2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
1. O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI AXBOROT TEXNOLOGIYALARI VA
KOMMUNIKATSIYALARINI RIVOJLANTIRISH VAZIRLIGI
MUHAMMAD AL-XORAZMIY NOMIDAGI
TOSHKENT AXBOROT TEXNOLOGIYALARI UNIVERSITETI
TELEKOMMUNIKATSIYA TEXNOLOGIYALARI FAKULTETI
“Ma’lumotlar uzatish tarmoqlari va tizimlari” kafedrasi
“INDIVIDUAL LOYIHA 1”
KOMPYUTER TARMOQLARINI LOYIHALASH
O‘qituvchi: D.T.Hasanov
(kafedra mudiri, PhD)
Bajardi: Ahrorov Habibullo
(414-21 guruh talabasi)
2. 2
Toshkent – 2023
Mundarija
1. Kirish……………………………………………………………….
2. Kompyuter tarmoqlar va ularning klassifikatsiyasi ……………………… 5
2.1. Kompyuter tarmoqlarining klassifikatsiyasi ….…………………….
2.2. Tarmoq topologiyalari ……………………………………………..
3. Tarmoqni loyihalashning dasturiy vositalari …………………………….. 16
3.1. Tarmoqni loyihalashda qo‘llaniladigan dasturlar …………………..
3.2. CiscoPacketTracer dasturiy vositasining vazifalari va imkoniyatlari
4. Ma’lumot uzatish tarmog‘ini CiscoPacketTracer dasturida loyihalash ..… 27
4.1. Tarmoq topologiyasini qurish ……………………………………....
4.2. Tarmoq qurilmalarini sozlash ………………………………………
4.3. Tarmoqni ishga tushurish va natijalarni ko‘rish …………………….
5. Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar…………………………………………... 38
3. 3
1. KIRISH
Bugungi kunda internet tarmog‘i – masofa tanlamaydigan axborot almashinuvi,
mustaqil ta’lim, onlayn savdo, elektron xizmatlar, bir so‘z bilan aytganda raqamli
iqtisodiyot taraqqiyotining asosini tashkil qiladi. Shu bois, mamlakatimizda mazkur
soha rivojiga alohida e’tibor qaratilmoqda.
Buning uchun “O‘zbektelekom” AK va hududiy filiallari tomonidan respublika
bo‘ylab telekommunikatsion infratuzilmani modernizatsiyalash va aholini sifatli
aloqa xizmatlari bilan ta’minlashga qaratilgan tizimli ishlar amalga oshirilmoqda.
Hozirgi kunda dunyo bo‘ylab Kompyuter tarmoqlari sohasida fundamental
o‘zgarishlar bilan bog‘liq rivojlanishning yangi bosqichi amalga oshirilmoqda.
Chuqur ilm talab qiladigan Kompyuter tarmoqlari sohasi uchun innovatsion
rivojlanish masalalari har doim dolzarb vazifa bo‘lib kelgan. Shu bilan birga sohani
innovatsion rivojlantirish, rivojlangan davlatlarning yutuqlarini hisobga olib,
mutaxassislarni tayyorlash muhim ahamiyatga ega. Kompyuter tarmoqlari sohasini
innovatsion rivojlantirishni amalga oshirish tizimli yondashuv, ya'ni huquqiy,
texnologik, tashkiliy va malakali kadrlar bilan ta'minlashni talab qiladi. Zamonaviy
sharoitda Kompyuter tarmoqlari sohasini innovatsion rivojlantirish masalalarini
yechishga qaratilgan kompleks yondashuv bilimli va tajribali mutaxassislarni talab
qiladi. Sohani innovatsion rivojlantirish yo‘liga o‘tishda mutaxassislarni
tayyorlashda yangicha yondashuvlarga majbur qiladi. Kompyuter tarmog‘ini
innovatsion rivojlantirish uchun ko‘p mutaxassislarni tarmoq texnologiyalari,
tarmoq yechimlari va tarmoq integratorlari bo‘yicha tayyorlash kerak. Ma'lumki,
Kompyuter tarmoqlari ning har bir yangi ko‘rinishi asosan ikkita sababga ko‘ra
paydo bo‘ladi;
- unga talabni paydo bo‘lishi;
- mos keluvchi texnik va texnologik asosning mavjudligi.
Halqaro ekspertlarning prognozi bo‘yicha axborotlashtirish masalalari bilan
bog‘liq bo‘lgan Kompyuter tarmoqlari ni innovatsion rivojlantirishning ikkita
4. 4
asosiy yo‘nalishini, ya'ni Kompyuter tarmoqlari rivojining asosiy yo‘nalishini va
Kompyuter tarmoqlari rivojining asosiy kuchini aniqlashga yordam berdi.
Integratsiya - bu bir maqsadda birlashish va o‘zaro ishlash tushuniladi. Bu
bo‘lishi mumkin:
- ko‘plab turli texnologiyalar;
- ko‘plab turli tarmoqlar;
- ko‘plab turli xizmatlar (Kompyuter tarmoqlari xizmatlari va axborot
xizmatlarining birlashishi, ya'ni multimediya ko‘rinishidagi).
Yuqorida keltirilgan xolat bo‘yicha foydalanuvchilarga yuqori sifatda
xizmatlarni taqdim etish Kompyuter tarmoqlari operatorlari uchun katta ahamiyatga
ega. Bugungi kunda Kompyuter tarmoqlari operatorlari tomonidan turli xizmatlar,
mobil kompaniyalar tomonidan mobil ilovalar taqdim qilinmoqda. Bu xizmatlar soni
kun sayin ortib bormoqda, lekin tarmoqda xizmat ko‘rsatish muammolari ko‘payib
bormoqda. Shu sababli tarmoq texnologiyalarini o‘rganishda tarmoq protokollarini
ishlatish muhim o‘rinni egallaydi. Tarmoq protokollarini o‘rganishda har xil
kompaniyalarning tarmoq qurilmalarini integratsiya qilish muhim ahamiyatga ega.
