In the paper we have underscored that timing , not just policies are determining winners and losers in this energy and shipping trade (both international and U.S Flagged). Oftentimes, a lot of folks talk about trade regulations but at the end it’s always policies within the economics context that drives up all those numbers in the real world. -Simon Jacques

1. An Apple-to-Apple Basis Comparison: One Jones Act unit vs One Foreign Flag Vessel Unit. $/bbl WHAT THE HERITAGE FOUNDATION GOT WRONG ABOUT THE JONES ACT. The Merchant Marine Act of 1920 (P.L. 66-261), also known as the Jones Act1 (JA) requires all vessels shipping cargo between two US locations to be US built, majority US-owned and at least 75% of the crew to be US citizens. There is indeed a conventional wisdom about the Jones Act (which is very located in the heart of the O&G industry saying that the Jones Act is a form of protectionism harming U.S refining margins.2

2. U.S refiners have acknowledged that repealing the JA is nearly impossible, now the strategy is to push to get waivers on the Jones Act. However waiving the Jones Act could add uncertainty in the U.S Shipping industry thus slowing capital investments in the U.S fleet with the unintended consequence of pushing-up rates higher. One of the best-known and one most influential think tank, the Heritage Foundation, has written a piece entitled The Jones Act’s Costly Impact. 3 The fact is that almost nobody including the Heritage Foundation, has ever provided substantive and solid benchmarking on the Jones Act. One hint is that beyond this political debate, there’s always a complex market-driven process. What is driving up the Jones ACT numbers? - The Economics. Demand Demand: Jones Act Tanker Demand is Lifted Record by U.S. Crude PRODUCTION. The U.S is producing Crude Oil at level unseen since 1986.

3. Supply The U.S Flag Fleet tonnage is at an all-time Low.4 The market situation for Jones Act is (high demand/tight supply). Meanwhile the exact reverse prevails in the International Seaborne Freight Market (excess-capacity) The Jones ACT tanker market should not be regarded as different as any other markets; it’s the Supply and the demands that are moving charter rates up and down. Oftentimes, a lot of folks talk about trade regulations but at the end it’s always policies within the economics context that drives up all those numbers in the real world. During a recent panel discussion on oil exports, Graeme Burnett, senior VP for fuel optimization with Delta Air Lines estimated that oil shipping costs from the US Gulf Coast to Rotterdam would be $2/bbl versus $6/bbl from the Gulf Coast to Philadelphia. 5

4. Backtesting To bring more clarity about the Jones Act Shipping Cost, we have decided to backtest the two following routes.  For Corpus-Christi/Rotterdam, cargo is 330,000 bbls on a LR1 Foreign Flag Vessel.  For Corpus-Christi/Marcus Hook (Delta’s Trainer, PA Refinery), the cargo is also 330,000 bbls,but the vessel is the M/V Pennsylvania U.S Flag Tanker. During October, USG/Europe was traded @ $12,558/day giving an estimate for this route @ $4.15/bbl. According to Burnett, the estimate for this route is $6/bbl. We have backtested Burnett’s numbers and we only get $6/bbl if the vessel was chartered at $84,000/day at the top of the range. Size does Matter. While The Marcus Hook Industrial Complex, PA can technically berth Suezmax and VLCC size vessels, the maximum draught on the Delaware River is 40 FT. It means that a VLCC unit laden with North-Sea can’t be laden down to its load lines (full capacity) if the final destination is Trainer refinery and we can’t get 2$/bbl on a fully laden VLCC (70 FT). 6
Corpus-Christi/Rotterdam LR1 FFV Voy.
Corpus-Christi/Marcus Hook, PA U.S Flag Voy.
$/bbl
$/bbl
One year-ago
4.15(SJ)
4.25(SJ)
October
4.15(SJ)
6(B)
(J) Simon Jacques. (B) Burnett On an Apple-to-Apple basis comparison, the conventional wisdom about the Jones Act can’t be proven. Freight costs/barrel estimates on the two routes aren’t significantly different.

