends Anterior – heads of 4th & 5th metatarsals Posterior – lateral tubercle of calcaneum Summit – The articular facets on the superior surfaces of calcaneum (subtalar joint)
- 28. Lateral longitudinal archcont.. Pillars Anterior – long & weak By cuboid, 4th & 5th metatarsals Posterior – short & strong By lateral ½ of calcaneum Main joint - calcaneocuboid
- 29. Maintenance Bony factor Has norole to play Cuboid is the ‘key stone’ Lateral longitudinal arch cont..
- 30. Lateral longitudinal archcont.. Intersegmental ties (staples) Short plantar ligaments Long plantar ligaments Dosal ligaments between calcaneum, cuboid and the related metatarsals
- 31. Tie beams orbow-strings Plantar aponeurosis – lateral part Flexor digitorum brevis – lateral part Abductor digitiminimi, flexor digitiminimi (assist) Lateral longitudinal arch cont..
- 32. Lateral longitudinal archcont.. Slings Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis
- 33. Transverse arches • serialtransverse arches are described • most developed inferior to the metatarsus and adjoining tarsus • metatarsal heads form a complete anterior arch • The posterior transverse arch is incomplete • Hence the foot has been likened to a half-dome
- 34. Anterior transverse arch •is formed by heads of the five metatarsal bones • is complete Posterior transverse arch • is formed by grater parts of tarsus & metatarsus • is incomplete – only the lateral end comes in contact with the ground Transverse arches
- 35. Maintenance Bony factor isimportant • marked wedge shaping of the cumiform bones help in forming & maintenance of transverse arches • smaller planta surface Intersegmental ties Deep transverse ligaments Strong plantaligaments Dosalinterossi & transverse head of the adductor hallucis Transverse arches cont..
- 36. Tie beam orbow strings Peroneus longus tendon Slings Peroneus longus & brevis/tibialis posterior Transverse arches cont..
- 37. 1. Shape ofthe bones 2. Strong ligaments 3. Muscle tone Which one is most important? Muscles give no support in static posture They are active during walking & running Main factor for maintaining the arches
- 38. Main factor formaintaining the arches cont… • It is perhaps unwise to give any factor major emphasis; • experiments show • that in standing- ligaments play a major role • during movement- muscles predominate • Peroneus longus is a strong agent in maintaining the transverse curvature.
- 39. Functions of thearches 1. Arches of the foot distribute the body weight to the weight bearing points of the sole • heel • six points of contact – ball of toes – two sesamoid bones under the head of the first metatarsus – heads of the remaining four metatarsals Mainly 1st & 5th
- 40. Functions of thearches cont.. 2. The springs of the arches help in walking & running 3. Act as shock absorbers stepping & jumping 4. Walk on uneven surface
- 41. Applied Anatomy Pes planus(Flat foot) - Absence or collapse of the arches leads to flat foot -Congenital/acquired
- 43. Applied Anatomy Effects ofPesplanus (Flat foot) - Clumsy suffling gait – loss of spring - Liable to trauma & osteo arthrosis – loss of shock absorbs - Compression of the vessels & nerves of the sole – loss of concavity Results in neuralgic pain in the forefoot & ischeamic effect on forefoot
- 44. Pes cavus • Exagirationof the longitudinal arches Results from contracture of the transverse tarsal joints (plantaflexion) Common causes spinabifida poliomyelitis Applied Anatomy cont..
- 45. Other deformities ofthe foot • talepes equines – pt walks with heel raised • talepes calcaneus – pt walks with forefoot raised Applied Anatomy cont..
- 46. Applied Anatomy cont.. •talepes equinovarus – (clubfoot) is the commonest • foot is inverted, adducted & plantar flexed