Loyiha ishining maqsadi: Kompyuter tarmoqlari fanida “Tarmoq
protokollari”ni o’rganish va ularni qiyosiy tahlil qilish.
* Ma’lumot uzatish tarmoqlariga qo’yiladigan talablarni o’rganish.
* Paketli kommutatsiya mexanizmlari va tamoyillarini o’rganish.
* Tarmoq pog‘onasi protokollari. IPv4 va IPv6 manzillashni o’rganish.
* Marshrutizatsiya protokollarini o’rganish.
Loyiha ishining tarkibi: Kirish bilan boshlandi. 3 ta bobdan iborat. I- bob
2 ta rejadan iborat. 2-3 bob ham 2 ta rejadan tashkil topgan. Xulosa va foydalanilgan
adabiyotlar bilan yakunlanadi.
2. KOMPYUTER TARMOQLAR VA ULARNING KLASSIFIKATSIYASI
5. 5
2.1. Kompyuter tarmoqlarining turlari
Axborotni bir kompyuterdan ikkinchi kompyuterga uzatish muammosi
hisoblash texnikasi paydo bо'lgandan beri mavjuddir. Axborotlarni bunday uzatish
alohida foydalanilayotgan kompyuterlarni birgalikda ishlashini tashkil qilish, bitta
masalani bir necha kompyuter yordamida hal qilish imkoniyatlarini beradi. Bundan
tashqari har bir kompyuterni ma‘lum bir vazifani bajarishga ixtisoslashtirish va
kompyuterlarning resurslaridan birgalikda foydalanish, hamda kо'pgina boshqa
muammolarni ham hal qilish mumkin bо'ladi.
Oxirgi vaqtda axborotlarni almashish usullari va vositalarini kо'p turlari taklif
qilinmoqda: eng oddiyi fayllarni disklar yordamida kompyuterdan kompyuterga
о'tkazishdan tortib, to butun dunyo kompyuterlarini birlashtira olish imkoniyatini
beradigan Internet tarmog'igacha.
Kо'pincha ―mahalliy tarmoqlar‖ (lokalniye seti, LAN, Local Area Network)
atamasini aynan, katta bо'lmagan, mahalliy о'lchamli, yaqin joylashgan
kompyuterlar ulangan tarmoq, ya‘ni, mahalliy tarmoq deb tushiniladi. Lekin ba‘zi
mahalliy tarmoqlarning texnik kо'rsatgichlariga nazar solsak, bunday atama aniq
emasligiga ishonch hosil qilish mumkin. Misol uchun, ba‘zi bir lokal tarmoqlar bir
necha kilometr yoki bir necha о'n kilometr masofadan oson aloqani ta‘minlay olish
imkonini beradi. Bu hol esa, bir xonaning, bir binoning yoki bir-biriga yaqin
joylashgan binolarninggina emas, balki bir shaxar doirasidagi о'lchamdir. Boshqa
bir tomondan olib qaraganimizda global tarmoq orqali (WAN, Wide Area Network
yoki GAN, Global Area Network) bir xonada joylashgan ikki yonma-yon stoldagi
kompyuterlar ham axborot almashinuvini amalga oshirishi mumkin, lekin negadir
bunday tashkil qilingan tarmoqni hech kim mahalliy tarmoq deb atamaydi. Ikkita
yaqin joylashgan kompyuterlarni interfeys orqali (RS232, Centronics) kabel
yordamida bog'lash mumkin, yoki hatto kabelsiz infraqizil kanal yordamida ham
kompyuterlarni bog'lash mumkin. Lekin bunday bog'lanish ham mahalliy tarmoq
deb atalmaydi. Balki, mahalliy tarmoq ta‘rifi xuddi kichik tarmoq kabi bо'lib, kо'p
6. 6
bо'lmagan kompyuterlarni bog'lashdir. Haqiqatdan, mahalliy tarmoq kо'p hollarda
ikkitadan to bir necha о'nlab kompyuterlarni о'z tarkibiga oladi. Lekin, ba‘zi bir
mahalliy tarmoqlarning cheklangan imkoniyatlari ancha yuqori bо'lib,
abonentlarning soni mingtagacha yetishi mumkin. Bunday tarmoqni kichik tarmoq
deb atash balki notо'g'ridir.
Ba‘zi mualliflar mahalliy tarmoqni «kо'p kompyuterlarni uzviy bog'lovchi
tizim» deb taʻriflashadi. Bu holda axborot kompyuterlardan kompyuterlarga
vositachisiz va bir turdagi uzatish muhiti orqali amalga oshiriladi deb faraz qilinadi.
Biroq hozirgi zamon mahalliy tarmoqlarida bir turdagi uzatish muhiti
haqida gap yuritib bо'lmaydi. Misol uchun, bir tarmoq doirasida har turdagi
elektr kabellari va shuningdek shisha tolali kabellar ham ishlatilishi mumkin.
Axborot uzatishni «vositachisiz» ta‘rifi ham juda aniq emas, chunki hozirgi zamon
mahalliy tarmoqlarida turli konsentrator, kommutator, yо'naltirgichlar
marshrutizatori) va kо'priklardan (mosti) foydalaniladi. Axborotlarni uzatish
jarayonida uzatilayotgan axborotlarga murakkab ishlov beruvchi bu vositalarni
vositachi deb qabul qilinadimi yoki yо'qmi?, unchalik tushunarli emas.
