Analysis of power supplier
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This document analyzes the power supply industry by examining supplier concentration, the importance of volume to suppliers, differences in inputs, cost differentiation, switching costs for firms, potential substitute inputs, threats of forward integration, and supplier costs relative to total industry purchases.
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Minor as a member of a limited company
1) An agreement by a minor to take shares in a company is void, and shares allotted to a minor can be repudiated by the company with repayment of money received for the shares.
2) A minor can also repudiate the share allotment and claim repayment of amounts paid. If the minor's name remains on the register of members during minority, they do not incur shareholder liabilities and cannot be held as a contributory if the company winds up.
3) If a minor acquires fully paid shares by transfer or transmission, their name may be admitted to the register of members.
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09
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- The contents page lists the chapters covered in Part I as including introductions to legal environment, business contracts, non-corporate business entities, and law relating to corporate business entities.
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1. Contract of indemnity - Where one party promises to save the other from loss caused by the promisor or another.
2. Contract of guarantee - Where one party promises to perform if a third party defaults. Sureties are liable for the principal debtor's obligations unless otherwise stated.
3. Contract of bailment - The delivery of goods by one person to another for some purpose, to be returned or disposed of according to the bailor's directions.
4. Contract of agency - Where one person acts for another, called the principal. Agents have duties to their principal and rights like remuneration. Agency can be terminated
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It discusses that the first auditors are appointed by the board within one month of registration, and hold office until the first AGM. Auditors can be removed by an ordinary resolution. Directors must have a Director Identification Number and minimum board sizes differ for public and private companies. At least one-third of directors must retire by rotation at AGMs, and outsiders require member consent to be appointed as directors.
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Assgnment my ans.
X agrees to sell Y 200 quintals of wheat from a larger quantity stored in X's store. The agreed price is to be paid on a future appointed date under the contract. However, the 200 quintals have not been separated from the larger quantity yet. Therefore, this is an agreement to sell rather than a sale, so ownership of the goods has not passed to Y yet.
Geeta sold some goods to Jagan, but Jagan refuses to pay. Under an agreement to sell, the ownership does not pass to the buyer until payment. Therefore, Geeta is not required to deliver the goods to Jagan since he has not paid.
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The document provides an overview of business law and the Indian Contract Act of 1872. It discusses key topics like types of contracts, essential elements of a valid contract such as offer, acceptance and consideration. It also covers capacity to contract, free consent, void agreements, discharge of contracts, and remedies for breach of contract. Over 3 million cases are pending in Indian courts and more than 26 million cases are pending in subordinate courts, highlighting issues with the legal system.
Allotment of shares vamsi
1. Allotment refers to the acceptance of an offer to purchase shares. For allotment to be valid, certain requirements must be met including delivery of a prospectus to regulators, minimum application amounts, and minimum subscription levels being received.
2. Shares must also be listed on the stock exchange(s) mentioned in the prospectus.
3. Companies must complete allotment within 30 days of the subscription closing and obtain stock exchange approval for the basis of allotment. They must also complete trading formalities within 7 days of finalizing the allotment basis.
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1) Shares represent ownership in a company, with each share representing a unit of the company's total share capital. Share capital is the total funds raised by a company through the issue and sale of shares.
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3) Within preference shares, there are various sub-types including cumulative, non-cumulative, participating, convertible, and redeemable preference shares. Equity shares represent the residual claim on a company's assets and earnings.
87099 19849-book bulding process
Entry norms for IPOs and further public offerings (FPOs) in India require companies to meet certain financial criteria to list. Companies can use alternative entry norms if they do not meet the primary criteria. Book building and fixed price methods are used to determine share prices in IPOs. Qualified institutional buyers are preferred investors for some offerings who must meet certain qualifications. Merchant bankers act as intermediaries between companies and investors in the primary market.
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This document provides an overview of the Indian Contract Act of 1872. It defines key concepts related to contracts such as agreement, promise, offer, acceptance, consideration, and enforceability. It also discusses formation of a valid contract and discharge of a contract. Breach of contract is discussed as well, noting there are two types: actual breach and anticipatory breach. Remedies for breach are outlined as rescission, damages, quantum meruit, specific performance, and injunction. The document serves as an introductory guide to concepts in contract law under the Indian Contract Act.
Procedure for incorporating a public limited company
The document outlines the procedure for incorporating a public limited company in India. Key steps include:
1) Selecting a suitable name that is not already in use and meets naming guidelines.
2) Drafting the Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association.
3) Having at least seven members subscribe to the Memorandum of Association.
4) Filing required forms and documents with the Registrar of Companies along with registration fees.
5) Receiving a certificate of incorporation from the Registrar of Companies to form the company if documents are in order.