5. Timing element Timing of investment is a key to success in both U.S Flag and International shipping. This is because freight rates are sometimes very high for long enough periods of time to make a ship look more like a money machine than a normal production unit.6 This timing element is within both Jones Act and FFV transportations costs. The estimate for the voyage was $4.25/bbl when Jones ACT rates were assessed in the $50,000/day. Financial and Balance Sheet Matters. Because Jones Act is thinly trade it is difficult to draw the frontier between operational and capital costs on a balance sheet thus getting a precise $/bbl estimate per voyage. Because Jones Act charters signed between parties have very long terms, they are susceptible to be capitalized by an accountant pen at an Oil Refiner. If the charter is capitalized, the charter liability will be treated as an asset on the balance sheet. 3.48$ is the implied transportation cost/bbl for a Jones ACT MR-Size Tanker under these assumptions:  Jones Act Charter (the C/P is capitalized on the B/S).  Term= 10 years  2 USGC/Marcus Hook, PA trip/ month. The asset value of this charter will be determined at the delivery of the vessel. PV Charter= Sum Monthly Rate/ (1+i)n Example: i= 4.5%
Charter Term = 10 years
PV = 197 428 227.31 $

6. Using the straight-line depreciation = 19 742 822.73 $ /year
Monthly depreciation
1 645 235.23 $
2 trips/ month
2.49 $
Capitalized lease cost per barrel
We can add the voyages expenses per month to the capitalized lease cost per barrel to obtain a total cost per barrel.
325,000
voyage ex. Houston/ Marcus Hook
650000
voyage expenses/ Month
(Capitalized lease cost ($/per bbl/Month)+Voyage expenses $/Month)
/ barrels
We get $3.48/bbl
The Suezmax Case So far we have compared the 45,800 DWT M/T Pennsylvania with a FFV unit of a similar size. Now we would like to compare a bigger size: the Suezmax (150,000 DWT).
Cost
JA Suezmax
$/bbl
1.28*
$/bbl
2.11**
$/bbl
4.22***

7. *2 RV/month* on a JA newbuilt Suezmax 10 years charter= $1.28/bbl (assuming API 40, 991,000 bbls cargo, 15/13kts, 6d laden, 6 days ballast, 2 days loading, 1 day disch., +5% sea/weather margin) ***1 RV/month on a JA newbuilt Suezmax 10 years charter= $2.11/bbl (assuming API 40, 991,000 bbls cargo, 15/13kts, 6d laden, 6 days ballast, 2 days loading, 1 day disch., +5% sea/weather margin) ***.5 RV/monthon a JA newbuilt Suezmax 10 years charter=$4.22/bbl (1 RV/2 months , (because of unfavorable oil markets conditions or because the unit is used for storage). FFV Suezmax TD5 Bonny-USEC TD5 is the Baltic assessment for the Suezmax route TD5, 130,000 mt W Africa to US Atlantic coast, 130,000 mt.8 As you can see the Suezmax market is red-hot right now, we are well-above the 2$/bbl assumed by Burnett. The Suezmax markets have climbed to their highest levels in over six years. TD5 spot voyage= $4.29/bbl**** TD5 15’= $2.89/bbl ****

8. (****Marex Spectron Tanker curve spreadsheet 2014-11-19 , we have used their $/MT with a API for bonny @ 35.3 degree to get $/bbl).

9. Jones Act Tanker, TTT (trader trading tool). Shipping markets are recognized today as a key component of commodity trading. For those actors who own vessels readily available for various destinations, “geographical arbitrage” may be achieved when the IFS is > than Cost shipping. 9 The Jones Act tanker unit in the spot voyage basis USGC/USEC is traded ≤ the marginal light crude oil price differential between the USEC and the Gulf Coast. This Implied Freight spread is tying up cash prices between the U.S Atlantic Coast and the U.S Gulf cost. We have also demonstrated that spot rate are persistently priced above the long-term implied $/bbl. The $5 to $6 cost/bbl from Houston to USEC in the spot market reflects;  the prompt Brent CIF USEC- USGC FOB light crude oil spread.  a certain convenience yield or benefit of owning a unit for a voyage in the spot market