Balki, foydalanuvchilar aloqa mavjudligini his qilmaydigan tarmoqni
mahalliy tarmoq deb qabul qilinishi aniq bо'lar. Mahalliy tarmoqqa ulangan
kompyuterlar bir virtual kompyuter kabidir, ularning resurslari hamma
foydalanuvchilar uchun bemalol bо'lishi kerak bо'lib, alohida olingan kompyuter
resurslaridan foydalanishdan kam qulay bо'lmasligi lozim. Bu holda qulaylik
deb birinchi navbatda aniq yuqori tezlikda resurslarga ega bо'lish, ilovalar orasidagi
axborot almashinuvini foydalanuvchi sezmagan holda amalga oshirilishidir.
Bunday ta‘rifda sekin ishlovchi global tarmoq ham, keskin amalga
oshiriladigan ketma-ket yoki parallel portlar ham mahalliy tarmoq tushunchasiga
tо'g'ri kelmaydi. Bunday ta‘rifdan kelib chiqadiki, keng tarqalgan kompyuterlarning
tezligi oshishi bilan, mahalliy tarmoq orqali uzatiladigan axborot tezligi ham
albatta oshishi kerak. Agar yaqin о'tmishda axborot almashinish tezligi 1 – 10
Mbit/s yetarli deb hisoblangan bо'lsa, hozirda esa о'rtacha tezlikdagi tarmoq 100
7. 7
Mbit/s tezlikda axborot uzata oluvchi tarmoq hisoblanadi. 1000 Mbit/s va undan
ham ortiq tezlikda axborot uzata oluvchi vositalar ustida ham aktiv ish olib
borilmoqda. Kam tezlikda aloqa о'rnatish esa tarmoq shaklida ulangan virtual
kompyuterning ishlash tezligini pasaytiradi.
Shunday qilib, mahalliy tarmoqlarni boshqa har qanday tarmoqdan asosiy
farqi – yuqori tezlikda axborot almashinuvidir. Lekin bu birgina farq bо'lib qolmay,
boshqa omillar ham muhim ahamiyatga ega.
Masalan, axborotlarni uzatishda xatolikni keskin kamaytirish lozim. Juda tez,
lekin xato axborot uzatish bema‘nilikdir, chunki uni yana qaytadan uzatish kerak
bо'ladi va shuning uchun mahalliy tarmoqlarda albatta maxsus yuqori sifatli
aloqa vositalaridan foydalaniladi.
Yana tarmoqning asosiy texnik kо'rsatgichlaridan biri katta yuklamada ishlash
imkoniyatidir, ya‘ni axborot almashish tezligi (yana boshqacha qilib aytganda, katta
trafik bilan). Tarmoqda qо'llanilayotgan axborot almashinuvini boshqaruvchi
mexanizm unumli bо'lmasa, u holda kompyuterlar axborot uzatish
uchun kо'p vaqt navbat kutib qolishi mumkin. Navbat kelganidan sо'ng katta
tezlikda va bexato axborot uzatilsa ham, tarmoqdan foydalanuvchiga baribir tarmoq
resurslaridan foydalanish uchun maʻlum vaqt kutishga tо'g'ri keladi.
Har qanday axborot uzatishni boshqarish mexanizmi kafolatlangan ravishda
ishlashi uchun, oldindan tarmoqqa ulanishi mumkin bо'lgan kompyuterlar,
axborotlar soni ma‘lum bо'lishi kerak. Rejalashtirilganidan kо'p kompyuterlarni
tarmoqqa ulanishi, yuklamaning oshishiga olib kelishi natijasida har qanday
mexanizm ham axborotlarni uzatishga ulgira olmay qolishi tabiiydir.
Nihoyatda, tarmoq deb bu sо'zning tub ma‘nosi kabi, shunday axborot uzatish
tizimini tushunish kerakki, u mahalliy bir-necha о'nlab kompyuterlarni birlashtirgan
bо'lishi lozim.
Shunday qilib, mahalliy hisoblash tarmoqlarning (MHT) farq qiluvchi
belgilarini shakllantirish mumkin bо'ladi:
8. 8
· axborotni katta tezlikda uzatish va yuqori tezlikda о'tkazish imkoniyati
mavjud bо'lishi;
· uzatish davrida xatolikning darajasi kamligi (yuqori sifatli aloqa kanallar).
Axborotlarni uzatishda mumkin bо'lgan xatolik ehtimoli 10-7 – 10-8 darajada
bо'lishi;
· axborot uzatishning unumli va tez amalga oshiruvchi mexanizmi bо'lishi;
· tarmoqqa ulangan kompyuterlar soni chegaralangan va aniq bо'lishi kerak.
Berilgan tarifdan kelib chiqadiki; global tarmoq mahalliy tarmoqdan
quyidagilar bilan farq qiladi: cheklanmagan abonentga mо'ljallangan va sifatli
bо'lmagan kanallardan ham foydalaniladi; axborot uzatish tezligi nisbatan kam,
axborot almashish mexanizmi ham nisbatan tezlik bо'yicha
kafolatlanmagandir. Global tarmoqlarda eng muhimi aloqa sifati emas, balki
aloqaning mavjudligidir. Kо'pincha kompyuter tarmoqlarining yana bir turi - shaxar
tarmog'i (MAN, Metropolitan Area Network) mavjudligini qayd qilishadi, odatda
ular global
tarmoqlarga yaqin bо'lib, ba‘zida mahalliy tarmoqlarning ba‘zi
xususiyatlariga ham ega bо'ladilar. Masalan, yuqori sifatli aloqa kanallari va
nisbatan yuqori tezlikdagi axborot almashinuvi bilan о'xshashdir. Bu xususiyat
shaxar tarmog'i ham mahalliy tarmoq (MXT afzalliklari bilan) bо'lishi mumkin
ekanligini kо'rsatadi.
Haqiqatdan, hozirda mahalliy tarmoq bilan global tarmoqning aniq
chegarasini о'tkazish mumkin bо'lmay qoldi. Kо'pchilik mahalliy tarmoqlarda global
tarmoqqa chiqish imkoniyati bor, lekin axborotni uzatish, axborot almashinuvini
tashkil qilish prinsipi, odatda global tarmoqda qabul qilingandan ancha farq qiladi.
