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An efficient, coherent and well coordinated security sector
- 1. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT Session 1Session 1 Review of the Basics of SSRReview of the Basics of SSR
- 2. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSATSession 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT Session objectivesSession objectives • Understand the new security agenda and SSR • Identify the key characteristics of SSR • Discuss key challenges in post-conflict contexts
- 3. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT WHAT IS SECURITY?WHAT IS SECURITY?
- 4. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSATSession 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT Why is security important?Why is security important? • Security is fundamental to reducing poverty, protecting human rights and supporting sustainable development • Security for whom? Security of states and security of people are not the same thing but are mutually dependant • Insecurity in one country can have a significant impact on neighbouring countries and beyond
- 5. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSATSession 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT A new concept of securityA new concept of security Traditional Security Security beneficiaries State and individual s within the State State Focus on Military Security (Cold War Legacy) Focus on Military and Non-Military Security Military, Political and Economic, Social, Environmental and Human Security Security providers New Security Agenda
- 6. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT WHAT IS A SECURITY SECTOR?WHAT IS A SECURITY SECTOR?
- 7. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT Security and Justice ActorsSecurity and Justice Actors THE SECURITY SECTOR STATE SECURITY and JUSTICE PROVIDERS GOVERNANCE, OVERSIGHT AND MANAGEMENT BODIES NON STATE State Providers Non- State Providers State Oversight Non- State Oversight
- 8. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT Security and Justice ActorsSecurity and Justice Actors THE SECURITY SECTOR • Non-state security providers – Private military and security companies – Unofficial armed groups (militias, factions) – Self-defense groups – Other informal security providers (customary) • Non-state justice providers – Defense lawyers – Legal aid bodies – Victim support groups – Informal justice providers (customary) STATE SECURITY AND JUSTICE PROVIDERS GOVERNANCE OVERSIGHT AND MANAGEMENT BODIES • Civil society actors – Human rights NGOs – Media – Victims groups – Unions – Academic and research institutions – Religious groups • Electorate • Village elders • Citizens • State security providers – Armed forces – Law enforcement agencies – Intelligence and secret services – Border and customs services • State justice providers – Courts (civil and military) – Prosecutions service – Correction service – Bar association • Governance and oversight – Legal framework – Legislature/parliamentary committees – Political oversight – Human rights institutions – Anti-corruption bodies • Management – Ministry of justice – Ministry of interior – Ministry of defence NON- STATE
- 9. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT WHAT IS SECURITY SECTOR REFORM?WHAT IS SECURITY SECTOR REFORM?
- 10. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSATSession 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT Security Sector Reform (SSR)Security Sector Reform (SSR) The Problem: – a partially dysfunctional security sector – ineffective and inefficient provision of security; source of insecurity – No /inadequate accountability and oversight (governance deficit) The Purpose/Objective: – Effective and efficient provision of state and human security within a framework of good governance, rule of law, and respect for human rights
- 11. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSATSession 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT Security sector reformSecurity sector reform • Security sector reform … is critical to the consolidation of peace and stability, promoting poverty reduction, rule of law and good governance, extending legitimate state authority, and preventing countries from relapsing into conflict” (UN Security Council, 2007). • The establishment of an effective, professional and accountable security sector is one of the critical elements in the transition … to sustainable peace and development, including economic recovery” (UN General Assembly/C-34, 2008). • ......the transformation of security institutions so that they play an effective, legitimate and democratically accountable role in providing external and internal security for their citizens.” (Clingendael Institute, Netherlands) “…its about making people safe (reality) …..and also feel safe (perception)…”
- 12. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT Definitions of SSRDefinitions of SSR •There is no single, fully agreed definition of SSR ... • Neither is there a single agreed definition of the security sector ... • There is, however, a convergence of understanding amongst various international bodies (AU, ECOWAS, OECD, EU, UN and various member states on the broad parameters of SSR ...
- 13. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT Definitions of SSR • There is no single, fully agreed definition of SSR ... • Neither is there a single agreed definition of the security sector ... • There is, however, a convergence of understanding amongst various international bodies (AU, ECOWAS, OECD, EU, UN and various member states on the broad parameters of SSR ... • It is important not to adhere too tightly to any single definition but accept a flexible understanding of the concept.