10. A certain convenience yield or benefit of owning a unit for a voyage in the spot market ? No-Arbitrages Cash and Carry Formula. [1.1] F0= The forward market is not active in the U.S Flag Tanker market. However, in the long run, freight rates should gravitate towards the long-term marginal production cost per unit, this value based on 10 year c/p, new Suezmax Construction is the implied Forward in $/bbl. So= spot in $/bbl i= interest rates y= convenience yield t= time to the expiration of the charter. $2.11 = $5 e(0.045–y )10 Solving y 2.11=5e( 0.045-y)10 ln(2.11/5)=( 0.045-y)*10 ln(2.11/5)=( 0.45 -10y) [ln(2.11/5)-0.45]/10 = y y= 0.13127 The high convenience yield, could be explained by the relative scarcity of the Jones Act fleet ((current utilization for the coastal fleet is in the 90% to 95% range and the listing is limited. Finding the theoretical forward value by interpolation. F0= Soe(c-y)t [1.1] So= $6 $2.11 = 6e(0.045–0.13127)*10 $2.11< 2.53213 It suggests selling spot voyages and buying a long forward position on Jones Act.

11. Brent CIF USEC – USGC FOB light crude oil spread. It is not certain that crude pricing will be favorable for Jones Act on average in the future because past relationships aren’t always indicative of future in the energy markets. For the next decade, if on average, Brent-priced foreign oil is at +2 over the ICE Brent crude futures delivered to the USEC and U.S crude oil in the USGC is averaging between 0 and -3 under the ICE Brent; Brent USEC +2 Minus JA freight +2.11* USGC -3 ———————————– = $2.89/bbl
PV Savings
221 294 233 $
PV 10 yrs C/P
197 428 227 $
NPV
23 866 006 $ *The Conservative assumption is: (1 voy/month x $2.11/bbl x 12months x 10 years)/ (1+i)10= $221,294,233. While the PV for the 10 years Suezmax charter was $197,428,227 NPV= $23,866,066 in Shareholders’ pockets. There is a world of possibilities to use this Jones Act Tanker. By chartering a Jones Act Suezmaz, Atlantic Coast refiners, banks and traders can effectively lock the U.S crude oil economics in their favor for the next decade. It’s a gamble on the U.S energy renaissance.

12. We hope that this article has aroused the curiosity of our readers and will provoke waves because on an Apple-to-Apple basis comparison right now, we can’t prove the myth about Jones Act harming U.S East Coast refiners’ transportation costs. In the paper we have underscored that timing , not just policies are determining winners and losers in this energy and shipping trade (both international and U.S Flagged). Oftentimes, a lot of folks talk about trade regulations but at the end it’s always policies within the economics context that drives up all those numbers in the real world. Finally, we are pointing out the capitalization of a long-term Jones Act charter can yield an even lower transportation cost/bbl that may be used to bet on the crude oil markets conjecture. Notes & Sources 1. Jones Act: Freight and Energy Markets, The Trade Shipping and Finance Wizard 2. The 1920 Jones Act, Tesoro 3. The Jones Act’s Costly Impact, Heritage Foundation, Factsheet#154 4. Shipping U.S. Crude Oil by Water:Vessel Flag, Congressional Research Service 5. Could a Jones Act waiver move US crude export policy?, The Barrel, Platts 6. Frontline’s VLCC “Front Century” has a summer draft of 72.37 FT according to Maritime Connector.com 7. Value based trading of real assets in shipping under stochastic freight rates, Sigbjørn Sødal 2006 8. The Baltic Exchange explained, The Trade Shipping and Finance Wizard 9. The Basis Explained, The Trade Shipping and Finance Wizard 10. A special thanks to BDP1 for their precious guidance. The Trade Shipping and Finance Wizard © 2014

13. Disclaimer All conversions and rates (NPV, $/bbl, $/day, and other estimates) and opinions provided are made in good faith. We take a lot of pride in being good. Jones Act are an imperfect market is one in which there is not full disclosure (imperfect informations) The information on the Trade Shipping and Finance Wizard is deemed to be reliable to his best knowledge, but is not guaranteed as to accuracy or completeness.
From : An Apple-to-Apple Basis Comparison, One Jones Act unit vs One Foreign Flag Vessel Unit. $/bbl What the Heritage Foundation got wrong about the Jones Act.
http://jacquessimon506.wordpress.com/2014/12/05/quantifying-the-jones-act/
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