Mahalliy tarmoqdan foydalanuvchilar uchun global tarmoqqa ulanish imkoniyati
faqatgina bir resursgina bо'lib qoladi xolos.
Mahalliy hisoblash (MHT) tarmoqdan har turdagi raqamli axborot uzatilishi
mumkin: axborotlar, tasvirlar, telefon sо'zlashuvlari, elektron xatlar va x. k.
Tasvirlarni uzatish masalasi, ayniqsa tо'laqon dinamik tasvirlarni uzatish tarmoqdan
yuqori tezlik talab qiladi. Odatda mahalliy tarmoqda quyidagi resurslardan; disk
9. 9
maydonidan, printerlaridan va global tarmoqqa chiqish imkoniyatlaridan birgalikda
foydalaniladi. Lekin bu imkoniyatlar mahalliy tarmoq vositalarining imkoniyatlarini
bir qismidir. Masalan, ular har turdagi kompyuterlararo axborot almashinuvini ham
amalga oshiradi. Tarmoq abonenti bо'lib faqat kompyuter emas, balki boshqa
qurilmalar ham bо'la oladi. Masalan printerlar, plotterlar. Mahalliy tarmoqlar
tarmoqning hamma kompyuterlarida parallel hisoblash sistemasini tashkil qilish
imoniyatini beradi. Bunday tizim murakkab matematik masalalarni yechishni kо'p
marotaba tezlashtiradi. Shuningdek mahalliy tarmoqlar yordamida murakkab
texnologik jarayonlarni ham boshqarish mumkin yoki bir vaqtning о'zida bir necha
kompyuter yordamida tadqiqot qurilmalarini ham boshqarish imkonini beradi.
Lekin xotiradan chaqirish kerak emaski, mahalliy hisoblash tarmoqlarning
ham ba‘zi kamchiliklari bor. Xodimlarni о'qitishga, qо'shimcha qurilmalarga,
tarmoq dasturiy ta‘minotiga, ulash kabellariga qо'shimcha sarflanadigan mablag'dan
tashqari tarmoqni rivojlantirish, resurslariga ega bо'lishni boshqarish,bо'lishi
mumkin bо'lgan nosozliklarni tuzatish va tarmoqni ishlashini nazorat qiluvchi, ya‘ni
tarmoqning boshqaruvchisi ma‘mur (administrator) bо'lishi kerak. Tarmoq
kompyuterni joyidan kо'chirilishini chegaralaydi, aks holda ulash uchun kabellar
о'tkazish lozim bо'ladi, bundan tashqari, tarmoq viruslarni tarqalishi uchun qulay
muhitga egadir, shuning uchun alohida kompyuterlarga qaraganda himoya
masalalariga katta eʻtibor berilishi lozim.
Shu mavzu doirasida tarmoq nazariyasining muhim tushunchalaridan bо'lgan
server va mijoz tushunchalarini ham kо'rish darkordir.
Server – tarmoq abonenti bо'lib, u о'z resurslarini boshqa abonentlarga
foydalanishga berib, lekin о'zi boshqa abonentlar resurslaridan foydalanmaydi, ya‘ni
faqat tarmoqqa ishlaydi. Tarmoqda server bir nechta bо'lishi mumkin. Ajratilgan
server-bu server faqat tarmoq masalalari uchun xizmat qiladi. Ajratilmagan server
tarmoqqa xizmat kо'rsatishdan tashqari boshqa masalalarni ham hal qilishi mumkin.
Mijoz – faqat tarmoq resurslaridan foydalanib, tarmoqqa о'z resurslarini
ajratmaydigan tarmoq abonentiga aytiladi, ya‘ni tarmoq unga xizmat qiladi.
Kompyuter – mijoz ham kо'pincha ish stansiyasi deyiladi. Odatda har bir kompyuter
10. 10
bir vaqtning о'zida ham mijoz va shuningdek server bо'lishi mumkin. Kо'pincha
server va mijozni kompyuterni о'zi deb tushunilmaydi, bu kompyuterda
ishlatilayotgan dasturiy ilovalarni tushuniladi. Bu holda tarmoqqa о'z resurslarini
berayotgan ilova serverdir, faqat tarmoq resurslaridan foydalanayotgan ilova esa
mijozdir.
11. 11
2.2. Tarmoq topologiyalari
Bugungi axborotlashgan jamiyatga yetib kelgunga qadar kompyuterlarni
birlashtirish, fayllar va turli ko’rinishdagi xabarlar, ma'lumotlar almashish
imkoniyatini yaratish borasida ko'plab tadqiqotlar olib borildi. Dastlab
kompyuterlarni juft-juft qilib birlashtirishga erishildi, ko'p o'tmay bir nechta
kompyuterlarni birlashtirish uchun texnik qurilma va dasturiy ta'minot yaratildi. Shu
tarzda kompyuter tarmoqlari vujudga keldi.
Axborotlarni tarmoqlangan usulda qayta ishlashni amalga oshirishda ko'p
kompyuterli birlashmalardan — kompyuter tarmoqlaridan foydalaniladi.
Kompyuterlararo ma'lumotlar almashinuvini ta'minlash uchun lokal
tarmoqlardan foydalaniladi. Aynan ana shu kompyuter tarmoqlarining vujudga
kelishi axborotlashgan tizimlarni shakllanishiga asos bo’ldi.
Lokal tarmoq — foydalanuvchilarga ommaviy ravishda kompyuterlarda
ishlash va ma'lumot almashish, dasturlarni ishlatish, ommaviy ravishda modem,
printer va boshqa qurilmalarni ishlatish imkonini beradi. Lokal tarmoqqa
kompyuterlarni birlashtirish uchun har xil kompyuterga ulanuvchi tarmoqli adapter
(plata), kerakli miqdorda maxsus shtikkerli sim (kabel) lozim. Shunga ko’ra
kompyuter tarmoqlari bir necha ko’rinishda tashkil qilinadi va ularni umumiy nom
bilan tarmoq topologiyalari deb ataladi.
