The document discusses different types of computers including analog computers, digital computers, and hybrid computers. Analog computers represent data as continuous physical quantities while digital computers use discrete binary digits. Hybrid computers combine aspects of analog and digital computers, allowing both logical operations and efficient processing of differential equations. They were developed to take advantage of the strengths of different computer types.

1. Topic:
Analog Computer
Digital Computer
Hybrid Computer
Presented By:
Muhammad Hassan
Danish Raza

2. Analog Computer

3. Analog Computer
• is special type of computer, where to use data in continuously
form, not discrete form. It uses some physical facts continously
variable for solving problem such as mechanical, hydrolic and
electric quantity.
• Analog Data:
changeable continues stream of data is known as
“Analog Data”
Analog Computer was first used in 1930.

4. Components of Analog Computer:
Precision resistor
Precision Capacitor
Operational Amplifier
Multiplier
Potentiometer
Fixed Function Generator

5. Working:
• Analog Computer solves problems by representing
variable and constant with voltage.
• These quantities are then manipulated by electronic
circuit that perform math.
• They are not suitable at all for general purpose computing
aplications.

6. Use of Analog Computer:
• It is used in such area where to need data t be measured
directly without transforming into numbers.
• For example: in scientific and industrial areas.
• Examples: Analog Clock, castle dock, slide ruler etc.

7. Disadvantages:
Less Speed
Less Accuracy
Low Memory
High Power Consumption
Has No Statics
Performance is Low
Difficult to Use

8. Digital Computer
– In Digital Computer, all the calculations and other operations
are represented in the form of digit such as binary system “0”
and “1”.

9. Components:
• CPU
• Computer Memor ( RAM and ROM)
• InPut Divices
• Out Put Divices

10. Working:
• A digital Computer use Binary Number System which has
two digit 0 and 1.
• A binary digit is called “Bit”.
• Information in digital Computer is represented in form of
bits.
• By Using various coding technique, group of bit use to
made represent not only binary numbers but also other
discrete symbol such as decimal digit or letter of alphabet.

11. Advantage:
– Good Memory
– Very Flexible
– Automatic
– Good Speed
– Accurate

12. Disadvantage:
– Digital Circuit use more energy analog to accomplish some
task.
– Digital circuit are more expensive.
– Sampling Error

13. Five Generations of Digital Computers:
 Micro computer
 Mini Computer
 Mainframe Computer
 Super Computer

14. Usage:
• It is used for Storing data such as Photo, musics,
documents.
• It is used for performing complex mathemetical
computation or for communication.

15. Hybrid Computer:
• A hybrid computer is a type of computer that offers the
functionalities of both a digital and an analog computer. It is
designed to include a working analog unit that is powerful for
calculations, yet has a readily available digital memory. In large
industries and businesses, a hybrid computer can be used to
incorporate logical operations as well as provide efficient
processing of differential equations.

16. Types of Hybrid Computers
• 1. Large Electronic Hybrid Computer
• 2. General-Purpose Hybrid Computers
• 3. Special-Purpose Hybrid Computers

17. Large Electronic Hybrid Computer
• Large Electronic Hybrid Computers consist of a number of
operational amplifiers. Initially, they were designed to solve
complex differential equations. Now, these computers have
become obsolete, but they have provided a rigid base for the
later developed technologies.

18. General-Purpose Hybrid Computers
• As the name suggests, general-purpose hybrid computers are
used for general purposes such as computing numerical results
quickly with high precision. Due to the application in daily life,
these computers are comparatively more flexible and user
friendly.

19. Special-Purpose Hybrid Computers
• Special Purpose Hybrid Computers are used in places that
require extreme supervision. For instance, hospitals, fire
stations, forensic labs, etc. These computers are very less
susceptible to reprogramming and serve as a controller or
analyzer.

20. Advantages of Hybrid Topology :
• This type of topology combines the benefits of different types of
topologies in one topology.
• Can be modified as per requirement.
• It is extremely flexible.
• It is very reliable.
• It is easily scalable as Hybrid networks are built in a fashion which
enables for easy integration of new hardware components.
• Error detecting and trouble shooting is easy.
• Handles large volume of traffic.
• It is used for create large network.

21. Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology :
• It is a type of network expensive.
• Design of a hybrid network is very complex.
• There is change hardware in order to connect topology with
another topology.
• Usually hybrid architectures are usually larger in scales so they
requires a lot of cables in installation process.
• Hubs which are used to connect two distinct networks, are very
costly. And hubs are different from usual hubs as they need to
be intelligent enough to work with different architectures.
• Installation is a difficult process.