- 14. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSATSession 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT What’s in a Name? – Alternative TerminologyWhat’s in a Name? – Alternative Terminology • Security Sector Reform (SSR) • Security System Reform (SSR) • Security Sector Transformation (SST) • Security Sector Governance (SSG) • Security Sector Stabilisation (SSS) • Security and Justice Sector Reform (SJSR)
- 15. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF SSRKEY CHARACTERISTICS OF SSR
- 16. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSATSession 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT Key Characteristics of SSRKey Characteristics of SSR 1 2 3 fundamental approach core objectives essential dimensions Local ownership Local ownership EffectivenessEffectiveness AccountabilityAccountability PoliticalPolitical HolisticHolistic Technica l Technica l
- 17. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSATSession 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT One Fundamental ApproachOne Fundamental Approach Local ownershipLocal ownership • SSR should be a nationally owned process aimed at ensuring that security providers are: – accountable to the State and its people; – effective, efficient and affordable; – respective of international norms, standards and human rights; – Legitimate • Local ownership of SSR – Strengthens institutional legitimacy – Ensures buy-in and makes SSR sustainable – Ensures that SSR responds to local needs • Donors do not do but support SSR!
- 18. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSATSession 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT Accountability and EffectivenessAccountability and Effectiveness • Common core objectives: – OECD: delivery and governance – UN: effectiveness and accountability – EU: functioning and governance – Capacity and integrity • Two twin objectives of SSR – Just effectiveness: not SSR – Just accountability: not SSR Seek balance in promoting both objectives TWO CORE OBJECTIVES CAPACITY/ EFFECTIVENESS INTEGRITY/ ACCOUNTABIL ITY INDIVIDUAL ORGANISATI ONAL Education Experience Aptitude Human Rights Conduct Affiliation Structures Resources Rules Representation Discipline Transparency Management support Interagency cooperation Service delivery Formal oversight Independence Informal oversight EXTERNAL M andate
- 19. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSATSession 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT Essential DimensionEssential Dimension Political sensitivityPolitical sensitivity • SSR is highly political because … – Power and sovereignty – Use of force – Status and income – Resources and privileges – A society’s values: freedom, rights, security – A country’s political system and architecture • A political process that produces winners and losers
- 20. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSATSession 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT Essential DimensionEssential Dimension Holistic natureHolistic nature Other Human Rights Gender Management Security and justice needs PEOPLE National Security and Justice Strategy STATE Cross-cutting issues Executive,judicial,parliamentary oversight Publicoversight
- 21. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSATSession 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT Essential DimensionEssential Dimension Technical complexityTechnical complexity • Thematic competence : – Policing, defence, intelligence, corrections, border management, justice, penitentiary administration… • Knowledge of organisation management/systems: – Management, budget, IT, personnel, logistics… • Knowledge of ethics and integrity systems: – Human rights, gender, governance, internal discipline... • Process management skills: – Fundraising, planning reporting, writing reports, coordination, change management… • Political experience – Diplomacy, political negotiation, advocacy...
- 22. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT POST-CONFLICT CHALLENGESPOST-CONFLICT CHALLENGES
- 23. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSATSession 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT NormalisationTransitionStagnationEscalation The conflict dynamicThe conflict dynamic Intensity Time Military status quo Elections • Agreement •Transitional authority Negotiation Demobilisation Violence
- 24. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSATSession 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT NormalisationTransitionStagnationEscalation Dynamics of post-conflict reconstructionDynamics of post-conflict reconstruction Intensity Time Violence Humanitarian Refugees/ IDPs Peacekeeping DDR SSR Trans. justice Devel. Aid Elections U.N. Security Council Resolution DDR and integration of non-state forces in security institutions Donors Conference ComplexityComplexity
- 25. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSATSession 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT Some practical adviceSome practical advice • Promote grass root projects that make sense in the long term, particularly with civil society and elected representatives • Focus on low key capacity building of civil society, media, academics • Build your local knowledge, especially of the actors and their motives, their legitimacy • There is no magic formula • Assess political will • Be pragmatic, flexible realistic, empathetic approach • Manage expectations especially with international actors • Take time to see what works
- 26. Session 1: Review of Basics of SSR © DCAF/ISSAT RememberRemember • Security and Development are closely linked. No security – no development! • Bottom Line – Security is fundamental to Peoples’ well being • Context matters! • SSR in a Nutshell: 1 – 2 – 3
Editor's Notes
- Slides 4-8 help the participants to understand the new security agenda. Use Slides 4-5 to get the participants to brainstorm on what they perceive by the term ‘security’. What is security? What does security mean for you? You have 10 minutes for these two slides.
- Slide Description/Process: This slide aims to highlight that the notion of security has evolved over time, that we have moved from a ‘state centric’ understanding of security to one that encompasses the notion of ‘human security’, it has also evolved to include non-traditional security actors (5 min). Before fading in the text invite participants to give their own opinion, why security is that important Talking Points Trainer should first describe diagram and then encourage participants to give their own views Stress that the concept of security has evolved from hard notions (focused on military) to soft (focused on the individual/human) notions. Also moved to include other concepts such as economic security Also moved to increase focus on state security Ask participants why there are so many different notions of security Ask participants why the notion of security has, and continues to, evolve. Highlight the security/development nexus – one supports the other
- Slides 9-12 explain the actors involved in SSR, and through that help defining the security sector. You have 15 minutes to explain these slides. SLIDE 9: Lead a brief brainstorming on what participants understand by the term ‘security sector’.