TARMOQ TOPOLOGIYALARI
Tarmoq topologiyasi - bu aloqa kanallari va xostlarni bir-biri bilan o’zaro
bo’glanishini tashkil etilishi usullari tushuniladi, ya’ni kompyuterlarning fizik va
mantiqiy jixatdan o’zaro bog’lanishiga tarmoq topologiyasi deyiladi. Tarmoqning
fizik topologiyasi deganda tarmoqdagi qurilmalarning fizik joylashuvi va o’zaro
uzatish muhitlari orqali bog’lanilishi tushunilsa, mantiqiy topologiyada esa
tarmoqning qurilmalari o’rtasida qanday ma’lumot uzatilishi va qabul qilinishi
tushuniladi. Tugunlar orasidagi masofa, fizik jixatdan o’zaro bo’lanishi, ma’lumot
uzatish tezligi yoki signal turlari ikki xil tarmoq o’rtasida farq qilishi mumkin,
ammoularning mantiqiy topologiyalari bir xil bo’lishi mumkin. Tarmoqning fizik
12. 12
topologiyasi - bu OSI modelining fizik pog’onasi orqali ifodalanadi.Tarmoq
topoliyalari ta’kidlanganidek, tarmoq qurilmalarini joylashuviga va bir-biri bilan
bog’lanishi hamda tarmoqni qurishda foydalanilayotgan standart texnologiyaga
mos ravishda har xil ko’rinishda bo’lishi mumkin. Biror tarmoqdagi har qanday
tugun tarmoqdagi boshqa qurilmalarga bir yoki bir nechta fizik kanallarorqali
bog’lanish imkoniyatga ega bo’lishi mumkin; ushbu kanallarni grafik ravishda
bog’lash natijasida geometrik shakllar hosil bo’ladi va hosil bo’lgan shakllarning
ko’rinishiga qarab tarmoq topologiyasi nomlanadi. LAN tarmoqlarida turli xil
fizik topologiyalardan foydalaniladi, jumladan shina, yulduz, mesh, daraxt,nuqt-
nuqta va h.k.. Shuningdek, qurilmalarni ulash uchun ishlatiladigan uzatish
muhitlarining joylashuvi tarmoqning fizik topologiyasini ifodalaydi.
Tarmoq topologiyasi - bu aloqa tarmog'i elementlarining joylashuvi.
Tarmoq topologiyasi har xil turdagi telekommunikatsiya tarmoqlarini, shu
jumladan radio tarmoqlarini, sanoat stavkalari va kompyuter tarmoqlarini
aniqlash yoki tavsiflash uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Tarmoq topologiyalari
shuningdek, tarmoqni geografik muhitdagi o’rni, foydalanuvchilari soni va
foydalaniladigan texnologiyasiga muvofiq tanlanadi. Bir qancha tarmoq
topologiyalari mavjud: mesh, yulduz, daraxt,shina, halqa ва 3-D torus.
Misol uchun mesh topologiyali tarmoq - bu lokal tarmoq topologiyasida
ishlatiladi, unda infratuzilma tugunlari to'g'ridan-to'g'ri, dinamik va ierarxik
bo'lmagan holda boshqa ko'plab tugunlarga ulanadi va ma'lumotlarni
foydalanuvchilarga samarali yo'naltirish uchun bir-biri bilan hamkorlik qiladi.
Bunday topologiyalar har doim ham o’zini oqlamaydi, sababi qurilishi qimmatga
tushadi.
13. 13
1- rasm. Mesh topologiyali tarmoq
Torus aloqali topologiya - bu parallel kompyuter tizimidagi ishlov berish
tugunlarini o'zaro bog'lash uchun kalitsiz tarmoq topologiyasi hisoblanadi. Bu
yangiavlod topologiya hisoblanadi va ko’plab kompyuterlarni 3 o’lchamli holatda
bir biribilan bog’laydi.
3-rasm. Torus aloqali topologiy.
Har bir kompyuter va qurilmalar konsentrator yoki takrorlovchi (репитер)
yoki hab (Hub) deb ataluvchi qurilma portiga alohida alohida ulanadi.
14. 14
Yulduzli topologiyaga asoslanga tarmoq bo’lib, bunda kompyuter
tarmoqlarimarkazida joylashgan tarmoq elementni o’ziga ulangan qurilmalarni
boshqarad. Shuningdek, yulduzli topologiyada har bir xost markaziy qurilmaga
ulanadi, bitta markaziy qurilma xabarlarni uzatish uchun kanal vazifasini bajaradi.
Bu topologiyaeng keng tarqalgan kompyuter tarmog'i topologiyalaridan biridir.
2-rasm. Yulduz topologiyali tarmoq
15. 15
Konsentratorlar aktiv bo’lgani kabi (nazariy) passiv bo’lishi ham mumkin.
Agar tarmoqdagi biror kompyuter va konsentrator orasidagi aloqada uzulish sodir
bo’lsa, u tarmoqning boshqa qismiga tasir ko’rsatmaydi. Albatta, agar u “Server”
bo’lmasa. Agar konsentrator ishdan chiqsa, tarmoq ishlashdan to’xtaydi.
Bunday tarmoq topologiyasi boshqasiga qaraganda buzulgan (tarmoq
adapterlari, razyomlari va zararlangan kabellar) tarmoq elementlarini qidirib
topishda ancha qulay hisoblanadi. Tarmoqqa yangi qurilma qo’shish ham “Yulduz”
topologiyasida boshqasiga qaraganga osonroq amalga oshadi. Yana shuni ta’kidlash
mumkinki, 100 va 1000 Megabitli tarmoqlar ana shu “Yulduz” topologiyasi asosida
quriladi.
