Air Pollution.pptx
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Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and toxic gas produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. It is not detectable by humans and reacts with hemoglobin in the blood to reduce oxygen delivery. Sources of carbon monoxide exposure include vehicle exhaust, unvented gas appliances, smoking, and open fire cooking. Symptoms of chronic exposure include fatigue, headache, dizziness, and nausea. Proper maintenance of heating systems and installation of carbon monoxide detectors can help prevent exposure.
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Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas existing in a miniscule concentration in the atmosphere (< 0.001%), and is a product of partial combustion. Carbon monoxide poisoning is associated with a high incidence of morbidity and mortality. Symptoms are usually non-specific and include fatigue, headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, cognitive impairment, and tachycardia; mimicking an influenza-like illness. Symptoms occurring in more than one person (belonging to the same family/office) simultaneously and the relief also occurring at the same point of time in them should sound the physician's mind for suspected carbon monoxide poisoning. A high index of suspicion and presence of a source of generation of carbon monoxide are the diagnostic aids which can be confirmed by blood carboxyhaemoglobin levels. Removal from the source of carbon monoxide generation, moving the person to fresh air immediately is most important. In the emergency room, oxygen therapy is the key. Immediate treatment with a high fraction of inspired oxygen and careful clinical evaluation are mandatory for effective management. Patients with a carboxyhaemoglobin level of 10% or more should always be treated and 100% oxygen for 8 hours is recommended for patients requiring artificial ventilation. Hyperbaric oxygen also holds promise in select cases specially those with a history of unconsciousness, cardiovascular instability or ischemia, persistent mental and/or neurologic deficits and probably in pregnant patients
AIR POLLUTION .pptx
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The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-Tech
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
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Electrocardiogram_20240614_173859_0000.pdf
Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
clavicular line
V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
•‘S-T’ segment is the time interval between the end of ‘S’ wave and the onset of ‘T’ wave.
Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
Cardiac Arrythmias:
1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
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PRESSURE INJURY CARE AND MANAGEMENT FOR HCW
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Credit to : PPP Abdul Manan Bin Othman.
UNIT PERKEMBANGAN PROFESYEN PPP
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Air Pollution.pptx
- 2. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colourless, non-irritant, odourless and tasteless toxic gas. It is produced by the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuels such as wood, petrol, coal, natural gas, and kerosene. The molecular weight of carbon monoxide is similar to that of air. It mixes freely with air in any proportion and moves with air via bulk transport. Carbon monoxide is not detectible by humans either by sight, taste or smell. It is only slightly soluble in water, blood serum and plasma; in the human body, it reacts with hemoglobin to form carboxyhaemo- globin (COHb).
- 3. The highest reported non-accidental carbon monoxide levels are observed in public or residential garages and in primitive kitchens when cooking with open fires (Guatemala). Aside from open-fire cooking with solid fuels, the most common sources for elevated carbon monoxide concentrations in indoor air are un-vented gas appliances, tobacco smoking, and proximity to busy traffic. The low- est concentrations are found in homes, churches, and schools at some distance (> 500 metres) from busy traffic and with no indoor sources.
- 4. Lumio, in an extensive 1948 study (114), found fatigue, headache, vertigo, irritation, memory impairment, tinnitus, and nausea to be the most frequent symptoms resulting from chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. - Walker speculates that if only 10% of these appliances give off significant amounts of carbon monoxide that reach the breathing space of residents, as many as 25 000 people every year may be exposed to carbon monoxide in their homes.
- 5. There are several health concerns associated with exposure to carbon monoxide. The best-understood health effects appear to be produced by hypoxia due to the binding of carbon monoxide to hemoglobin, which reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood as well as decreases the dissociation of oxygen into extravascular tissue.
- 6. Acute exposure-related reduction of exercise tolerance and increase in symptoms of ischaemic heart disease (e.g. ST-segment changes) Chronic epidemiological studies of cardiovascular morbidity (heart attack, congestive heart failure, ischaemic heart disease) Associations between short-term exposure to carbon monoxide and hospital admissions or emergency department visits for respiratory complaints derived from chronic time-series studies. Groups at highest risk from carbon monoxide exposure include the unborn and those adults, elderly or not, with coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure or potential stroke, those at risk of sudden death, etc. All of these higher-risk groups must be considered when setting carbon monoxide guidelines for indoor air or, for that matter, outdoor air, i.e. the guideline must be low enough to protect all those at the highest risk.
- 7. You Can Prevent Carbon Monoxide Exposure 1. Do have your heating system, water heater and any other gas, oil, or coal-burning appliances serviced by a qualified technician every year. 2. Do install a battery-operated or battery back-up CO detector in your home. Check or replace the battery when you change the time on your clocks each spring and fall. If the detector sounds leave your home immediately and call 911. 3. Do seek prompt medical help if you suspect CO poisoning and are feeling dizzy, light-headed, or nauseated. 4. Don’t use a generator, charcoal grill, camp stove, or other gasoline or charcoal- burning device inside your home, basement, or garage or near a window. 5. Don’t run a car or truck inside a garage attached to your house, even if you leave the door open. 6. Don’t burn anything in a stove or fireplace that isn’t vented. 7. Don’t heat your house with a gas oven. 8. Don’t use a generator, pressure washer, or any gasoline-powered engine less than 20 feet from any window, door, or vent. Use an extension cord that is more than 20 feet long to keep the generator at a safe distance.