- Slide Description/Process: This slide introduces text in different stages – i) the different axes (service Providers/Governance and Private/Public) ii) the headings of each section and iii) the text. (5-7 minutes) Step 1: Introduce the axes. Public to Private, Security Providers to Governance and Management Steps 2: Introduce that different headings – explain different between statutory actors, formal oversight mechanisms etc Steps 3: Lead a five minute quick brainstorm in plenary. You can initiate a discussion asking the participants to think through what actors/service providers are included under each category. Are there are other security providers that don‘t necessarily fit.
- What do we mean by security sector reform? This in unpacked in the next set of 5 slides – Slides 13-17. Though there is no agreed definition, these slides explain what constitutes SSR, its purpose and objectives, and why is it important. You have 20 minutes for these slides. SLIDE 13: Have a quick brainstorming of what participants understand by security sector reform. Use the next slide to sum up the main points.
- Slide Description/Process: This slide is a descriptive rather than discussion slide – aims to reiterate the objective of SSR. (5 Minutes) Talking Points Highlight the problem and the objective/goal. - dysfunctionality versus functionality. Use an example from your own experience. Highlight that in many cases the security providers are one of the greatest causes of insecurity... Ask participants for an example of both, from countries in which they work... . Note again the notion of providing state and human security, and the concepts of effectives and accountability. Without one, its not SSR!
- SLIDE 16: This slide offers some of the common understanding of what SSR is. You can ask participants to read this slide. Highlight the views of the General Assembly and Security Council – note that their views reflect a broader/ soft / contemporary notion of security. But, in a nutshell, as one participant in a training mentioned, (Second Click of the Mouse): “It’s all about making people safe… and feel safe”
- What do we mean by security sector reform? This in unpacked in the next set of 5 slides – Slides 13-17. Though there is no agreed definition, these slides explain what constitutes SSR, its purpose and objectives, and why is it important. You have 20 minutes for these slides. SLIDE 13: Have a quick brainstorming of what participants understand by security sector reform. Use the next slide to sum up the main points.
- What do locals own? The national SSR vision/ the idea/ the conception of SSR, the plans etc, Commitment and leadership in the SSR process, The timing, processes and tools, The selection of priority areas for implementation, The resources for the implementation of SSR (human , financial, technical etc), Monitoring and evaluation processes and tools, Coordination of the SSR processes. No matter what will be discussed or decided at the level of donors or international organizations, at the end of the day only the national actors will have to implement and to live with the results of the SSR.
- Ask participants why is SSR so political. Brainstorm with them for 5 mins. Then start introducing the political dimension of SSR.
- Slide Description/Process: This is a crucial slide, and highlights the true complexity of SSR. (10-12 minutes) Key message: SSR has to be holistic, maintain the big picture, keep a holistic vision in order to be SSR! The very nature of SSR implies a multiplicity of actors, institutions, stakeholders and issues. It is important to bear in mind that activities targeting one area could influence and be influenced by activities in other related areas. SSR therefore calls for a broad and comprehensive understanding of security that covers a range of actors and issues. Talking points Introduce each dimension step by step: Step 1:Discuss the big picture – its all about responding to security needs of and threats to the state and its people… Step 2: Start with strategic - political level – discuss activities (this is the top-down strategic response to needs/threats and objectives). This is an area where there is currently a gap, national security review, strategies and plans are also the means through which to define the objectives of reform of the police, military, justice sectors etc. Step 3: Next discuss component level – one the national security policy defines the types of security and justice services they want to provide, this will need to be translated into sectoral reform programmes, however the overarching policy will enable sectoral reform programme to understand the linkages between each component level. Highlight various players – again on the basis of the host countries definition (refer to the earlier slide on narrow versus more broad definitions of SSR). Step 4: discuss cross cutting areas, these are the issues that transcend all sectors, all too often we neglect issues such as gender, management and governance.
- What do we mean by security sector reform? This in unpacked in the next set of 5 slides – Slides 13-17. Though there is no agreed definition, these slides explain what constitutes SSR, its purpose and objectives, and why is it important. You have 20 minutes for these slides. SLIDE 13: Have a quick brainstorming of what participants understand by security sector reform. Use the next slide to sum up the main points.
- Some lessons from experience: how to conduct yourself if you are working on SSR in post conflict context Keep below radar screen, do not attract attention Capacity building: civil society, media, public administration, parliamentarians, academics,