Tarmoqning faoliyatini to'g'ri yuritish maqsadida bosh kompyuter (o'qituvchi)
ajratiladi, unga lokal tarmoqlar bilan birlashtirilgan ishchi kompyuter (o'quvchi)lar
birlashtiriladi. Agar tarmoqda 20-25 ta kompyuter mavjud bo'lsa, ular albatta bosh
kompyuterga ega bo'lishi lozim.
Lokal tarmoqlar faoliyatini yuritish uchun maxsus dasturiy ta'minot mavjud.
Windows 95/2000/XP operatsion tizimlarida lokal tarmoqqa boshqa maxsus
dasturlarsiz ham kompyuterlar ulanishi mumkin. Buning uchun tarmoq
protokollaridan foydalaniladi.
16. 16
3. TARMOQNI LOYIHALASHNING DASTURIY VOSITALARI
3.1. Tarmoqni loyihalashda qo‘llaniladigan dasturlar
Lokal tarmoqni loyihalash dasturlari tarmoq uskunalarining to'g'ri modellarini
tanlashga, kabellarni optimal yo'naltirishga, rozetkalar va tarmoqqa kirish
nuqtalarini tartibga solishga yordam beradi. Tarmoq muhandislari va ma'murlari
kompyuter tizimlarini loyihalash, monitoring qilish yoki tahlil qilish uchun turli xil
vositalardan foydalanadilar. Haqiqiy tarmoqlarda tajriba o'tkazmaslik uchun
(tarmoq infratuzilmasi ishlamay qolishi yoki ishdan chiqishi bilan bog'liq), tizim
ma'murlari buning uchun tarmoqni modellashtirish vositalaridan foydalanadilar.
Zamonaviy tarmoqni loyihalash dasturlari tarmoq uskunalarining to'g'ri
modellarini tanlashga, kabellarni optimal yotqizishga, rozetkalarni va Wi-Fi ulanish
nuqtalarini tartibga solishga yordam beradi. Bunday dasturlarga misollar quyida
keltirilgan.
CAD5D – mahalliy tarmoqlarni loyihalash uchun onlayn xizmat. CAD5D
onlayn dasturi korxona va ma'muriy binolarning mahalliy kompyuter tarmoqlarini
loyihalash uchun ishlatiladi. Uning yordami bilan siz binoning batafsil qavat
rejalarini ishlab chiqishingiz, kerakli abonent punktlari va asosiy nazorat tugunlarini
joylashtirishingiz, shuningdek, barcha kabellarning kerakli uzunliklarini
hisoblashingiz mumkin. Dastur to'liq loyiha hujjatlarini, kompyuter tarmog'ini
rivojlantirish uchun zarur bo'lgan asbob-uskunalar va materiallarning barcha zarur
texnik xususiyatlarini yaratishga imkon beradi.
17. 17
CAD5D dasturi SAPR dasturlari bilan integratsiyalash uchun modulga ega
va dwg formatini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. Bu xususiyat kompyuter tarmog'i loyihasini
ishlab chiqishda dizaynerning vazifalarini sezilarli darajada osonlashtiradi va kabel
jurnalining mavjudligi kabel mahsulotlarini tanlashda xatolarni minimal darajada
kamaytiradi.
Office Anatomy - ofis tizimlarini rejalashtirish xizmati. Agar sizning
kompaniyangiz yangi ofisga ko'chib o'tsa, siz ofisni barcha kerakli tizimlar -
yoritish, intranet, telefonlar, videokameralar, signalizatsiya va boshqalar bilan
ta'minlashingiz kerak bo'ladi. Agar siz ushbu ish uchun pudratchi yollagan
bo'lsangiz ham, siz hali ham ushbu muhandislik tizimlarini o'rganishingiz va
loyihalashda ishtirok etishingiz kerak, chunki siz xodimlaringizga nima kerakligini
bilasiz. Office Anatomy xizmati bu jarayonni osonlashtirishga yordam beradi va
shu bilan birga loyiha xarajatlarini yaxshiroq nazorat qiladi. Bu vizual dizayner
bo'lib, unda siz xona tartibini qurasiz, katalogdan tanlaysiz va sichqoncha
yordamida kerakli infratuzilma elementlarini (rozetkalar, Wi-Fi ulanish nuqtalari,
kompyuterlar, telefonlar, videokameralar, kirishni boshqarish tizimining
elementlari) joylashtirasiz.
18. 18
Xizmat avtomatik ravishda kerakli komponentlarni (kabellar, qutilar,
qalqonlar, mahkamlagichlar) qo'shadi, smeta tuzadi va xarajatlarni hisoblab chiqadi.
Shu bilan birga, jihozlar soni, joylashuvi yoki sinfini o'zgartirish orqali loyihani o'z
byudjetingizga moslashtirishingiz mumkin. Ishlab chiquvchilar o'z xizmatlarini
1000 kv.m gacha bo'lgan ofislar va 100 tagacha xodimlar uchun tavsiya qiladilar.
Visio mahalliy tarmoqni loyihalash uchun shablonlarni taqdim etdi. Microsoft
kompaniyasi Visio 2010 ning yangi versiyasini taqdim etdi, u an'anaga ko'ra Office
to'plamining hech bir versiyasiga kiritilmagan va uni alohida sotib olishingiz kerak.
Unda yangi shablonlar paydo bo'ldi, xususan, "Tarmoq" toifasi mahalliy tarmoq
topologiyasini, LDAP va Active Directory katalog tuzilmalarini va server rafining
joylashuvini loyihalash uchun shablonlarni o'z ichiga oladi. Tarmoq diagrammasi
shablonlari va ma'lumotlarni ulash xususiyatlaridan foydalanib, siz uskunaning
qanday mantiqiy yoki jismoniy ulanganligini ko'rsatadigan diagramma yaratishingiz,
har bir shaklni aniqlash uchun mos yozuvlar ma'lumotlarini qo'shishingiz va keyin
tashqi ma'lumotlarni import qilish va tarmoq shakllariga bog'lashingiz mumkin.