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Minor as a member of a limited company
1) An agreement by a minor to take shares in a company is void, and shares allotted to a minor can be repudiated by the company with repayment of money received for the shares.
2) A minor can also repudiate the share allotment and claim repayment of amounts paid. If the minor's name remains on the register of members during minority, they do not incur shareholder liabilities and cannot be held as a contributory if the company winds up.
3) If a minor acquires fully paid shares by transfer or transmission, their name may be admitted to the register of members.
Mergers and amalgamations
Mergers and amalgamations allow companies to achieve synergies, economies of scale, tax advantages, and strengthen their financial position. The Companies Act of 1956 allows for compromises or arrangements between companies and their creditors/members, including schemes for reconstruction or amalgamation involving transfer of undertakings between companies. Closure of an industrial undertaking requires 60 days advance notice to the government, with compensation of 15 days pay per year of service over 6 months paid to eligible workers. Certain circumstances like acts of God or eminent domain may exempt employers from these requirements.
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09
20
07
01
- The document appears to be a workbook or study guide for a course on legal environment of business. It contains 4 parts that cover basic concepts, case studies, applied theory, and model questions.
- The contents page lists the chapters covered in Part I as including introductions to legal environment, business contracts, non-corporate business entities, and law relating to corporate business entities.
- No other substantive information could be summarized from the document as it only provides brief descriptions of the chapter contents and structure of the workbook, without presenting any of the actual chapter contents.
Law of special contracts
This document defines and explains key concepts regarding four types of contracts:
1. Contract of indemnity - Where one party promises to save the other from loss caused by the promisor or another.
2. Contract of guarantee - Where one party promises to perform if a third party defaults. Sureties are liable for the principal debtor's obligations unless otherwise stated.
3. Contract of bailment - The delivery of goods by one person to another for some purpose, to be returned or disposed of according to the bailor's directions.
4. Contract of agency - Where one person acts for another, called the principal. Agents have duties to their principal and rights like remuneration. Agency can be terminated
It act,2000 note
The IT Act, 2000 was enacted to implement electronic commerce standards set by UNCITRAL. The Act extends to all of India and recognizes electronic records, digital signatures, and online transactions as legally valid. It defines key terms related to digital signatures and cybercrimes. Non-compliance may result in contravention, which requires compensation up to 1 crore rupees, or offenses, which carry punishments like fines or imprisonment. The Act also applies to offenses committed outside India involving computers in India.
Ipr notes
This document summarizes key aspects of various Indian intellectual property laws, including the Trade Marks Act, Patents Act, and Copyright Act. It notes that WTO regulates international trade and IP rights, and that India is a signatory to TRIPS. The main acts governing IP in India are described, along with important provisions around trademarks, patents, and copyright. For trademarks, it outlines registration procedures and grounds for refusal. For patents, it discusses application procedures, subject matter eligibility, infringement, and duration of rights. For copyright, it notes that registration is optional but provides evidentiary benefits.
Introduction to legal frame work
The preamble establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic that aims to secure justice, liberty, equality and fraternity for all citizens. The constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 and enacted on January 26, 1950. It establishes a federal structure with three lists delineating powers of central and state governments. The constitution guarantees fundamental rights like equality, freedom of speech and religion. It also establishes fundamental duties and directive principles of state policy. The hierarchy of courts includes the Supreme Court, high courts and district courts, with the Supreme Court having writ jurisdiction to enforce fundamental rights.
Exhaus comp old form
The document summarizes key provisions related to the appointment and duties of auditors and directors under Indian company law.
It discusses that the first auditors are appointed by the board within one month of registration, and hold office until the first AGM. Auditors can be removed by an ordinary resolution. Directors must have a Director Identification Number and minimum board sizes differ for public and private companies. At least one-third of directors must retire by rotation at AGMs, and outsiders require member consent to be appointed as directors.
D mat
Dematerialization of shares involves converting physical share certificates into electronic format, reducing problems like forged or stolen certificates. It establishes an electronic book entry system managed by depositories like NSDL and CDSL, where share ownership is recorded electronically rather than through physical certificates. The depository system designates depositories as registered owners on company records, while investors are beneficial owners; all share rights lie with beneficial owners. It streamlines share transfer and settlement, and removes stamp duty on intra-depository transfers.
Assgnment my ans.
X agrees to sell Y 200 quintals of wheat from a larger quantity stored in X's store. The agreed price is to be paid on a future appointed date under the contract. However, the 200 quintals have not been separated from the larger quantity yet. Therefore, this is an agreement to sell rather than a sale, so ownership of the goods has not passed to Y yet.
Geeta sold some goods to Jagan, but Jagan refuses to pay. Under an agreement to sell, the ownership does not pass to the buyer until payment. Therefore, Geeta is not required to deliver the goods to Jagan since he has not paid.
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