20. 20
3.2. CiscoPacketTracer dasturiy vositasining vazifalari va imkoniyatlari
Cisco Packet Tracer - bu tarmoqni simulyatsiya qilish va vizualizatsiya
qilishning innovatsion vositasi. Ushbu bepul dastur sizga ish stoli kompyuteringiz
yoki Android yoki iOS asosidagi mobil qurilmangiz orqali tarmoq konfiguratsiyasi
va muammolarni bartaraf etish ko'nikmalarini bajarishda yordam beradi. Packet
Tracer Linux va Windows ish stoli muhitida mavjud.
Packet Tracer yordamida siz noldan tarmoq yaratishni, oldindan qurilgan
namunali tarmoqdan foydalanishni yoki sinf laboratoriya topshiriqlarini bajarishni
tanlashingiz mumkin. Packet Tracer sizga ma'lumotlarni tarmoq orqali qanday
o'tishini osongina o'rganishga imkon beradi. Packet Tracer har xil o'lchamdagi
tarmoqlarni qimmat laboratoriya uskunalarisiz loyihalashtirish va qurishning oson
usulini taqdim etadi. Ushbu dastur jismoniy routerlar, kalitlar, xavfsizlik devorlari
va serverlarda mashq qilishning o'rnini bosmasa ham, e'tiborsiz qoldirish uchun juda
ko'p foyda keltiradi!
Packet Tracer-ni yuklab oling va o'rnating
Talabalar odatda Packet Tracer-dan quyidagilar uchun foydalanadilar:
Sertifikatlash imtihoniga tayyorlaning.
Tarmoq kurslarida o'rganganlarini amalda qo'llang.
Ish bilan suhbatlashish uchun ularning mahoratini oshiring.
Mavjud tarmoq dizaynlariga yangi texnologiyalarni qo'shishning ta'sirini
tekshiring.
Internetdagi ish joylarida o'z malakalarini oshirish.
Global Design Challenges-da raqobatlash (Facebook-da 2017 PT 7 Design
Challenge-ga e'tibor bering).
Packet Tracer ko'plab Cisco Networking Academy kurslarida ishlatiladigan
muhim o'quv vositasidir.
Cisco Packet Tracer nusxasini olish va o'rnatish uchun quyidagi oddiy
amallarni bajaring:
Cisco Networking Academy-ga "Men o'rganaman" sahifasiga kiring.
21. 21
Ekraningizning o'ng yuqori qismidagi menyudan Resurslarni tanlang.
Packet Tracer-ni yuklab olish-ni tanlang.
Sizga kerak bo'lgan Packet Tracer versiyasini tanlang.
Faylni kompyuteringizga saqlang.
Packet Tracer o'rnatish dasturini ishga tushiring.
O'rnatishdan so'ng veb-brauzeringizni yoping va qayta yoqing.
Tegishli belgini tanlab, Cisco Packet Tracer dasturini ishga tushiring.
So'ralganda, autentifikatsiya qilish uchun Netacad-ga kirish ma'lumotlaridan
foydalaning.
Packet Tracer ishga tushiriladi va siz uning xususiyatlarini o'rganishga
tayyormiz.
Foydalanuvchi interfeysi
Ushbu bob foydalanuvchi interfeysi bilan tanishtiradi va Packet Tracer
yordamida oddiy tarmoqni yaratish bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar beradi.
Packet Tracer foydalanuvchi interfeysi
22. 22
Packet Tracer - bu haqiqiy tarmoqlarni simulyatsiya qilishga imkon beruvchi
vosita. Bu sizga quyidagi uchta asosiy menyuni taqdim etadi:
qurilmalarni qo'shing va ularni kabellar yoki simsiz ulang
tarmoq ichidagi tarkibiy qismlarni tanlang, o'chiring, tekshiring, yorliqlang va
guruhlang
tarmoqni boshqarish
Tarmoqni boshqarish menyusi quyidagilarga imkon beradi:
mavjud / namunaviy tarmoqni oching
joriy tarmog'ingizni saqlang
foydalanuvchi profilingizni yoki sizning afzalliklaringizni o'zgartiring
Agar siz matn protsessori yoki elektron jadval kabi biron bir dasturdan
foydalansangiz, menyuning yuqori qismida joylashgan Fayl menyusi buyruqlari
bilan allaqachon tanishasiz. Ochish, Saqlash, Saqlash va Chiqish buyruqlari har
qanday dasturda bo'lgani kabi ishlaydi, ammo Packet Tracer uchun maxsus ikkita
buyruq mavjud.
Open Samples buyrug'i Packet Tracer-ga kiritilgan turli xil tarmoq va Internet
narsalari qurilmalarining xususiyatlari va konfiguratsiyasining oldindan tuzilgan
misollari katalogini namoyish etadi.
Chiqish va chiqish buyrug'i Packet Tracer-ning ushbu nusxasi uchun
ro'yxatdan o'tish ma'lumotlarini olib tashlaydi va ushbu paketning keyingi
foydalanuvchisidan kirish protsedurasini qayta bajarishini talab qiladi.
Packet Tracer - Qurilmalarni topish va joylashtirish
Packet Tracer tarmoqlarni va tarmoq trafigini simulyatsiya qilganligi sababli,
ushbu tarmoqlarning fizik jihatlari ham taqlid qilinishi kerak. Bunga jismoniy
qurilmalarni topish va joylashtirish, ushbu moslamalarni sozlash va ushbu
qurilmalarni kabel orqali ulash kiradi. Jismoniy tarqatish va kabel o'tkazilgandan
so'ng, qurilmalarni ulash uchun ishlatiladigan interfeyslarni sozlash vaqti keldi.
23. 23
O'rnatish uchun qurilmani qidirish uchun Qurilma turini tanlash qutisini
qidirish kerak. Qurilma turini tanlash qutisi rasmda ko'rsatilgandek toifalar va kichik
toifalar tushunchasi ustida ishlaydi.
Belgilarning yuqori qatori quyidagilarni o'z ichiga olgan toifalar ro'yxatini aks
ettiradi: [Tarmoq qurilmalari], [Tugatish moslamalari], [Komponentlar], [Aloqalar],
[Turli xil] va [Multiuser]. Har bir toifada kamida bitta kichik toifadagi guruh mavjud.
Qurilmani sozlash
Sizning tarmog'ingiz yaratilgandan so'ng, qurilmalar va tarkibiy qismlarni
sozlash vaqti keldi. Packet Tracer sizning tarmog'ingizni tashkil etadigan turli xil
oraliq va so'nggi qurilmalarni sozlash imkoniyatiga ega. Har qanday qurilmalarning
konfiguratsiya interfeysiga kirish uchun avval sozlashni xohlagan qurilmani bosing.
Bir qator yorliqlarni ko'rsatadigan popup oyna paydo bo'ladi. Har xil turdagi
qurilmalar turli xil interfeyslarga ega.
Packet Tracer - GUI va CLI konfiguratsiyasi
Routerlar va kalitlarga o'xshash oraliq qurilmalar uchun ikkita konfiguratsiya
usuli mavjud. Qurilmalarni Config yorlig'i (GUI interfeysi) yoki buyruq satri
interfeysi (CLI) orqali sozlash yoki tekshirish mumkin (1-rasm). Config yorlig'i
aksariyat jismoniy jihozlarda mavjud emas. Ushbu yorliq Packet Tracer-dagi
o'rganish yorlig'i. Agar buyruq satri interfeysidan qanday foydalanishni bilmasangiz,
ushbu yorliq asosiy konfiguratsiyalarni bajarish uchun "bo'sh joyni to'ldirish" usulini
taqdim etadi. Buyruqlar satrining interfeysidan foydalansangiz, xuddi shu narsani
qiladigan CLI-ga teng buyruqlarni namoyish etadi. CLI interfeysi qurilmaning
konfiguratsiyasini bilishni talab qiladi.
Kompyuterlar va noutbuklar kabi ba'zi bir so'nggi qurilmalar uchun Packet
Tracer ish stoli interfeysini taqdim etadi, bu sizga IP konfiguratsiyasi, simsiz
konfiguratsiya, buyruq irodasi, veb-brauzer va boshqa ko'p narsalarga kirish
imkonini beradi (2-rasm).
Agar siz serverni sozlayotgan bo'lsangiz, server Xostning barcha
funktsiyalariga yana bitta yorliq, xizmatlar yorlig'i qo'shilgan (3-rasm). Ushbu yorliq
37. 37
XULOSA
Kompyuter tarmoqlari va ularni aniqlash texnologiyalarida, tarmoq
modellari ancha ma’lumor bor. Bu modellarni ishlatish rasmlar bilan ko’rsatib
qo’yilgan. Ushbu loyiha ishida tarmoqlarning quriliosh tamoyillari, ma’lumoty
uzatish tamoyillarida paketli kommunikatsiya va kanal pog’onasi protokollariga
alohida to’xtalib o’tilgan.
Kompyuter tarmoqlarida paketli kommunikatsitya mexanizmlari va
tamoyillarini aniqlash va kanal pog’onasi prptokollari Ethernet, virtual lokal tarmoq
tizimlarini qiyosiy tahlil qilish haqidagi ma’lumotlar juda ko’plab misollar bilan
ko’rsatib o’tilgan. Kompyuter tarmoqlari masalan ma’lumot uzatish tarmog’ining
tasnifi va ma’lumot uzatishga qo’yiladigan talablarningning o'zi etarli emas - bunga
javoban javob berish kerak. Bu asosan tarmoq protakollari tizimining
samaradorligini aniqlaydigan javob variantlari hisoblanganligi. Yuqorida esa javob
variantlari taklif etiladi.
Xulosa qilib aytadigan bo’lsam, men loyiha ishimda Kompyuter tarmoqlarini
aniqlash va unda ma’lumot uzatish tarmoq pog’onasi pratokollari IPv4 va IPv6
manzillash mashrutizatsiya protokollari bilan tanishib chiqdim. Mavzu yuzasidan
tarmoqning qurilish tamoyillari bilan ish olib bordim. Loyiha ishi mavzusi bo’yicha
misollar keltirdim.
Men ushbu ma’lumotlarni juda ko’plab kitoblar titkilashim davomida
yig’dim. Har bir yozgan ma’lumotim davomida mazmuni bilan yanayam chuqurroq
tanishib chiqdim. O’z bilim va ko’nikmalarimni oshirib oldim va Kompyuter
tarmoqlarti fanidan ham yangi bilimlarga ega bo’ldim.
38. 38
1.1.Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar
1. Tarmoq protokollari; O'quv qo'llanma. R.X. Djurayev, Sh.Yu. Djabbarov,
B.M. Umirzakov. Т.: «Aloqachi», 2018, 144 bet.
2. Tarmoq xavfsizligi (Mobil tarmoq xavfsizligi). S. K. Ganiev, T. A.
Kuchkarov. O‘quv qo‘llanma. - T.: «Aloqachi», 2019, 140 b.
3. Компьютерные сети. Принципы, технологии, протоколы: Учебник для
вузов. 4-е изд. — СПб.: Питер, 2010, 944 с.
4. Протоколы Интернет. Семенов Ю.А — М.: Горячая линия-Телеком,
2001, 1100 с.
В. Олифер, Н. Олифер Компьютерные сети. Принципы, технологии,
протоколы. — Питер, 2013. — С. 55. — 944 с. — 3 000 экз. — ISBN
978-5-496-00004-8